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The paper presents an analysis of energy consumption in a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) used in actual road conditions. Therefore, the paper features a comparison of the consumption of energy obtained from fuel and from energy taken from the vehicle’s batteries for each travel with a total distance of 5000 km. The instantaneous energy consumption per travelling kilometre in actual operating conditions for a combustion engine mode are within the range of 233 to 1170 Wh/km and for an electric motor mode are within the range of 135 to 420 Wh/km. The average values amount to 894 Wh/km for the combustion engine and 208 Wh/km for the electric motor. The experimental data was used to develop curves for the total energy consumption per 100km of road section travelled divided into particular engine types (combustion/electric), demonstrating a close correlation to actual operating conditions. These values were referred to the tested passenger vehicle’s approval data in a WLTP test, with the average values of 303 Wh/km and CO2 emission of 23 g/km.

In this work, the authors focused on analyzing the energy efficiency and dynamics during car acceleration, featuring investigation of acceleration dynamics under various acceleration intensities. The tests were performed in the speed range between 45 km/h and 120 km/h, at a constant gear ratio. This enabled obtaining variable dynamic parameters of the acceleration process, ranging from about 0.1 to 1.4 m/s2 , and recording variation in fuel consumption from 6.28 to 27.03 dm3 /100km. The study focused on determining the relation between fuel consumption, energy efficiency and vehicle acceleration depending on the available drivetrain power. The relation between fuel consumption and vehicle acceleration was described by using the dynamic index. The proposed dynamic index takes into account the energy (from burned fuel) and vehicle acceleration intensity to obtain an objective metric for characterizing the acceleration process. The aforementioned index takes the form of the passenger car movement energy quality index and can be related to widely known physical properties, thus ensuring its universality. The index expresses the energy expenditure within the time needed to accelerate a vehicle weighing 1kg by a 1m distance. As opposed to other criteria that are applied to the assessment of passenger cars dynamics, the index shows a high determination coefficient R2 in excess of 0.99, and can be used as a universal metric to test other vehicle types.

The study concerns the use of biogas as a fuel for supplying a modified self-ignition engine. As a result of the modifications made, the compression ratio was reduced and the engine was equipped with an ignition system and an electronically activated engine throttle. The changes have made it possible to burn biogas in a high compression ratio engine. The paper presents the results of research conducted on a low power cogeneration system with engine that drives an electrical machine cooperating with a 380/400 V network. The analysis includes, among other things, the possibility of producing electricity using biogas. The paper presents the influence of regulatory parameters such as the volume and composition of the supplied gas mixture and the degree of throttle opening on the obtained engine operation indicators and the driven electric machine. The tests were carried out in relation to the obtained ecological indicators depending on the concentration in the exhaust of such substances as: HC, CO, NOx.

On the basis of road tests, the authors assessed the feasibility of the vehicle body acceleration values for the purposes of assessing road surface characteristics in terms of its roughness. Short-term Fourier Transform (STFT) was used for the analysis of the recorded signal. The spectra obtained in successive frequency bands demonstrate the amplitudes originating from the natural vibrations of the rolling wheel and forces resulting from the interaction with the road roughness. The article focuses on the relationships between the road roughness and the ratios of individual amplitudes in a specific frequency band of the vehicle body acceleration values. Amplitude values derived on the basis of successive windows were averaged for analogous, arbitrarily assumed local frequency bands. The value characterizing the road surface condition provided the information regarding the mean amplitude value in specific frequency ranges depending on the instantaneous velocity of the car body and the condition of the road surface on which it was moving. In cases where the road was free of any visible roughness, the obtained mean amplitude value in the analyzed spectrum window, for the adopted vehicle velocity range from 50 km h to 100 km/h, did not exceed 0.02 m/s2. It was also demonstrated that the road surface roughness leads to an increase in the mean amplitude value from 0.07 m/s2 to 0.16 m/s2.

The network system of data exchange between the various components is an inherent element of every car. Because of the specific and different requirements for data transfer between specific devices, currently used communication protocols have different properties of performance, security, and degree of determinism. The paper presents the increasing complexity of the data exchange system based on the example of the latest requirements for digital tachographs. The article describes also the data transmission initialization methods in the context of network data exchange organization. The hybrid use of time triggering and event triggering mechanisms has been presented in relation to the operation of the CAN network under increased real-time conditions requirements implemented as TTCAN (time triggered CAN).

Increasing the share of renewable electrical energy in the overall energy balance is one of the major challenges of humanity. It is primarily connected with global warming and increasing environmental pollution. One of the ways to counteract this problem is to promote the importance of renewable fuels, including gaseous fuels which are relatively low in carbon.This paper presents the effects of selected parameters of a pilot dose of diesel fuel on the efficiency of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine. The dose of gaseous fuel powering the engine was a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in varying proportions.

Seeking alternative sources of energy for its more effective use, reducing emissions of toxic pollutants to the atmosphere and counteracting global warming are nowadays the major areas of development in the power industry, including the design of combustion engines. Currently, the research into the use of new fuels, which may be effective sources of energy, is performed by many scientific centres. The use of biogas for production of energy in cogeneration systems is one of the ways for improvement of energy balance. In the research described herein, a dual-fuel compression ignition engine was fuelled with gaseous fuel with variable CNG and CO2 ratios. The tests were performed for engine fuelling controlled by both an original controller with the software optimised for single-fuel operation and for the injection of a pilot dose of diesel controlled by a dedicated controller enabling the adjustment and control of the injection and dose parameters. This paper presents the effect of carbon dioxide content in gaseous fuel on the combustion process and emission of toxic compounds in the engine examined.

In the present paper, laboratory produced, animal origin biofuels (swine lard and turkey lard had been used as raw material for biofuel production) were evaluated in terms of physicochemical parameters and compared with commercial mineral diesel fuel and its mixture with rapeseed oil methyl esters. Basing on the results of physicochemical parameters assessment, mixtures containing 75% share of bio-component were preselected for further engine tests. The engine tests were performed on a medium-duty, turbocharged, Common Rail, Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine, using factory control maps. The scope of experiments included steady state measurements for two rotational speeds (1500 and 3000 RPM), for which full load sweep had been performed. Two injection strategies were utilized: single pulse (for 3000 RPM) and multi-pulse injection (1500 RPM). The research covered evaluation of engine performance parameters and full exhaust emissions. Furthermore, detailed combustion analysis was performed. The study confirmed that high quality fuel can obtained from waste fatty material. The mixtures containing up to 75% of bio-component are suitable for modern CRDI combustion engines, though slight deterioration of engine performance parameters can be expected. An average brake specific fuel consumption increased by 13% compared to reference, for biodiesel mixtures derived from animal fatty material. At the same time a 3% increase against rapeseed oil/diesel mixture was recorded. This was correlated with a minor reduction of brake fuel conversion efficiency, but the average drop didn't exceed 2% for all examined biodiesels. A significant reduction in exhaust gas emissions was observed, when comparing biofuel operation to reference diesel. The use of swine lard methyl ester/diesel mixture caused average reduction of hydrocarbon concentration (THC) by 13%, carbon monoxide (CO) by 22% and carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7%. The turkey biodiesel emission results were respectively: 9%, 20% and 6% reduced. NOx emission increased on average by 7% for both animal origin biofuels.

The need to limit greenhouse gases emissions and to increase the share of renewable fuels in the general energy balance forces people to look for new alternative energy sources. Methane or biogas, in which methane is the main combustible component, is one of such fuels, which is believed to be a promising diesel engine fuel. It is worth emphasizing that biogas might be believed to be one of the cleanest fuels due to the fact that it can be produced from waste, which in normal conditions decomposes releasing methane into the atmosphere. Methane (biogas) combustion in diesel engines requires a dual-fuel feed system, in which the liquid fuel initiating auto-ignition will be injected into the combustion chamber. It comes as a consequence of a relatively high spontaneous combustion temperature of methane, which is not able to self-ignite in the chamber without an external source of ignition. This article presents a concept of constructing an integrated laboratory control system, which will provide optimal feed control of complex composition gaseous fuel and of the injection of an appropriate pilot dose of a liquid fuel into the combustion chamber. The solution proposed to control a dual-fuel diesel engine, which was mounted on the test bed, enables performing comprehensive diesel engine research, ensuring not only stable working conditions for the engine, but also granting an opportunity to smoothly regulate the composition of the artificial biogas which feeds the engine and to control basic parameters of the liquid fuel pilot dose.

One of the ways of increasing the share of renewable fuels in the overall energy balance is to develop effective methods for using low calorific gaseous fuels, including biogas, to fuel combustion engines. This paper presents the results of research on the effect of changing the diesel fuel pilot charge injection advance angle on the operating parameters of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine. The obtained results confirm the significant effect of the pilot charge injection advance angle on the engine torque value at a constant engine speed.

The electromagnetic injector in the Common Rail system is the actuator directly responsible for fuel injection. Its proper operation is enabled by ensuring appropriately shaped changes of the electric signal worked out by the output stage of the controller. This paper determines the repeatability of the control signal and the possibility of using this signal for the diagnostics of the electrical part of the injector.

This article deal reports the results of an experimental study into control of exhaust gases flow through the exhaust gas recirculation system. The discussed technical modifications involve the application of the new exhaust gas recirculation valve, which is the main component of the exhaust gas recirculation system in a diesel engine. The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve is to control the flow of the exhaust gas routed into the intake manifold and then into the combustion chamber. Another focal point in the study was on the relation between the exhaust gas concentration of nitrogen oxide and exhaust gas concentration of particulate matter and the degree of exhaust gas recirculation valve opening. This paper deal also reports the results of impact of exhaust gas recirculation valve control into another selected engine operation parameters as fuel consumption.

The basic description of fully automated engine test stand is presented in the paper. The purpose of the stand is to perform evaluation of new generation cooling systems for combustion engines.

The limited resources of fossil fuels, as well as the search for a reduction in emissions of carbon dioxide and other toxic compounds to the atmosphere have prompted the search for new, alternative energy sources. One of the potential fuels which may be widely used in the future as a fuel is biogas which can be obtained from various types of raw materials. The article presents selected results as regards the effects of the proportion of biogas of various compositions on the course of combustion in a dual-fuel diesel engine with a Common Rail fuel system. The presented study results indicate the possibility for the use of fuels of this type in diesel engines; although changes are necessary in the manner of controlling liquid fuel injection.

Lots of modern engineering structures are exposed to vibrations that can cause violation to their integrity. Reducing or eliminating the risk of oscillation protects the value of buildings and infrastructure. The devices available nowadays, however, are often too slow to detect the emergence of some dynamic factors, contributing to structural damage. This work is devoted to the analysis of the use of three – axis inertial sensor ADIS16354, made by Analog Devices, for detecting and examining vibrations to which these objects are exposed. The following study presents the initial test measurements and the results of conducted calculations.

Positioning systems based on observation of satellites are still efectively developed. Additionally to the increase of the precision achieved thanks to various GNSS there are many other ways to eliminate so called dead areas like use of IMU systems or pseudolite systems. Many of these redundant ways, allows to get position faster, which spreads the field of their applications. The interesting possibility to augment the positioning technology, especially in areas with permanently limited access to satellite observations, is co working with the systems based on very popular in communication networks RF transmission. In the article a results of preliminary tests with the zigbee radio transceiver for ranging in small closed areas are presented.

Article defines on the possibility of reduction CO 2 of the internal combustion engine and presents the analysis based on originally conducted studies. The increase in overall engine efficiency is sought after by all engineers dealing with engine construction, one of the major ways to reduce CO 2 emissions is to increase the compression ratio. The application of the compression ratio that has been increased constructional in the engine will, on one hand, bring about the increase in the theoretical efficiency, but, on the other hand, require a system for pressure control at a higher engine load in order to prevent engine knocking. For the purposes of the article there was carried out a number of studies and compiled results, and on their basis determined what have a major impact on the reducing CO 2 .