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Objective To investigate the influence of transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) on renal tubulointerstitial inflammation in mice with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and its mechanism. Methods A total of 36 male C57/BL6J mice, aged 6 weeks, were randomly divided into control group (group A), DKD model group (group B), DKD+normal saline intervention group (group C), DKD+mitophagy activator intervention group (group D), DKD+negative control lentivirus transfection group (group E), and DKD+TRPC6 knockdown lentivirus transfection group (group F), with 6 mice in each group. The mice in groups A and B were respectively given intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mmol/L citrate buffer and 10 g/L streptozotocin (hereinafter referred to as administration); the mice in groups C and D were respectively given normal saline and 10 mmol/L urolithin A by gavage in addition to the treatment in group B; the mice in groups E and F were respectively injected with negative control lentivirus and TRPC6 knockdown lentivirus via the tail vein in addition to the treatment in group B. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured at week 12 after administration; PAS staining was used for the observation and scoring of renal tubular injury; RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in renal tissue; immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the protein expression level of TRPC6 in renal tissue, and Western blotting was used to measure the relative expression levels of TRPC6, LC3B, P62, PINK1, and Parkin in renal tissue; transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the change in the number of mitophagosomes in renal tubular cells of mice. HK-2 cells were divided into high glucose+TRPC6 siRNA transfection+DMSO intervention group (group G, treated with TRPC6 siRNA+35.0 mmol/L glucose+0.06% DMSO) and high glucose+TRPC6 siRNA transfection+mitophagy inhibitor intervention group (group H, treated with TRPC6 siRNA+35.0 mmol/L glucose+12 μmol/L oroxylin A), and then RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α) in cells. Results At week 12 after administration, compared with group A, group B had significantly higher whole blood FBG, ACR, BUN, renal tubular injury score, mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors, and protein expression levels of TRPC6 and P62 in renal tissue (t=2.77-13.61,P

Objective To investigate the method for establishing an immortalized mouse corneal epithelial cell line, and to identify the stability of its phenotype. Methods Primary mouse corneal epithelial cells were extracted and transfected with Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 Large T Antigen (SV40-LT) lentivirus to establish an immortalized cell line. HE staining and immunofluorescent staining were used to identify the phenotypes and markers (K12, Pax6, Ki-67) of corneal epithelium. Primary cor-neal epithelial cells were extracted to identify K14 protein in corneal epithelial cell layer, and bright field observation was performed to evaluate cell morphological characteristics. Several markers (K12, Pax6, Ki-67, ABCG2, K14) were identified for P1 and P8 cells after transfection. Crystal violet staining was used to observe the colony-formation ability of P1 and P8 cells after transfection. Results Mouse corneal epithelium was stained positive for K12, Pax6 and Ki-67, while the P1 and P8 generations of mouse cor-neal epithelial cells were stained positive for K12, Pax6, Ki-67, K14, and ABCG2; there were no significant differences in the positive rates of the above markers (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in colony-formation ability between P1 and P8 cells (P>0.05). Conclusion The immortalized mouse corneal epithelial cell line is successfully established by transfection with SV40-LT lentivirus, which has stable phenotype and proliferation.

Objective　To investigate the protective effect of Genistein against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） in ovariectomized （OVX） mice and its mechanism. Methods　A total of 40 female C57BL/6 mice, aged 6 weeks, were used to establish an OVX mouse model, and then they were randomly divided into blank group, 4-week model group, 6-week model group, 8-week model group, and 10-week model group, with 8 mice in each group. Under the same environmental conditions, the mice were given high-fat diet for modeling, and pathological examination showed that NAFLD was successfully induced by 10-week high-fat diet. Another 40 female C57BL/6 mice, aged 6 weeks, were randomly divided into blank group, sham operation group （Sham group), OVX group, OVX+L-Genistein （4 mg/kg body weight） group, and OVX+H-Genistein （8 mg/kg body weight） group. The mice in the Sham group were given the same procedure of OVX, without the ligation of the ovarian artery and the resection of the ovary. The mice in the blank group were given normal diet, and those in the other groups were given high-fat diet. Genistein was dissolved in DMSO, and the mice in the Sham group and the OVX group were treated with solvent solution alone by gavage, once a day for 10 consecutive weeks. Body weight and visceral index were recorded, and the mice were sacrificed to collect serum and liver tissue. Kits were used to measure the activity of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） and the serum levels of triglyceride （TG） and total cholesterol （TC), and HE staining and oil red O staining were used to observe liver histopathology； Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c （SREBP-1c） and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha （PPARα） associated with lipid metabolism in liver tissue. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the Dunnett-t test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results　After 10 weeks of high-fat diet, the OVX+L-Genistein group and the OVX+H-Genistein group had significantly lower body weight, liver index, and liver tissue weight （all P<0.05). In addition, Genistein significantly downregulated the serum levels of TC and TG （P<0.05） and reduced the activities of serum AST and ALT （P< 0.05). HE and oil red O staining showed that compared with the OVX group, the OVX+L-Genistein group and the OVX+HGenistein group had a significant reduction in the accumulation of lipid droplets. Western blot showed that after Genistein intervention, there was a significant reduction in the protein expression level of SREBP-1c and a significant increase in the protein expression level of PPARα （P<0.05). Conclusion　Genistein exerts a protective effect against NAFLD in OVX mice possibly by regulating the expression of SREBP-1c and PPARα, thereby promoting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting liver lipid synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　To investigate the mechanism of action of Xiayuxue decoction in inhibiting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） induced by high-fat diet in mice by regulating nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor containing pyrin domain protein 6 （NLRP6). Methods　A total of 15 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into low-fat diet （LFD） group, high-fat diet （HFD） group, and Xiayuxue decoction-HFD group （XYXD group）, with 5 mice in each group. Liver function parameters （alanine aminotransferase ［ALT］ and aspartate aminotransferase ［AST］） and blood lipid metabolic indicators （triglycerides ［TG］ and total cholesterol ［TC］） were measured； HE staining and oil red O staining were performed for liver tissue to observe histomorpholoty and lipid droplet deposition； quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression levels of inflammatory factors （tumor necrosis factor-α ［TNF-α］, interleukin-1β ［IL-1β］, interleukin-18 ［IL-18］, and NLRP6） in liver tissue； Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of NLRP6, nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB）, and NF-κB p65； immunohistochemistry was used to measure the expression of NLRP6 and CD68. Mouse Raw264.7 cells were treated with palmitic acid （PA）, lipopolysaccharide, and serum containing Xiayuxue decoction to observe inflammation. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results　Compared with the LFD group, the HFD group had significant increases in the serum levels of ALT, AST, TC, and TG （all P<0.05). Liver histopathological examination showed that the HFD group had marked hepatic steatosis and a signficant increase in NAS score （P<0.05）, and quantitative real-time PCR showed significant increases in the inflammatory factors such as IL1β and IL-18 and a significant reduction in the expression of NLRP6 （all P<0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed that the expression of NLRP6 showed a similar trend as that of the macrophage marker CD68. Western blot showed that after the downregulation of NLRP6 expression, there was a significant increase in phosphorylated NF- κB p65 （P< 0.05). Compared with the HFD group, Xiayuxue decoction effectively improved liver inflammation, upregulated the expression of NLRP6, and downregulated phosphorylated NF- κB p65 in HFD mice （all P<0.05). After Raw264.7 cells were treated with PA, NLRP6 was downregulated to promote the progression of inflammation （P<0.05）, and treatment with Xiayuxue decoction could upregulate NLRP6 and inhibit inflammation NF- κB （P<0.05). Conclusion　Xiayuxue decoction can effectively improve hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation in a mouse model of NAFLD, possibly by regulating NLRP6/NF-κB to alleviate macrophage activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of action of Yinchenhao Decoction in inhibiting ferroptosis of hepatocytes in mice with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods A total of 18 specific pathogen-free female C57BL/6 mice were selected and divided into normal group, model group, and treatment group using a random number table, with 6 mice in each group. The mice in the model group and the treatment group were injected with concanavalin A (Con A) via the caudal vein to establish a mouse model of autoimmune hepatitis, and those in the normal group were injected with normal saline. The mice in the treatment group were given prophylactic treatment with Yinchenhao Decoction (4.68 g crude drug/kg) by gavage at 14 days before modeling, and Con A was injected after the last gavage. The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), iron ion, glutathione (GSH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured； liver index and spleen index were calculated； the expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 were measured； liver histopathological changes were compared between groups. A oneway analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between three groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the normal group, the model group had significant increases in liver index, spleen index, ALT, AST, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iron ion, ROS and MDA (all P< 0.05) and significant reductions in the content of GSH and ATP and the protein expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 (all P< 0.05). Compared with the model group, the treatment group had significant reductions in liver index, spleen index, ALT, AST, IFN-γ, TNF-α, iron ion, ROS and MDA (all P<0.05) and significant increases in the content of GSH and ATP and the protein expression levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11 (all P<0.05). HE staining showed that compared with the normal group, the model group showed massive hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis and inflammatory cell aggregation at the portal area, and compared with the model group, the treatment group had alleviation of liver necrosis and inflammatory infiltration. Conclusion Liver injury induced by Con A may be associated with ferroptosis. Yinchenhao Decoction can increase the protein expression levels of SLC7A11 and GPX4 protein and thus inhibit ferroptosis of hepatocytes induced by Con A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of Qingjie Huagong decoction (QJHGD) on a mouse model of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and the mechanism of action of QJHGD against inflammatory response. Methods A total of 36 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, Western medicine group (ulinastatin), and low-, middle-, and high-dose QJHGD groups, with 6 mice in each group. All mice except those in the blank group were given 5% sodium taurocholate by retrograde pancreaticobiliary injection to establish a model of SAP. After modeling, the mice in the low-, middle-, and high-dose groups were given QJHGD (1，2, and 4 g/kg, respectively) by gavage, and those in the Western medicine group were given intraperitoneal injection of ulinastatin (5×104 U/kg), for 7 days in total. HE staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of the pancreas； ELISA was used to measure the levels of α-amylase, lipase, interleukin-1β（IL-1β), interleukin-6（IL-6), interleukin-8（IL-8), interleukin-18（IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α) in mice； RT-qPCR was used to measure the mRNA expression levels of NOD-like receptor protein3 (NLRP3), Toll-like receptor 4（TLR4), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in pancreatic tissue； immunohistochemistry was used to measure the positive expression rates of NLRP3, TLR4, and NF-κB in pancreatic tissue； Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of NLRP3, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6. An analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the blank group, the model group had diffuse destruction of pancreatic tissue structure, focal dilatation of pancreatic lobular septum, pancreatic acinar atrophy, and massive inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as significant increases in the content of α-amylase, lipase, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α（all P<0.05), the mRNA expression levels and positive expression rates of NLRP3, TLR4, and NF-κB (all P< 0.05), and the protein expression levels of NLRP3, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6（all P<0.05) . Compared with the model group, the low-, middle-, and high-dose QJHGD groups and the Western medicine group had slightly tighter and more intact structure of pancreatic tissue, ordered arrangement of pancreatic acinar cells, a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, and hemorrhagic foci of pancreatic lobules, as well as significant reductions in the content of α-amylase, lipase, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α（all P<0.05), the mRNA expression levels and positive expression rates of NLRP3, TLR4, and NF-κB (all P<0.05), and the protein expression levels of NLRP3, TLR4, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6（all P<0.05) . Conclusion QJHGD may exert a protective effect on the pancreatic tissue of SAP mice by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway-related proteins, reducing the release of inflammatory mediators, and preventing the enhancement of inflammatory cascade response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the intervention mechanism of Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid in mice with alcoholic hepatitis. Methods A total of 70 healthy male C57BL/6J mice, aged 6-8 weeks, were randomly divided into normal group, model group, liquid feed control group, silybin group, and low-, middle-, and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups, with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the normal group were given normal diet, and those in the other groups were given Lieber-DeCarli classic liquid diet for 8 weeks to induce alcoholic hepatitis. During modeling, the mice in the low-, middle-, and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups were given Dendrobium liquid manufactured by Warmen Pharmaceutical, and the mice in all the other groups were given pure water； the mice in the normal group, the model group, and the liquid feed control group were given normal saline by gavage, those in the silybin group were given silybin 0.25 mL/10 g by gavage, and those in the low-, middle-, and high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid groups were given Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid at a dose of 0.125 mL/10 g，0.250 mL/10 g, and 0.375 mL/10 g, respectively, by gavage, once a day. At week 8, chloral hydrate was injected intraperitoneally for anesthesia, and blood samples were collected from the eyeball. After serum was separated, the biochemical method was used to measure the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ； HE staining and oil red staining were used to observe liver histopathology and lipid accumulation in mice； multiplex Luminex assay was used to measure the serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and CCL2； quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay were used to measure the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-11, gasdermin D (GSDMD), N-terminal gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) in liver tissue. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results Compared with the normal group, the model group had significant increases in the serum levels of AST, ALT, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF- α, and CCL2 (all P<0.05), and compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the serum levels of AST, ALT, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 (all P<0.05) . HE staining showed that the model group had disordered structure of hepatic lobules, with a large number of steatosis vacuoles and massive cell necrosis, and compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had alleviation of liver histopathological injury, intact structure of most hepatic lobules, and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration. Oil red staining showed that the model group had accumulation of large and small lipid droplets in the liver and a significant increase in liver fat content, and compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant alleviation of hepatic steatosis, with the presence of sporadic small lipid droplets. Immunofluorescence assay of liver tissue showed that compared with the normal group, the model group had a significant increase in the ratio of GSDMD-positive staining area in hepatocyte cytoplasm (P<0.001), and compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had a significant reduction in such ratio in hepatocyte cytoplasm (P<0.001) . Quantitative real-time PCR showed that compared with the normal group, the model group had significant increases in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-11, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and IL-1β in liver tissue (all P<0.05), and compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1, caspase-11, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-18, and IL-1 (all P<0.05) . Compared with the model group, the high-dose Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid group had significant reductions in the protein expression levels of caspase-1 and caspase-11 (both P<0.05), with a relative expression level of caspase-1 of 1.757 (reduced by 26.6% compared with the model group) and a relative expression level of caspase-11 of 0.455 (reduced by 70.3% compared with the model group), suggesting that caspase-11 showed a greater reduction than caspase-1. Conclusion Dendrobium officinale leaf fermentation fluid can alleviate alcoholic hepatitis in mice, possibly by inhibiting the non-classical cell pyroptosis pathway mediated by caspase-11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective effects and mechanism of CMS121 in a neuron model of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods Cortical neurons were divided into control group (normal culture), OGD/R group (OGD/R model construction), and OGD/R+CMS121 group (OGD/R model construction plus treatment with CMS121). All neurons’ viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assessed after 24 h of reperfusion. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) in the neurons after 6 and 24 h of reperfusion. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into sham group (sham operation), I/R group (I/R model construction), and I/R+CMS121 group (I/R model construction plus treatment with CMS121). After 24 h of reperfusion, we assessed the neurological damage of the mice with the Neurological Severity Score (NSS), and calculated the brain infarct volume (as a percent of total brain volume) after 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Results There were significant differences in cell viability and LDH release between the three neuron groups (F=71.21,88.93,P0.05). After 6 h reperfusion, a significant difference was observed in neuronal p-Akt expression between the three neuron groups (F=18.78,P0.05). After 24 h reperfusion, p-Akt expression differed significantly between the three neuron groups (F=38.50,P0.05). There were significant differences in the NSS score and infarct volume between the three mouse groups (F=20.24,118.60,P

Objective To investigate the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its material basis. Methods In experiment 1 for exploring the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on mice with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet, 50 healthy male C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, high-and low-dose Xuefu Zhuyu decoction groups, and obeticholic acid control group, with 10 mice in each group. The mice in the normal group were given control diet, and those in the other groups were given high-fat diet. Gastric administration was started at week 13, and related samples were collected at the end of week 16. Food intake and body weight were recorded, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum level of fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose was measured, and insulin resistance index was calculated. HE staining and NAFLD activity score (NAS) were used to observe liver histopathology in mice, oil red O staining was used to observe lipid deposition, and triglyceride (TG) level in liver tissue and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level were measured. In experiment 2 for exploring the effect of different extracts of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on mice with NAFLD induced by high-fat diet, the methods of water decocting, water extraction and alcohol precipitation, and petroleum ether extraction were used to obtain the extracts 1, 2, and 3 of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction, and 54 healthy male C57 BL/6 J mice were randomly divided into normal group, model group, Xuefu Zhuyu decoction extract 1, 2, and 3 groups, and Xuefu Zhuyu decoction control group, with 9 mice in each group. The mice in the normal group were given control diet, and those in the other groups were given high-fat diet. Gastric administration was started at week 13, and related samples were collected at the end of week 16. Food intake and body weight were recorded, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum level of fasting insulin, fasting blood glucose was measured, and insulin resistance index was calculated. HE and NAS were used to observe liver histopathology in mice, oil red O staining was used to observe lipid deposition, and the levels of TG and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in liver tissue and the serum level of ALT were measured. The t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups; a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups and further comparison between two groups. Results In experiment 1, compared with the model group, the high-and low-dose Xuefu Zhuyu decoction groups and the obeticholic acid control group had significant reductions in body weight, insulin resistance index, the distribution of vacuolar lipid droplets in liver tissue, intralobular inflammation, the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, NAS score, the level of TG in liver tissue, and the serum level of ALT (all P<0.05). Compared with obeticholic acid, high-and low-dose Xuefu Zhuyu decoction had a significantly better effect in reducing body weight, insulin resistance index, and total NAS score (all P<0.05), and low-dose Xuefu Zhuyu decoction had a significantly better effect in improving serum ALT (P<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with the model group, the Xuefu Zhuyu decoction extract 1, 2, and 3 groups had significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance index, the distribution of lipid droplets in liver tissue, intralobular inflammation lesions, the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes, total NAS score, and the level of TG in the liver (all P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the extract 1 group had a significant reduction in body weight (P<0.05); the extract 2 and 3 groups had a significant reduction in the serum level of ALT (P<0.05); the extract 2 group had a significant reduction in the level of GGT in liver tissue (P<0.05). The extract 2 of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction had the closest effect to compound Xuefu Zhuyu decoction. Conclusion Xuefu Zhuyu decoction and its extracts can help to achieve varying degrees of improvement in NAFLD induced by high-fat diet in mice, and the extract 2 of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction might be the main material basis for Xuefu Zhuyu decoction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart regeneration was mainly achieved by intrinsic capacity. Exosomes are crucial in cardiovascular disease, yet their involvement in myocardial regeneration remains underexplored. To understand the role of cardiomyocyte-derived exosomes (CM-Exos) in heart regeneration. We established mouse models of myocardial infarction and apical resection in neonates to investigate the potential benefits of exosomes in response to injury. Rab27a knockout (KO) mice were constructed as an exosome decrease model. Distinct fibrosis appears in the infarcted and resection area in the KO mice 21 days after heart injury. The proliferation marker pH 3, Ki67, and Aurora B were detected 3 days after surgery, which decreased in KO mice compared to WT mice. Intravenous injection of CM-Exos increased cardiomyocyte proliferation and partially restored heart function in KO mice. Rab27a knockdown in vitro reduced the expression of pH 3, Ki67, and Aurora B positive cardiomyocytes. However, the supplementation of CM-Exos increased the proliferation of cardiomyocytes. Exosomal miRNA sequencing was subsequently applied, and miR-21-5p was a promising candidate that promoted cardiomyocyte proliferation through its target genes Spry-1 and PDCD4. Intravenous injection of miR-21-5p exhibited similar proliferative effects as CM-Exos. Our results indicate that CM-Exos promotes cardiomyocyte cycle reentry by delivering miR-21-5p, highlighting the endogenous factors of myocardial regeneration., (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are essential for male development and fertility. In the canonical androgen production pathway, testosterone is produced in the testis by HSD17B3; however, adult male Hsd17b3 knockout (KO) mice continue to produce androgens and are fertile, indicating compensatory mechanisms exist. A second, alternate pathway produces DHT from precursors other than testosterone via 5α-reductase (SRD5A) activity. We hypothesized that the alternate pathway contributes to androgen bioactivity in Hsd17b3 KO mice. To investigate contributions arising from and interactions between the canonical and alternate pathways, we pharmacologically inhibited SRD5A and ablated Srd5a1 (the predominant SRD5A in the testis) on the background of Hsd17b3 KO mice. Mice with perturbation of either the canonical or both pathways exhibited increased LH, testicular steroidogenic enzyme expression, and normal reproductive tracts and fertility. In the circulation, alternate pathway steroids were increased in the absence of HSD17B3 but were reduced by co-inhibition of SRD5A1. Mice with perturbations of both pathways produced normal basal levels of intratesticular testosterone, suggesting the action of other unidentified hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(s). Strikingly, testicular expression of another SRD5A enzyme, Srd5a2, was markedly increased in the absence of Hsd17b3, suggesting a compensatory increase in SRD5A2 to maintain androgen bioactivity during HSD17B3 deficiency. Finally, we observed elevated circulating concentrations of the 11-keto-derivative of DHT, suggesting compensatory extra-gonadal induction of bioactive 11-keto androgen production. Taken together, we conclude that, in the absence of the canonical pathway of androgen production, multiple intra- and extra-gonadal mechanisms cooperate to maintain testosterone and DHT production, supporting male development and fertility., (© 2024 The Author(s). The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Fat grafting is an emerging clinical technique to address soft tissue deficiencies. This study investigates whether the secretory function of beige adipose tissue(BeigeAT) grafts is involved in promoting soft tissue regeneration in fat grafting. In this study, mice were randomly divided into white adipose tissue (WAT) and BeigeAT groups. Each type of adipose tissue (0.3 mL) was transplanted into the respective groups, and samples were harvested at 2, 4, and 12 week. Subsequently, mice were further divided into three groups, BeigeAT group, BeigeAT with CXCL13 treatment group, and BeigeAT with TAK-779 treatment group, to investigate the role of CXCL13 in BeigeAT transplants. Graft retention rate, vascularization, and fibrosis levels were compared among the groups. Compared to WAT transplants, BeigeAT transplants exhibited moderate inflammation, enhanced revascularization, reduced fibrosis, and increased infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells in the early stages following fat grafting. CXCL13 expression was significantly higher in BeigeAT transplants at 2, 4, and 12 week post-grafting. Additionally, modulation of CXCL13 expression affected the infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells. However, BeigeAT transplants exhibited superior retention rates compared to BeigeAT CXCL13 groups and BeigeAT TAK-779 groups after 12 weeks of fat grafting. BeigeAT transplants achieve improved retention rates through CXCL13-induced infiltration of M2 macrophages and endothelial progenitor cells., (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Bile acids (BAs) are significantly altered in the liver and serum of patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, the underlying mechanisms of these changes, particularly BA alternative pathways (BAP) responsible for non12-OH BAs, remain unclear. RNA-seq data were initially analyzed to reveal the changes of gene expression in NASH patients. Targeted metabolomics were conducted on plasma from NASH mice induced by high-fat or western diet with CCl 4 for 10-24 weeks. Liver tissues were examined using proteomics, RT-qPCR, and western blotting. An integrated approach was then employed to analyze protein interactions and network correlations. Analysis of RNA-seq data revealed the inhibition of CYP7B1 in NASH patients, indicating the dysregulation of BAP. In NASH mouse models, dysregulation of BA circulation was observed by increased plasma total BA (TBA) levels and decreased liver TBA, with liver swelling and histopathological changes. Targeted metabolomics revealed suppressed levels of non12-OH BAs, which inversely correlated with increased liver injury markers. The reduced mRNA and protein expression of Fxr and upregulation of Lxr signaling in livers suggested the suppressed BAP was modulated by Fxr-Lxr signaling. Moreover, BAP interactions predominantly implicated multiple metabolism disruptions, involving 7 hub proteins (Hk1, Acadsb, Pklr, Insr, Ldlr, Cyp27a1, and Cyp7b1), offering promising therapeutic targets for NASH. We presented the metabolic and proteomic map of BAP and its regulatory network in NASH progression. Therapeutic targeting of BAP or its co-regulatory proteins holds promise for NASH treatment and metabolic syndrome management., (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Obesity plays a crucial role in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by causing excessive release of free fatty acid from adipose tissue, which in turn leads to systemic infiltration of macrophages. In individuals with T2DM, the infiltration of macrophages into pancreatic islets results in islet inflammation that impairs beta cell function, as evidenced by increased apoptosis and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of non-lethal sonodynamic therapy (NL-SDT) on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) exposed to high glucose and palmitic acid (HG/PA). These findings indicate that NL-SDT facilitates the expression of DRP1 through the transient production of mitochondrial ROS, which subsequently promotes mitophagy. This mitophagy was shown to limit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the secretion of IL-1β in BMDMs exposed to HG/PA. In co-culture experiments, beta cells exhibited significant dysfunction when interacting with HG/PA-treated BMDMs. However, this dysfunction was markedly alleviated when the BMDMs had undergone NL-SDT treatment. Moreover, NL-SDT was found to lower blood glucose levels and elevate serum insulin concentrations in db/db mice. Furthermore, NL-SDT effectively reduced the infiltration of F4/80-positive macrophages and the expression of CASP1 within islets. These findings provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms through which NL-SDT may serve as a promising approach for the treatment of T2DM., (© 2024 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Protein phosphorylation, controlled by protein kinases, is central to regulating various pathophysiological processes, including cardiac systolic function. The dysregulation of protein kinase activity plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiac systolic dysfunction. While cardiac contraction mechanisms are well documented, the mechanisms underlying cardiac diastole remain elusive. This gap persists owing to the historical focus on systolic dysfunction in heart failure research. Recently, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), an age-related disease characterized by cardiac diastolic dysfunction, has emerged as a major public health concern. However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated cardiac protein kinases by analyzing the gene expression of 518 protein kinases in human tissues. We identified alpha-kinase 2 (ALPK2) as a novel cardiac-specific atypical kinase and generated tamoxifen-inducible, cardiomyocyte-specific Alpk2-knockout mice and Alpk2-overexpressing mice. Alpk2 deficiency did not affect cardiac systolic dysfunction in the myocardial infarction model or the pressure-overload-induced heart failure model. Notably, cardiomyocyte-specific Alpk2 deficiency exacerbated cardiac diastolic dysfunction induced by aging and in the HFpEF model. Conversely, Alpk2 overexpression increased the phosphorylation of tropomyosin 1, a major regulator that binds myosin to actin, and mitigated cardiac stiffness in HFpEF. This study provides novel evidence that ALPK2 represents a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diastolic dysfunction in HFpEF and age-related cardiac impairments., (© 2024 The Author(s). The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Osteopenia is frequently observed in patients with iron overload, especially in those with HFE-dependent hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). Interestingly, not all mouse models of HH show bone loss, suggesting that iron overload alone may not suffice to induce bone loss. In this study, the bone phenotypes of Hjv -/- and hepatocyte-specific Alk2- and Alk3-deficient mice as additional mouse models of HH were investigated to further clarify, how high iron levels lead to bone loss and which signaling mechanisms are operational. Neither male nor female 12-week-old Hjv -/- mice had an altered trabecular or cortical bone mass or bone turnover, despite severe iron overload. Male 12-month-old Hjv -/- mice even presented with a higher femoral trabecular bone volume compared to wildtype mice. Similarly, female mice with hepatocyte-specific Alk2 or Alk3 deficiency did not show an altered bone phenotype at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Male hepatocyte-specific Alk3-deficient mice also had a normal trabecular bone mass at all ages analyzed, despite showing increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation parameters. Interestingly, hepatocyte-specific Alk2-deficient mice showed reduced femoral trabecular bone at 6 months of age due to suppressed bone formation. Cortical thickness at the femur was reduced in both, 6-month-old male hepatocyte-specific Alk2- and Alk3-deficient mice. Raising hepatocyte-specific Alk2-deficient male mice on an iron-deficient diet rescued the bone phenotype. Taken together, despite iron overload, trabecular bone microarchitecture was not altered in mice deficient of Hjv or Alk3. Only male hepatocyte-specific Alk2-deficient mice showed site-specific lower trabecular and cortical bone mass at the femur, which was dependent on iron. Thus, bone loss does not correlate with the extent of iron overload in these mouse models, but may relate to the amount of iron-loaded macrophages, as precursors of osteoclasts, in the bone marrow., (© 2024 The Author(s). The FASEB Journal published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.)

Phyllanthus emblica L. offers promising therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases. This study revealed the molecular structure of a homogeneous polysaccharide purified from Phyllanthus emblica L. (PEP-1) and evaluated its anti-inflammatory effects on ulcerative colitis (UC) in mice. In the in vivo experiment, administered in varying dosages to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC models, PEP-1 significantly alleviated colonic symptoms, histological damages and reshaped the gut microbiota. Notably, it adjusted the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and reduced pro-inflammatory species, closely aligning with shifts in the fecal metabolites and metabolic pathways such as the metabolism of pyrimidine, beta-alanine, and purine. These findings underscore the potential of PEP-1 as a therapeutic agent for UC, providing insights into the mechanisms through gut microbiota and metabolic modulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are widely believed to reside in well-characterized bone marrow (BM) niches; however, the capacity of the BM niches to accommodate LSCs is insufficient, and a significant proportion of LSCs are instead maintained in regions outside the BM. The molecular basis for this niche-independent behavior of LSCs remains elusive. Here, we show that integrin-α9 overexpression (ITGA9 OE) plays a pivotal role in the extramedullary maintenance of LSCs by molecularly mimicking the niche-interacting status, through the binding with its soluble ligand, osteopontin (OPN). Retroviral insertional mutagenesis conducted on leukemia-prone Runx-deficient mice identified Itga9 OE as a novel leukemogenic event. Itga9 OE activates Akt and p38MAPK signaling pathways. The elevated Myc expression subsequently enhances ribosomal biogenesis to overcome the cell integrity defect caused by the preexisting Runx alteration. The Itga9-Myc axis, originally discovered in mice, was further confirmed in multiple human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) subtypes, other than RUNX leukemias. In addition, ITGA9 was shown to be a functional LSC marker of the best prognostic value among 14 known LSC markers tested. Notably, the binding of ITGA9 with soluble OPN, a known negative regulator against HSC activation, induced LSC dormancy, while the disruption of ITGA9-soluble OPN interaction caused rapid cell propagation. These findings suggest that the ITGA9 OE increases both actively proliferating leukemia cells and dormant LSCs in a well-balanced manner, thereby maintaining LSCs. The ITGA9 OE would serve as a novel therapeutic target in AML., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Considering the high abundance of bound polyphenols (BP) in whole grain dietary fiber (DF), this study utilized multi-omics approach to evaluate the impact of BP of defatted rice bran insoluble DF (RIDF) in modulating obesity. Mice on high-fat diet were gavage-administered RIDF, BP-removed or formulated RIDF. The results indicated that DF significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Moreover, hepatic lipid accumulation and damage induced by high-fat diet were significantly ameliorated with DF intervention. The presence of BP increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria g&#95;Akkermansia and g&#95;Butyricicocus, as well as the expression of butyric acid/propionic acid. Furthermore, the expression of hepatic lipids and lipid-like molecules was significantly decreased under the combined intervention of BP and DF, and this was accompanied by alterations in genes related to lipid, sterol, and cholesterol metabolic biological processes. These findings suggest that BP contribute to the anti-obesity effects of DF., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

NKG2 family members have emerged as promising targets in tumor immunotherapy. CD94 can dimerize with both inhibitory and activating NKG2 proteins, while the overall effect and value of targeting CD94 on anti-tumor immunity are unclear. Here, it is shown that the expression of CD94 is upregulated on tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells and CD8 + T cells, and is related to their exhausted characteristics. Tumor-bearing CD94 knockout (CD94-KO) mice exhibit delayed tumor growth, decreased lung metastases, and prolonged survival. Single cell RNA-seq reveals a remodeled tumor microenvironment in CD94-KO mice, with a reduction in immunosuppressive cells and an increase in anti-tumor immune cells. Moreover, NK cells and CD8 + T cells become proliferative and strongly tumoricidal in CD94-KO mice, thus contributing to the tumor inhibition effect of CD94 deficiency. Treatment with a humanized anti-CD94 blocking antibody (h15C10) alone, in tumor-bearing humanized mouse, delays tumor progression, and improves the therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 blockade through combination therapy. Our study indicates that CD94 may work as a candidate target in checkpoint immunotherapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Translational initiation in protein synthesis is an important regulatory step in gene expression and its dysregulation may result in diseases such as cancer. Translational control by eIF4E/4E-BP has been well studied and contributes to mTOR signaling in various biological processes. Here, we report a novel translational control axis in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colon tumorigenesis by eIF3a, a Yin-Yang factor in tumorigenesis and prognosis. We show that eIF3a expression is upregulated in human colon cancer tissues, pre-cancerous adenoma polyps, and associates with β-catenin level and APC mutation in human samples, and that eIF3a overexpression transforms intestinal epithelial cells. We also show that eIF3a expression is regulated by the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway with an active TCF/LEF binding site in its promoter and that eIF3a knockdown inhibits APC mutation-induced spontaneous colon tumorigenesis in APC min/+ mice. Together, we conclude that eIF3a upregulation in colon cancer is due to APC mutation and it participates in colon tumorigenesis by adding a translational control axis in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and that it can serve as a potential target for colon cancer intervention., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Although it is an effective treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chemotherapy leads to myelosuppression and poor hematopoietic reconstruction. Hematopoiesis is regulated by bone marrow (BM) endothelial cells (ECs), and BM ECs are dysfunctional in acute leukemia patients with poor hematopoietic reconstitution after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Thus, it is crucial to explore the underlying mechanism of EC impairment and establish strategies for targeted therapy. TGF-β signaling was found to be upregulated in ECs from AML patients in complete remission (CR ECs) and led to CR EC damage. Administration of a TGF-β inhibitor rescued the dysfunction of ECs caused by TGF-β1 expression in vitro, especially their hematopoiesis-supporting ability. Moreover, inhibition of TGF-β expression repaired the BM EC damage triggered by chemotherapy in both AML patients in vitro and in an AML-CR murine model, and restored normal hematopoiesis without promoting AML progression. Mechanistically, our data reveal alterations in the transcriptomic pattern of damaged BM ECs, accompanied by the overexpression of downstream molecules TGF-βR1, pSmad2/3, and functional genes related to adhesion, angiogenesis suppression and pro-apoptosis. Collectively, our findings reveal for the first time that the activation of TGF-β signaling leads to BM EC dysfunction and poor hematopoietic reconstitution. Targeting TGF-β represents a potential therapeutic strategy to promote multilineage hematopoiesis, thereby benefiting more cancer patients who suffer from myelosuppression after chemotherapy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. All co-authors have seen and approved this version of the manuscript and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Pure frailty and obese frailty are common types of frailty syndrome. However, the overlapping and distinct characteristics between pure frailty and obese frailty remain unclear. This study aims to reveal the overlapping/distinct physical and biological phenotypes of pure frailty and obese frailty, providing theoretical support for their prevention, diagnosis, and treatment., Method: Mice were fed either a normal or high-fat diet and assessed at 20 months of age. They were assigned to one of the four groups: control, obesity, pure frailty, and obese frailty. Grip strength, walking speed, physical activity, endurance, and body weight were measured to determine pure frailty and obese frailty. Physical and biological phenotypes were assessed., Results: Distinct physical phenotypes were observed between pure frailty and obese frailty in terms of body weight, lean mass, fat mass, fat mass in tissue, grip strength, endurance, and physical activity, while walking speed overlapped. In biological phenotypes, levels of Smad2/3, FoxO3a, P62, LAMP-2, and cathepsin L expression were distinct, while AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, p-mTOR, p-Smad2/3, p-FoxO3a, Beclin-1, ATG7, and LC3 overlapped., Conclusion: Distinct physical phenotypes observed in obese frailty are primarily attributable to the effect of obesity, with further impairment of muscle function resulting from the combined effects of frailty syndromes and obesity. Pure frailty and obese frailty share overlapping biological phenotypes, particularly in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis. Moreover, the interaction between obesity and frailty syndromes gives rise to both overlapping and distinct biological phenotypes, especially in the regulation of specific degradation signaling proteins., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) detect bacterial flagellin and structurally related components of bacterial type III secretion systems (T3SS), and recruit NLR family CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4) and caspase-1 into an inflammasome complex that induces pyroptosis. NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome assembly is initiated by the binding of a single NAIP to its cognate ligand, but a subset of bacterial flagellins or T3SS structural proteins are thought to evade NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome sensing by not binding to their cognate NAIPs. Unlike other inflammasome components such as NLRP3, AIM2, or some NAIPs, NLRC4 is constitutively present in resting macrophages and not known to be induced by inflammatory signals. Here, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling up-regulates NLRC4 transcription and protein expression in murine macrophages, which licenses NAIP detection of evasive ligands. In contrast, TLR priming in human macrophages did not up-regulate NLRC4 expression, and human macrophages remained unable to detect NAIP-evasive ligands even following priming. Critically, ectopic expression of either murine or human NLRC4 was sufficient to induce pyroptosis in response to immunoevasive NAIP ligands, indicating that increased levels of NLRC4 enable the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome to detect these normally evasive ligands. Altogether, our data reveal that TLR priming tunes the threshold for the murine NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome to enable inflammasome responses against immunoevasive or suboptimal NAIP ligands. These findings provide insight into species-specific TLR regulation of NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome activation., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Highsucrose diet (HSD) was reported as a causative factor for multiorgan injuries. The underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies remain largely uncharted. In the present study, by using a metabolomics approach, we identified the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as a therapeutic target for HSD-mediated gut barrier dysfunction. Specifically, 16-week feeding on an HSD caused gut barrier dysfunction, such as colon inflammation and tight junction impairment in a murine model. A metabolomics analysis of mouse colon tissue showed a decrease in the 5(6)-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid [5(6)-EET] level and an increase in soluble epoxide hydrolase, which is related to HSD-mediated injuries to the gut barrier. The mice treated with a chemical inhibitor of sEH and the mice with genetic intervention by intestinal-specific knockout of the sEH gene significantly attenuated HSD-caused intestinal injuries by reducing HSD-mediated colon inflammation and improving the impaired tight junction caused by an HSD. Further, in vitro studies showed that treatment with 5(6)-EET, but not its hydrolytic product 5,6-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-DiHET), significantly ablated high sucrose-caused intestinal epithelial inflammation and impaired tight junction. Additionally, 5(6)-EET is anti-inflammatory and improves gut epithelial tight junction while 5,6-DiHET cannot do so. This study presents an underlying mechanism of and a therapeutic strategy for the gut barrier dysfunction caused by an HSD., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

One driver of the high failure rates of clinical trials for therapeutic cancer vaccines is likely the inability to sufficiently engage conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), the antigen-presenting cell (APC) subset that is specialized in priming antitumor T cells. Here, we demonstrate that, relative to vaccination with an injectable mesoporous silica rod (MPS) vaccine alone (Vax), combining MPS vaccines with CD122-biased IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes (IL-2cx) drives ~3-fold expansion of cDCs at the vaccination sites, vaccine-draining lymph nodes, and spleens of treated mice. Furthermore, relative to Vax alone, Vax+IL-2cx led to a ~3-fold increase in the numbers of CD8 + T cells and ~15-fold increase in the numbers of NK cells at the vaccination site. Notably, with both the model protein antigen OVA as well as various peptide neoantigens, Vax+IL-2cx induced ~5 to 30-fold greater numbers of circulating antigen-specific CD8 + T cells relative to Vax alone. We further demonstrate that Vax+IL-2cx leads to significantly improved efficacy in the MC38 colon carcinoma model relative to either monotherapy alone, driving complete regressions in 50% of mice in a cDC-dependent manner. Relative to vaccine alone, Vax+IL-2cx led to comparable numbers of CD8 + T cells, but markedly greater numbers of NK cells and activated cDCs in the B16F10 melanoma tumor microenvironment post-therapy. Taken together, these findings suggest that the administration of factors that engage both the cDC-CD8 + T cell and cDC-NK cell axes can boost the potency of therapeutic cancer vaccines., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:D.J.M. declares the following competing interests: Novartis, sponsored research, licensed IP; Immulus, equity; IVIVA, SAB; Attivare, SAB, equity; Lyell, licensed IP, equity. R.S.L. and S.J.T. are employed by Genentech, Inc. The other authors declare no competing interests.

Dry eye disease (DED) is characterized by a dysfunctional tear film in which the corneal epithelium and its abundant nerves are affected by ocular desiccation and inflammation. Although adaptive immunity and specifically CD4 + T cells play a role in DED pathogenesis, the exact contribution of these cells to corneal epithelial and neural damage remains undetermined. To address this, we explored the progression of a surgical DED model in wild-type (WT) and T cell-deficient mice. We observed that adaptive immune-deficient mice developed all aspects of DED comparably to WT mice except for the absence of functional and morphological corneal nerve changes, nerve damage-associated transcriptomic signature in the trigeminal ganglia, and sustained tear cytokine levels. Adoptive transfer of CD4 + T cells from WT DED mice to T cell-deficient mice reproduced corneal nerve damage but not epitheliopathy. Conversely, T cell-deficient mice reconstituted solely with naïve CD4 + T cells developed corneal nerve impairment and epitheliopathy upon DED induction, thus replicating the WT DED phenotype. Collectively, our data show that while corneal neuropathy is driven by CD4 + T cells in DED, corneal epithelial damage develops independently of the adaptive immune response. These findings have implications for T cell-targeting therapies currently in use for DED., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.

Aberrant adipogenic differentiation is strongly associated with obesity and related metabolic diseases. Elucidating the key factors driving adipogenesis is an effective strategy for identifying novel therapeutic targets for treating metabolic diseases represented by obesity. In this study, transcriptomic techniques were employed to investigate the functional genes that regulate adipogenic differentiation in OP9 cells and 3T3-L1 cells. The findings indicated a notable upregulation of Acsl1 expression throughout the adipogenic differentiation process. Knocking down Acsl1 led to a decrease in the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis and a reduction in triglyceride accumulation. Additionally, Acsl1 overexpression promoted adipocyte differentiation and adipose-specific overexpression of Acsl1 markedly aggravated steatosis induced by a high-fat diet. Mechanistically, Cyp2f2, Dusp23 and Gstm2 are the crucial genes implicated in Acsl1-induced adipogenic differentiation. The findings of this study indicate that Acsl1 promotes adipogenesis and could serve as a potential therapeutic target for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent genetic disorder affecting the kidneys. Understanding epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) is crucial for developing therapeutic interventions. Two mRNA datasets (GSE7869 and GSE35831) and miRNA expression data (GSE133530) from ADPKD patients were used to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), with a focus on genes regulated by hub transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. The expression of hub TFs was validated in human kidneys and animal models through Western Blot (WB) and RT-PCR analysis. The location of the hub TF proteins in kidney cells was observed by a laser confocal microscope. A total of 2037 DEGs were identified. DEM analysis resulted in 59 up-regulated and 107 down-regulated miRNAs. Predicted target DEGs of DEMs indicated two top dysregulated TFs: hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4). RT-PCR, WB, and immunochemistry results showed that mRNA and protein levels of HNF4α were significantly decreased while KLF4 levels were significantly up-regulated in human ADPKD kidneys and Pkd1 conditional knockout mice compared with normal controls. Laser confocal microscopy revealed that KLF4 was mainly located in the cytoplasm while HNF4α was in the nucleus. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that genes regulated by HNF4α were mainly associated with metabolic pathways, while KLF4-regulated genes were linked to kidney development. Drug response prediction analysis revealed potential drug candidates for ADPKD treatment, including BI-2536, Sepantronium, and AZD5582. This integrated analysis provides new epigenetic insights into the complex miRNA-TF-mRNA network in ADPKD and identifies HNF4α and KLF4 as key TFs. These findings offer valuable resources for further research and potential drug development for ADPKD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests. Cheng Xue reports was provided by Shanghai Changzheng Hospital. Cheng Xue reports a relationship with Shanghai Changzheng Hospital that includes: employment. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Heart failure tends to deteriorate in colder climates, heightening the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) serves as both a thermogenic organ and an atypical site for triiodothyronine (T3) synthesis in response to cold. This study investigates the potential role of BAT in contributing to abdominal aortic constriction (AAC)-induced pathological cardiac remodeling during cold exposure. In this study, we developed a mouse model of pathological cardiac remodeling using AAC. Physical excision of interscapular BAT (iBATx) was performed during cold exposure, and T3 synthesis levels were measured. Additionally, the impact of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) knockout on thermogenic function and pathological cardiac remodeling was investigated. In vitro studies were conducted to assess the effect of T3 on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by phenylephrine (PE). Physical removal of interscapular BAT during cold exposure decreased T3 synthesis and mitigated pathological cardiac remodeling. Conversely, UCP1 knockout eliminated thermogenic function during cold exposure, while preserving BAT integrity increased T3 synthesis and exacerbated pathological cardiac remodeling. In vitro, T3 further aggravated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy caused by PE. These findings underscore the distinct effects of physical and functional BAT ablation on pathological cardiac remodeling, primarily through altering T3 levels rather than thermogenesis in cold environments. This research provides new insights into the differential roles of BAT in cardiac health, particularly under cold exposure conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest All authors state that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Ezrin is a cross-linker protein between membrane proteins and cytosolic actin, abundantly expressed in the placenta among the ERM protein family. Ezrin gene knockout mice exhibit fetal growth restriction after gestational day (GD) 15.5. This study aimed to clarify the effect of ezrin on immune cells that influence fetal growth and immune tolerance. Ezrin heterozygous knockout (Ez +/- ) mice were interbred, and the gene expressions and immune cell distributions in the placentas of wild-type (Ez +/+ ) and ezrin knockout (Ez -/- ) fetuses were analyzed. IL-6 expression in the placenta of Ez -/- fetuses was significantly higher than in Ez +/+ fetuses at GD 15.5. The mRNA expression of IL-6 in the uterine decidua attached to Ez -/- fetuses was higher compared to that attached to Ez +/+ fetuses but not in the junctional zone and labyrinth. Classical M1 and M2 macrophages in the decidua were analyzed by flow cytometry using CD86 and CD206 as markers. M1 macrophages increased in the decidua attached to Ez -/- mice compared to Ez +/+ mice, while M2 macrophages did not increase. CD4-positive T cells showed a reduction in the decidua attached to Ez -/- fetuses. Further analysis involved the subcutaneous administration of tacrolimus in pregnant Ez +/- mice from GD 8.5 to GD 15.5, which prevented the decrease in fetal body weight and decidual CD4-positive T cells in Ez -/- mice at GD 15.5. These results suggest that impaired expression of fetoplacental-derived ezrin induces inflammatory conditions in the uterine decidua through M1 polarization of macrophages, increased IL-6, and decreased CD4-positive T cells, including Treg cells., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Tomohiro Nishimura reports financial support was provided by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and by Mochida Memorial Foundation for Medical and Pharmaceutical Research. Masatoshi Tomi reports financial support was provided by AMED−CREST, AMED and by Hoansha Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, non-specific inflammatory condition of the colon, characterized by recurrent episodes and a notable lack of effective pharmacological treatments. Scutellarin, a natural component, exhibits appreciable pharmacological effects and therapeutic potential for various diseases. However, its effects on UC are not fully understood, and the precise mechanisms remain to be deciphered. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic efficacy of scutellarin and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in treating UC., Methods: This study utilized dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice to evaluate the therapeutic potential of scutellarin against UC and to elucidate the mechanisms involving the gut microbiota. An antibiotics cocktail (ABX) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) were also used to determine the mechanistic role of the gut microbiota. An integrative approach combining fecal metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis was used to explore the gut microbiota-directed molecular mechanism., Results: The results showed that scutellarin provided various therapeutic benefits in UC management, including alleviating weight loss, slowing disease progression, and reducing inflammatory damage in colon structures. The improved gut microbiota after scutellarin administration contributed to these effects. Fecal metabolome revealed that scutellarin selectively mitigated DSS-induced dysregulation of gut microbiota-derived metabolites, including glycolic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, tryptophan, xanthine, and β-hydroxypyruvate. Network pharmacology analysis, along with in vivo experimental verification, implicated the cAMP/PKA/NF-κB pathway in the action of these metabolites in treating UC, which may be the mechanism responsible for scutellarin's curative effects on UC., Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of scutellarin in alleviating UC by activating the cAMP/PKA/NF-κB pathway through gut microbiota-derived metabolites, highlighting scutellarin as a promising therapeutic agent for UC., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pericytes are vascular mural cells that support the microvasculature; their dysfunction contributes to diabetic retinopathy and has been linked to obesity in humans. To explore the role of pericyte insulin signalling on systemic metabolism we utilised male mice from our previously described PIR -/- (PIRKO) mouse line which has insulin receptor (Insr) knockout in PDGFRβ-expressing cells. These animals exhibit systemic insulin resistance from as early as 8-weeks of age, despite no change in body weight or activity level, and show altered body composition and hepatosteatosis. When challenged with high fat diet, PIR -/- remain insulin resistant but are protected from weight gain with reduced adipose tissue expansion across all depots and altered adipose morphology. Exhibiting parallels with the metabolically-obese-normal-weight (MONW) human phenotype, the PIR -/- line underlines the importance of pericyte biology in the development of both diabetes and obesity and establishes the angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie signalling pathway as a focus for future research., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Obesity-mediated hypertension is a worldwide problem. Recent research has indicated that chronic inflammation is associated with the pathogenesis of obese hypertension. Activated immune cells infiltrate target organs, such as arteries, kidneys, and brain, causing end-organ damage and hypertension. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) regulates the inflammatory cell activity mediating the production of inflammatory cytokines and may play a role in the crosstalk between inflammation and hypertension. In this study, we investigated the roles of HDAC6 in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced kidney inflammation and hypertension. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 15 weeks. HFD-induced hypertension with increased HDAC6 activities in the kidney and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). When HFD group reached the hypertensive phase, each group of mice was intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or selective HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin (1 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Tubacin treatment lowered blood pressure (BP) of HFD-fed mice to the normal level with successful inhibition of HDAC6 activity. Immunohistochemical staining of F4/80, which is known as a macrophage marker, revealed that HFD promoted macrophage infiltration into the kidney. Consequently, pro-inflammatory factors TNFα and IL-6 gene expressions in the kidney were increased by HFD. Tubacin canceled HFD-induced macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the kidney. HDAC6 gene silencing and Tubacin treatment in Raw 264.7 cells also blocked the chemoattractant-stimulated cell migration in vitro. The results reveal the novel role of HDAC6 in BMDM migration, kidney inflammation, and high BP induced by HFD providing HDAC6 inhibitors as a therapeutic option for obesity-mediated hypertension., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We have nothing to declare., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Insufficient residual liver tissue after partial hepatectomy (PH) may lead to serious complications such as hepatic failure and small-for-size syndrome. Salidroside (SAL) is obtained from Rhodiola rosea through modernized separation and extraction and has been validated for treating various liver diseases. It's yet unknown, nevertheless, how SAL affects liver regeneration after PH. This study aimed to determine whether SAL could promote liver regeneration after PH in mice. We demonstrated that SAL could attenuate liver injury after PH and promote hepatocyte proliferation and liver mass recovery. Mechanistically, SAL inhibited the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, attenuating pyroptosis. RNA-seq analysis indicated that SAL downregulated the transcription of NLRP3 and GSDMD genes and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly enriched in down-regulated signaling pathways. Notably, SAL in combination with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 did not further inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and promote liver mass recovery. In summary, our findings proved that SAL could be a potential agent for improving liver function and promoting liver regeneration after PH., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no financial conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The orexin system participates in the regulation of depression; however, its effects show significant heterogeneity, indicating the involvement of complex downstream neural circuit mechanisms. The lateral septum (LS), located downstream of the orexin system, contributes to depression. However, the effects and mechanisms underlying the orexin-mediated modulation of the LS in patients with depression remain unclear. Herein, we applied fiber photometry, chemogenetics, neuropharmacology, and in vitro electrophysiology to show that LS orexinergic afferents are sensitive to acute restraint and that chronic restraint stress (CRS) inhibits LS-projecting orexin neurons. Chemogenetic activation of LS orexinergic afferents or injection of orexin-A into the LS improved CRS-induced depression-like behavior. In vitro perfusion of orexin-A increased the action potential of somatostatin neurons in the LS. Overall, this study provides evidence that orexin improves depressive-like behavior by modulating the LS, and that this effect is probably mediated by the upregulation of LS somatostatin neurons., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelination neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Ferroptosis has been implicated in a range of brain disorders, and iron-loaded microglia are frequently found in affected brain regions. However, the molecular mechanisms linking ferroptosis with MS have not been well-defined. The present study seeks to bridge this gap and investigate the impact of matrine (MAT), a herbal medicine with immunomodulatory capacities, on the regulation of oxidative stress and ferroptosis in the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. CNS of EAE mice contained elevated levels of ferroptosis-related molecules, e.g., MDA, LPCAT3 and PTGS2, but decreased expression of antioxidant molecules, including GSH and SOD, GPX4 and SLC7A11. This pathogenic process was reversed by MAT treatment, together with significant reduction of disease severity and CNS inflammatory demyelination. Furthermore, the expression of PTGS2 and LOX was largely increased in microglia of EAE mice, accompanied with increased production of IL-6 and TNF-α, indicating a proinflammatory phenotype of microglia that undergo oxidative stress/ferroptosis, and their expression was significantly reduced after MAT treatment. Together, our results indicate that ferroptosis/inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity, and inhibiting ferroptosis-induced microglial activation/inflammation could be a novel mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of MAT on CNS inflammatory demyelination in EAE., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:LinZhu reports financial support was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Long-term stress is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, prolonged stress has shown to negatively regulate central BDNF expression. The role of central BDNF in CNS disorders is well studied until recently the peripheral BDNF was also found to be involved in endothelial function regulation and atherosclerosis. The peripheral BDNF and its role in chronic stress-induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the role of BDNF and its modulation by the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid (VA) in chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction. We demonstrated that a 10-week CUS mouse model substantially decreases central and peripheral BDNF expression, resulting in enhanced serum lipid indices, plaque deposition, fibrosis, and CD68 expression in thoracic aortas. Further, parameters associated with endothelial dysfunction such as increased levels of endothelin-1 (ET-1), adhesion molecules like VCAM-1, M1 macrophage markers, and decreased M2 macrophage markers, eNOS expression, and nitrite levels in aortas, were also observed. VA (50 mg/kg, 14 days, i. p.) was administered to mice following 8 weeks of CUS exposure until the end of the experimental procedure. VA significantly prevented the decrease in BDNF, eNOS and nitrite levels, reduced lesion formation and fibrosis in thoracic aortas and increased ET-1, and VCAM-1 followed by M2 polarization in VA-treated mice. The study highlights the potential of epigenetic modulation of BDNF as a therapeutic target, in stress-induced cardiovascular pathologies and suggests that VA could be a promising agent for mitigating CUS-induced endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis by BDNF modulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a significant neurological disorder that can result in severe motor and cognitive impairments. Neuronal regeneration and functional recovery are critical aspects of SCI treatment, with calcium signaling being a crucial indicator of neuronal excitability. In this study, we utilized a murine model to investigate the effects of targeted wireless electrical stimulation (ES) on neuronal activity following SCI. After establishing a complete SCI model in normal mice, flexible electrodes were implanted, and targeted wireless ES was administered to the injury site. We employed fiber-optic photometric in vivo calcium imaging to monitor calcium signals in pyramidal neurons within the CA3 region of the hippocampus and the M1 region of the primary motor cortex. The experimental results demonstrated a significant reduction in calcium signals in CA3 and M1 pyramidal neurons following SCI (reduced by 76 % and 59 %, in peak respectively). However, the application of targeted wireless ES led to a marked increase in calcium signals in these neurons (increased by 118 % and 69 %, in peak respectively), indicating a recovery of calcium activity. These observations suggest that wireless ES has a positive modulatory effect on the excitability of pyramidal neurons post-SCI. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing therapeutic strategies aimed at enhancing neuronal recovery and functional restoration following spinal cord injuries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sepsis, broadly described as a systemic infection, is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. There are limited therapeutic options available that either improve survival and/or improve the quality of life in survivors. Ilofotase alfa, also known as recombinant alkaline phosphatase (recAP), has been associated with reduced mortality in a subset of patients with sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. However, whether recAP exhibits any therapeutic benefits in other organ systems beyond the kidney is less clear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of recAP on survival, behavior, and intestinal inflammation in a mouse model of sepsis, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Following CLP, either recAP or saline vehicle was administered via daily intraperitoneal injections to determine its treatment efficacy from early through late sepsis. We found that administration of recAP suppressed indices of inflammation in the gut and liver but did not improve survival or behavioral outcomes. These results demonstrate that recAP's therapeutic efficacy in the gut and liver may provide a valuable treatment to improve long-term outcomes in sepsis survivors., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Candice M. Brown reports financial support, article publishing charges, equipment, drugs, or supplies, and travel were provided by National Institute on Aging. Rhiannon Macom reports financial support and travel were provided by National Institute on Aging. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The liver lobule is divided into three zones or regions: periportal (PP or Zone 1) that is highly oxidative and active in ureagenesis, pericentral (PC or Zone 3) that is more glycolytic, and midzonal (MZ or Zone 2) with intermediate characteristics., Aim: Our goal was to isolate and metabolically characterize hepatocytes from specific sublobular zones., Methods: Mice were administered rhodamine123 (Rh123) or MitoTracker Red (MTR) prior to intravital imaging, liver fixation, or hepatocyte isolation. After in vivo MTR, hepatocytes were isolated and sorted based on MTR fluorescence intensity. Alternatively, E-cadherin (Ecad) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) immunolabeling was performed in fixed liver slices. Ecad and CYP2E1 gene expression in sorted hepatocytes was assessed by qPCR. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) of sorted hepatocytes were also assessed., Results: Multiphoton microscopy showed Rh123 and MTR fluorescence distributed zonally, decreasing from PP to PC in a flow-dependent fashion. In liver cross-sections, Ecad was expressed periportally and CYP2E1 pericentrally in association with high and low MTR labeling, respectively. Based on MTR fluorescence, hepatocytes were sorted into PP, MZ, and PC populations with PP and PC hepatocytes enriched in Ecad and CYP2E1, respectively. OCR of PP hepatocytes was ∼4 times that of PC hepatocytes., Conclusions: MTR treatment in vivo delineates sublobular hepatic zones and can be used to sort hepatocytes zonally. PP hepatocytes have substantially greater OCR compared to PC and MZ. The results also indicate a sharp midzonal demarcation between hepatocytes with PP characteristics (Ecad) and those with PC features (CYP2E1). This new method to sort hepatocytes in a zone-specific fashion holds the potential to shed light on sublobular hepatocyte metabolism and regulatory pathways in health and disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Piezo1 channels are activated by mechanical stress and play a significant role in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Piezo1 activation on the cell membrane following pressure overload remain unclear. Caveolae are known to mitigate mechanical forces and regulate Piezo1 function. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the interaction between caveolae and Piezo1 in the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac remodeling. We observed reduced colocalization between Piezo1 and Caveolin-3 in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes following abdominal aortic constriction and Angiotensin-II treatment, accompanied by increased Piezo1 function and expression. Furthermore, enhanced Piezo1 function was also noted upon caveolae disruption using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mβCD). Thus, our findings suggested that pressure overload led to Piezo1 translocation from caveolae, thereby augmenting its function and expression, which may contribute to cardiac remodeling., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To elucidate the relationship between the auricular point stimulation and the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) from the perspective of intrinsic excitability plasticity of neurons in mice with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), so as to explore the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture at auricular points in improving emotional diseases induced by PTSD., Methods: C57BL/6J male mice were randomly divided into control, PTSD model, sham electroacupuncture (EA), and EA groups, with 5 mice in each group. The glutamatergic neurons were labelled by injection of AAV2/9-CaMKⅡα-EGFP viral fluid into the bilateral ACC. Fourteen days after the injection, the PTSD model was established by single prolonged stress (restraint stress, forced swimming, ether exposure) and plantar electrical shock. EA (2 Hz/15 Hz, 1 mA) was applied to bilateral "Xin" points and the center of auriculae of auricular concha area for 30 min, once daily for 7 days. Mice of the sham EA group were anesthetized for 30 min per day for 7 days, but no EA treatments were given. The anxiety-like behavior of mice was evaluated by open field (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests after 2 weeks of modeling. The whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to record the intrinsic excitability level of ACC glutamatergic neurons., Results: Compared with the control group, the dwell time and locomotor distance in the central area of the OF, the dwell time and entry times percentage in the open arms of the EPM in the model group were significantly reduced ( P <0.001, P <0.01). At the same time, the intrinsic excitability of ACC glutamatergic neurons in model mice was suppressed, presenting as enhanced rheobase currents ( P <0.01) and decreased spike number ( P <0.05, P <0.01, P <0.001). Compared with the model group, the dwell time and locomotor distance in the central area of the OF, the dwell time and entry times percentage in the open arms of the elevated plus maze were significantly increased ( P <0.001, P <0.01), and the intrinsic excitability of ACC glutamatergic neurons was significantly improved, presenting as reduced rheobase currents ( P <0.05) and an increased spike number ( P <0.05) in the EA group. Compared with the sham EA group, the dwell time and locomotor distance in the central area of the OF, the dwell time and entry times percentage in the open arms of the EPM were significantly increased ( P <0.001, P <0.01) in the EA group, and the intrinsic excitability of ACC glutamatergic neurons was significantly improved, presenting as reduced rheobase currents ( P <0.01) and an increased spike number ( P <0.05)., Conclusions: EA of auricular points can effectively alleviate the anxiety-like behavior of PTSD mice and increase the intrinsic excitability level of glutamatergic neurons in ACC, which may be one of the neural mechanisms of auricular point stimulation in the treatment of emotional diseases.

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) disrupts the function of airway epithelial barriers causing cellular stress and damage. However, the precise mechanisms underlying PM-induced cellular injury and the associated molecular pathways remain incompletely understood. In this study, we used intratracheal instillation of PM in C57BL6 mice and PM treatment of the BEAS-2B cell line as in vivo and in vitro models, respectively, to simulate PM-induced cellular damage and inflammation. We collected lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids to assess histopathological changes, necroptosis, and airway inflammation. Our findings reveal that PM exposure induces necroptosis in mouse airway epithelial cells. Importantly, concurrent administration of a receptor interacting protein kinases 3 (RIPK3) inhibitor or the deletion of the necroptosis effector mixed-lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) effectively attenuated PM-induced airway inflammation. PM exposure dose-dependently induces the expression of Parkin, an E3 ligase we recently reported to play a pivotal role in necroptosis through regulating necrosome formation. Significantly, deletion of endogenous Parkin exacerbates inflammation by enhancing epithelial necroptosis. These results indicate that PM-induced Parkin expression plays a crucial role in suppressing epithelial necroptosis, thereby reducing airway inflammation. Overall, these findings offer valuable mechanistic insights into PM-induced airway injury and identify a potential target for clinical intervention., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)