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The common cold is a widespread and frequent illness with limited treatment options, generating costs for individuals and society. A crucial goal is an effective symptomatic treatment and reducing the duration of the illness, which can bring significant global benefits. Several studies suggest that using zinc lozenges within 24h of symptom onset can noticeably shorten the duration of symptoms. Zinc has a complex and not fully understood role in immune regulation. Zinc lozenges are inexpensive, easily accessible, and has few side effects. Based on numerous studies, zinc lozenges seem to be a noteworthy option for symptomatic treatment. The application of therapy in athletes can be of particular importance due to the faster recovery and the avoidance of missing training sessions.

Introduction and purpose Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) remains a significant concern in clinical practice, particularly among patients undergoing contrast-enhanced imaging or interventional procedures. Characterized by an acute decline in renal function following exposure to contrast media, CIN not only poses substantial morbidity and mortality risks but also presents challenges in patient management and healthcare resource utilization. Despite extensive research efforts, the precise pathophysiology of CIN remains incompletely understood, with multifactorial mechanisms involving renal ischemia, oxidative stress, and direct tubular toxicity implicated in its development. This review explores the impact of hydration and other prophylactic strategies on the prevention of CIN. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of various hydration protocols, including isotonic saline and bicarbonate solutions, in reducing the incidence of CIN. Additionally, the review evaluates the efficacy of pharmacological agents such as N-acetylcysteine, statins, and ascorbic acid, as well as emerging techniques like remote ischemic preconditioning.

Dyslipidemia is a medical term used to describe an abnormal level of lipids (fats) in the blood. This can include elevated levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density protein lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and serum triglicerides. Depression, also known as depressive disorder, is a common mental illness. It is characterized by a persistent feeling of sadness, loss of pleasure, or lack of interest in activities that are present of at least two weeks and significantly impair patient everyday functioning. Dyslipidemia and depression can co-occur due to a complex interplay of shared risk factors, such as inflammation, metabolic syndrome, medication side effects, and lifestyle changes, suggesting a bidirectional relationship where each condition might contribute to the development or exacerbation of the other. Given these considerations, a comprehensive approach to managing dyslipidemia in psychiatric patients with depression is essential. This should include regular monitoring of lipid profiles and monitoring of anticholesterol and antidepressant drugs. Interestingly, simple lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet and exercise, have an impact on the treatment of depression and dyslipidemia.

Guyon’s Canal Syndrome is a rare clinical condition resulting from ulnar nerve injury in the distal portion of the nerve, situated in a narrow anatomical corridor at the wrist. It is an example of neuropathy caused by pressure applied on a nerve. The pressure can be caused by various factors, which will be discussed in the following section of the review. The ulnar nerve is a mixed nerve, meaning that it provides motor and sensory innervation to the digits. This property of the nerve results in a variety of symptoms (motor and sensory) that occur during the injury. The nerve originates from the central rami of the C8 and T1 nerve roots, which form the lower trunk of the brachial plexus. The lower trunk next divides into an anterior and posterior division, with the fibres of the ulnar nerve in the anterior division becoming the medial cord. The nerve leaves the brachial plexus as a terminal branch of the medial cord and lies from the axilla into the medial part of the anterior compartment of the upper arm, where it is located posteriomedial relative to the brachial artery. It then inserts onto the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus and enters the cubital tunnel. It then runs along the medial side of the forearm, lying superficially and being covered mostly by fascia and skin. It subsequently enters Guyon’s canal, a fibro-osseous tunnel formed between two bones: the pisiform and the hamate bone (the hook hamate exactly). The ulnar nerve in Guyon’s canal is laterally bordered by the ulnar artery. Finally, within the canal, the ulnar nerve divides into superficial and deep branches. Guyon's canal syndrome is a condition that results from the injury of the ulnar nerve at a specific point. The syndromes associated with this injury are characterised by the loss of function of a portion of the nerve, which can be used to differentiate between injuries that are proximal or distal to the nerve.

Introduction: Gout is the most common rheumatic disease in adults, with prevalence ranging from 0.1% to about 10%. It results from the accumulation of monosodium urate crystals (MUC) in the joints and tissues. A thorough understanding of the clinical presentation, diagnostic factors and available treatment options can significantly reduce the prevalence of gout attacks, minimize joint damage and improve patients' physical function. The aim of this article is to provide clinicians and patients with a summary of the most recent information regarding this condition in order to decrease risk of joint damage and ultimately enhance patient’s quality of life. Review methods: A review of the literature from PubMed (2010-2023) was conducted. The articles were selected based on specific keywords and then evaluated for their significance and suitability for inclusion in this review. Description the state of knowledge: Gout is an inflammatory arthritis associated with hyperuricemia, defined as elevated level of uric acid in the blood (> 7 mg/dl (420 µmol/l)). Initially, acute gouty arthritis is characterised by sudden onset of severe pain, erythema and swelling, significantly reducing range of movement. However, as disease progresses, chronic, tophaceous gout can develop potentially leading to bone deformities and other complications. Treatment of gout includes management of the attacks and chronic uric acid-lowering therapy. Summary: Gout is a complex disease with various factors contributing to its clinical presentation. Its management requires a multidisciplinary approach including medication management, dietary counselling and lifestyle modification. Early diagnosis as well as appropriate treatment are essential to optimise patient outcomes and maintain patients' physical function.

This review addresses the critical challenge of leukemia and lymphoma, delving into the epidemiology, treatment adherence, impact of physical activity, and the pressing need for more effective chemotherapy protocols. The purpose is to synthesize current knowledge, highlight existing gaps, and emphasize the importance of innovation in patient care strategies. Epidemiological data show variability in incidence rates and underscore the roles age, genetics, and lifestyle play in disease risk and progression. These insights are vital for effective prevention and timely intervention. The focus of the discussion revolves around the development of chemotherapy protocols. Tailoring these to the individual's genetic and cancer profile can lead to significant gains in efficacy and minimize unwanted side effects, crucially improving patient quality of life and compliance. Treatment adherence is fundamental to successful outcomes, requiring multifaceted support strategies. Education, side-effect management, and addressing care barriers are pivotal in ensuring patients fully benefit from therapy. Personalization in chemotherapy protocol development is a current focus, aiming to maximize efficacy while minimizing side effects to improve quality of life and survival. The conclusion advocates for an integrated approach combining research and clinical practice to cater to the biological intricacies of both the malignancy and the patient. Progress in these areas proclaims a future where personalized, effective, and compassionate cancer treatment is the norm, pushing us closer to the goal of transforming cancer into a manageable condition.

Personality disorders refer to a collection of mental health conditions defined by persistent deviations from societal norms in thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. These deviations frequently result in challenges in interpersonal relationships, self-perception, and overall functioning, potentially causing distress in various aspects of life. The DSM-5 classifies personality disorders into three clusters. Cluster A contains paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders which are characterized by strange and eccentric behaviors. Cluster B contains narcissistic, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders which are characterized by dramatic and emotional behaviors. Cluster C contains avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders which are characterized by anxious and fearful behaviors.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal condition that primarily affects premature infants, although it can also occur in full-term infants. It is characterized by inflammation and injury of the intestinal tissue, which can progress to necrosis and perforation of the bowel. NEC is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), particularly among very low birth weight infants. Diagnosis of NEC is based on clinical signs and symptoms, radiographic findings, and laboratory tests. Management of NEC involves a multidisciplinary approach, including supportive care, medical therapy, and surgical intervention when necessary. Supportive care includes bowel rest, intravenous fluids, and nutritional support. Medical therapy may include antibiotics, gastric decompression, and parenteral nutrition. Surgical intervention may be required for infants with intestinal perforation, severe NEC, or complications such as intestinal stricture or short bowel syndrome. This condition and its complications may carry consequences for life and especially sport performance in the child’s future. Strategies for preventing NEC include promoting breastfeeding, avoiding unnecessary antibiotic exposure, minimizing enteral feeding interruptions, practicing strict infection control measures, and implementing protocols for gradual feeding advancement in premature infants. Overall, NEC is a complex and multifactorial disease that poses significant challenges in neonatal care. Early recognition, prompt intervention, and comprehensive management are essential for optimizing outcomes for affected infants. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of NEC and to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) has revolutionized diagnostic imaging by significantly improving the accuracy and capabilities of ultrasound technology. By utilizing contrast agents, CEUS offers enhanced visualization of blood flow, superior detection of vascular diseases, and delineation of pathological from healthy tissues. Real-time imaging capabilities afforded by CEUS have been shown to be instrumental in guiding interventions and assessing treatment efficacy, thereby contributing to personalized patient care and improved clinical outcomes. This document provides a comprehensive review of the current benefits, limitations, and future directions of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. It acknowledges the potential for allergic reactions, the necessity for specialized training, high costs, and the occurrence of image artifacts as drawbacks, while also anticipating advancements in targeted agents and imaging techniques. Moreover, the document emphasizes the need for ongoing research to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of contrast agents and their impact across various medical disciplines. Despite the challenges, the integration of CEUS into clinical practice holds enormous potential to further refine diagnostic processes and enhance patient management.

Difficult pediatric airways can present significant challenges in clinical practice and cause consequences for sport performance. Etiologies of difficult pediatric airways can range from congenital abnormalities, acquired conditions such as trauma or inflammation, systemic diseases such as neuromuscular disorders and craniofacial abnormalities to iatrogenic causes including complications of airway interventions and anesthetic complications. Proper assessment of difficult airways risk requires a thorough understanding of the anatomical and physiological differences in pediatric patients. Assessment of Management strategies may include adequate non-invasive techniques, advanced airway devices, pharmacological interventions, surgical interventions, continuous monitoring with extensive postoperative care provided by a multidisciplinary team, involving pediatric anesthesiologists, otolaryngologists, pediatricians, and critical care specialists. Difficult airway in anesthesia practice may lead to mild to life-threatening complications such as difficult mask ventilation, failed intubation, esophageal intubation, airway trauma, hypoxia, hypercarbia, aspiration, barotrauma, difficult extubation, unoptimal sedation or anesthesia, postoperative complications and other consequences. All of this can be a predictor of decreased respiratory efficiency, and thus a predictor of low future athletic performance in children and may have a negative impact on future career choices. This comprehensive overview aims to provide insights into the etiologies, assessment, and management strategies for difficult pediatric airways, with a focus on optimizing patient outcomes and safety and to help understand potential influence on future sport performance.