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1. Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Author

Micah, Angela E, Bhangdia, Kayleigh, Cogswell, Ian E, Lasher, Dylan, Lidral-Porter, Brendan, Maddison, Emilie R, Nguyen, Trang Nhu Ngoc, Patel, Nishali, Pedroza, Paola, Solorio, Juan, Stutzman, Hayley, Tsakalos, Golsum, Wang, Yifeng, Warriner, Wesley, Zhao, Yingxi, Zlavog, Bianca S, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E S, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abubaker Ali, Hiwa, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Adem, Mohammed Hussien, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Aji, Budi, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akelew, Yibeltal, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Tudorel, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Appiah, Francis, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Aremu, Olatunde, Aruleba, Raphael Taiwo, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Baig, Atif Amin, Bantie, Abere Tilahun, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Basu, Sanjay, Batiha, Abdul-Monim Mohammad, Baune, Bernhard T, Berezvai, Zombor, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Boachie, Micheal Kofi, Bodolica, Virginia, Botelho, João Silva Botelho, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chansa, Collins, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chen, Simiao, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Dadras, Omid, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dargahi, Abdollah, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Desye, Belay, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diao, Nancy, Doan, Linh Phuong, Dodangeh, Milad, dos Santos, Wendel Mombaque, Doshmangir, Leila, Dube, John, Eini, Ebrahim, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Enyew, Daniel Berhanie, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Ezati Asar, Mohamad, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fattahi, Hamed, Fekadu, Ginenus, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Fowobaje, Kayode Raphael, Freitas, Alberto, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Garcia-Gordillo, M A, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Gerema, Urge, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghanbari, Reza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Golechha, Mahaveer, Golinelli, Davide, Goshu, Yitayal Ayalew, Goyomsa, Girma Garedew, Guha, Avirup, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, Gupta, Bhawna, Hamidi, Samer, Harapan, Harapan, Hashempour, Reza, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hezam, Kamal, Hiraike, Yuta, Hlongwa, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni, Holla, Ramesh, Hoque, Mohammad Enamul, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hussain, Salman, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Immurana, Mustapha, Iradukunda, Arnaud, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Isola, Gaetano, J, Linda Merin, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalili, Mahsa, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jemere, Digisie Mequanint, Joo, Tamas, Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kadel, Rajendra, Kadir, Dler Hussein, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kamath, Rajesh, Kandel, Himal, Kantar, Rami S, Karanth, Shama D, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Keshri, Vikash Ranjan, Keskin, Cumali, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Kifle, Zemene Demelash, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kohler, Stefan, Kompani, Farzad, Kosen, Soewarta, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kusuma, Dian, Lám, Judit, Lamnisos, Demetris, Larsson, Anders O, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lenzi, Jacopo, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lorenzovici, László, Lozano, Rafael, Machado, Vanessa Sintra Machado, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Majeed, Azeem, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto, Martorell, Miquel, Masoud, Ali, Mathews, Elezebeth, Maude, Richard James, Mechili, Enkeleint A, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mendes, José João João Mendes, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirutse, Mizan Kiros, Mirza, Moonis, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Misganaw, Awoke, Moccia, Marcello, Moghadasi, Javad, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadshahi, Marita, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohseni, Mohammad, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mossialos, Elias, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mousavi Isfahani, Haleh, Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine, Murthy, Shruti, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Noroozi, Nafise, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obi, Felix Chukwudi Abrahams, Ogunkoya, Abiola, Oh, In-Hwan, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Opio, John Nelson, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Palicz, Tamás, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Pasupula, Deepak Kumar, Patel, Jay, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Paun, Mihaela, Pawar, Shrikant, Perna, Simone, Perumalsamy, Navaraj, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Poursadeqiyan, Mohsen, Pourtaheri, Naeimeh, Prada, Sergio I, Rafiei, Sima, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Raru, Temam Beshir, Rashedi, Sina, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ravangard, Ramin, Rawaf, Salman, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Reiner, Robert C, Jr., Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Maryam, Rezaei, Nazila, Riaz, Mavra A, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Saad, Aly M A, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Sahu, Maitreyi, Saki, Morteza, Salamati, Payman, Salari, Hedayat, Salehi, Sana, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sayadi, Yaser, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Setshegetso, Naomi, Seylani, Allen, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shanawaz, Mohd, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse, Sharma, Rajesh, Shayan, Maryam, Sheikh, Aziz, Shenoy, Suchitra M, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shivakumar, K M, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Simegn, Wudneh, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Kuldeep, Skhvitaridze, Natia, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Socea, Bogdan, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Ștefan, Simona Cătălina, Suleman, Muhammad, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tat, Nathan Y, Tat, Vivian Y, Tefera, Belay Negash, Tichopad, Ales, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Tufa, Derara Girma, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasic, Milena, Vervoort, Dominique, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Cong, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Yaya, Sanni, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaki, Leila, Zaman, Burhan Abdullah, Zangeneh, Alireza, Zare Dehnavi, Ali, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zeng, Wu, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zuhlke, Liesl J, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher J L, and Dieleman, Joseph L

Published
2023
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4. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2050

Author

Micah, Angela E, Cogswell, Ian E, Cunningham, Brandon, Ezoe, Satoshi, Harle, Anton C, Maddison, Emilie R, McCracken, Darrah, Nomura, Shuhei, Simpson, Kyle E, Stutzman, Hayley N, Tsakalos, Golsum, Wallace, Lindsey E, Zhao, Yingxi, Zende, Rahul R, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abedi, Aidin, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abhilash, E S, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrigo, Michael R M, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afzal, Saira, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Ajami, Marjan, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alemayehu, Yosef, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Alinia, Cyrus, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami Almustanyir, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amu, Hubert, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Angell, Blake, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aripov, Timur, Arrigo, Alessandro, Ashraf, Tahira, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azhar, Gulrez Shah, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Barati, Nastaran, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barrow, Amadou, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Benzian, Habib, Berman, Adam E, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Bodolica, Virginia, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Breusov, Alexey V, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Callander, Emily Joy, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chen, Simiao, Cicero, Arrigo Francesco Giuseppe, Dadras, Omid, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De Neve, Jan-Walter, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Reis, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Doshmangir, Leila, Dube, John, Ehsani-Chimeh, Elham, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Ferede, Tomas Y, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Freitas, Alberto, Friedman, Sara D, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Gaal, Peter Andras, Gad, Mohamed M, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Garg, Tushar, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Ghozali, Ghozali, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glăvan, Ionela-Roxana, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Goharinezhad, Salime, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goli, Srinivas, Guha, Avirup, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haakenstad, Annie, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hailu, Alemayehu, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Harapan, Harapan, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanein, Mohamed H, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Golnaz, Hendrie, Delia, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Sheikh Jamal, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Huda, Tanvir M, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Idrisov, Bulat, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Isola, Gaetano, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jazayeri, Seyed Behzad, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jürisson, Mikk, Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassahun, Getinet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Junaid, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kianipour, Neda, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kohler, Stefan, Kosen, Soewarta, Koteeswaran, Rajasekaran, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kumar, G Anil, Kusuma, Dian, Lamnisos, Demetris, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Le, Long Khanh Dao, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Yeong Yeh, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lozano, Rafael, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manda, Ana Laura, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto, Martinez-Valle, Adolfo, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Maude, Richard James, McKee, Martin, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moradi, Yousef, Morze, Jakub, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mpundu-Kaambwa, Christine, Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Naqvi, Atta Abbas, Narayana, Aparna Ichalangod, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nonvignon, Justice, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola Ogunyemi, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Olgiati, Stefano, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Pereira, David M, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pesudovs, Konrad, Piccinelli, Cristiano, Postma, Maarten J, Prada, Sergio I, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Reiner Jr, Robert C, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Riaz, Mavra A, Ripon, Rezaul Karim, Saad, Anas M, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sahu, Maitreyi, Salama, Joseph S, Salehi, Sana, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santos, João Vasco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sathian, Brijesh, Savic, Miloje, Saxena, Deepak, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shibuya, Kenji, Shrime, Mark G, Shuja, Kanwar Hamza, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stefan, Simona Cătălina, Szerencsés, Viktória, Szócska, Miklós, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tefera, Yonas Getaye, Thavamani, Aravind, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Umar, Nasir, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wamai, Richard G, Werdecker, Andrea, Woldekidan, Mesfin Agachew, Wubishet, Befikadu Legesse, Xu, Gelin, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yiğit, Vahit, Yip, Paul, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zandian, Hamed, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Ziapour, Arash, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher J L, and Dieleman, Joseph L

Published
2021
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5. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author

Micah, Angela E, Su, Yanfang, Bachmeier, Steven D, Chapin, Abigail, Cogswell, Ian E, Crosby, Sawyer W, Cunningham, Brandon, Harle, Anton C, Maddison, Emilie R, Moitra, Modhurima, Sahu, Maitreyi, Schneider, Matthew T, Simpson, Kyle E, Stutzman, Hayley N, Tsakalos, Golsum, Zende, Rahul R, Zlavog, Bianca S, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrigo, Michael R M, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Alam, Khurshid, Ali, Saqib, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Ali, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aremu, Olatunde, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Srikanta K, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Berman, Adam E, Bhageerathy, Reshmi, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bohluli, Mehdi, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cevik, Muge, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Do, Hoa Thi, Doshmangir, Leila, El Tantawi, Maha, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Faraj, Anwar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Fullman, Nancy, Gad, Mohamed M, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Goharinezhad, Salime, Grada, Ayman, Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hay, Simon I, Hendrie, Delia, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hole, Michael K, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Huda, Tanvir M, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina N, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Islam, M Mofizul, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, James, Spencer L, Javaheri, Zohre, Jonas, Jost B, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kalhor, Rohollah, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kisa, Adnan, Kohler, Stefan, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kosen, Soewarta, Kotlo, Anirudh, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Kusuma, Dian, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lozano, Rafael, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martinez, Gabriel, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Atte, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Miller, Ted R, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamadi, Efat, Mohammad Darwesh, Aso, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muriithi, Moses K, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Myint, Chaw-Yin, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nonvignon, Justice, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Otstavnov, Nikita, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Palladino, Raffaele, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Postma, Maarten J, Prada, Sergio I, Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rahim, Fakher, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rezapour, Aziz, Sabour, Siamak, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salman, Omar Mukhtar, Salomon, Joshua A, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Savic, Miloje, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Setayesh, Hamidreza, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sheikh, Aziz, Shibuya, Kenji, Shrime, Mark G, Simonetti, Biagio, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Pushpendra, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Ștefan, Simona Cătălina, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara, Undurraga, Eduardo A, Valdez, Pascual R, van Boven, Job F M, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vos, Theo, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Junjie, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Yingxi, Murray, Christopher J L, and Dieleman, Joseph L

Published
2020
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7. Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary

Author

Feachem, Richard G A, Chen, Ingrid, Akbari, Omar, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Bhatt, Samir, Binka, Fred, Boni, Maciej F, Buckee, Caroline, Dieleman, Joseph, Dondorp, Arjen, Eapen, Alex, Sekhri Feachem, Neelam, Filler, Scott, Gething, Peter, Gosling, Roly, Haakenstad, Annie, Harvard, Kelly, Hatefi, Arian, Jamison, Dean, Jones, Kate E, Karema, Corine, Kamwi, Richard Nchabi, Lal, Altaf, Larson, Erika, Lees, Margaret, Lobo, Neil F, Micah, Angela E, Moonen, Bruno, Newby, Gretchen, Ning, Xiao, Pate, Muhammad, Quiñones, Martha, Roh, Michelle, Rolfe, Ben, Shanks, Dennis, Singh, Balbir, Staley, Kenneth, Tulloch, James, Wegbreit, Jennifer, Woo, Hyun Ju, and Mpanju-Shumbusho, Winnie

Published
2019
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9. Past, present, and future of global health financing: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 195 countries, 1995–2050

Author

Chang, Angela Y., Cowling, Krycia, Micah, Angela E., Chapin, Abigail, Chen, Catherine S., Ikilezi, Gloria, Sadat, Nafis, Tsakalos, Golsum, Wu, Junjie, Younker, Theodore, Zhao, Yingxi, Zlavog, Bianca S., Abbafati, Cristiana, Ahmed, Anwar E, Alam, Khurshid, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almalki, Mohammed J., Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ammar, Walid, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Belay, Yared Belete, Belay, Yihalem Abebe, Belete, Habte, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Berman, Adam E., Beuran, Mircea, Bijani, Ali, Busse, Reinhard, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chauhan, Bal Govind, Constantin, Maria-Magdalena, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Cucu, Alexandra, Dalal, Koustuv, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Deiparine, Selina, Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, El Tantawi, Maha, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeili, Reza, Fakhar, Mahdi, Fazaeli, Ali Akbar, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A., Fukumoto, Takeshi, Fullman, Nancy, Galan, Adriana, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghajar, Alireza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Goginashvili, Ketevan, Haakenstad, Annie, Haghparast Bidgoli, Hassan, Hamidi, Samer, Harb, Hilda L., Hasanpoor, Edris, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Heredia-Pi, Ileana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K., Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Sorin, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, James, Spencer L., Jonas, Jost B., Jürisson, Mikk, Kadel, Rajendra, Karami Matin, Behzad, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe, Kassaw, Mesfin Wudu, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Khabiri, Roghayeh, Khan, Junaid, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kohler, Stefan, Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J., Leung, Ricky, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lorkowski, Stefan, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mansourian, Morteza, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, McKee, Martin, Mehta, Varshil, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Milevska Kostova, Neda, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad Darwesh, Aso, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nangia, Vinay, Negoi, Ionut, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Son Hoang, Nosratnejad, Shirin, Oladimeji, Olanrewaju, Olgiati, Stefano, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Pana, Adrian, Pereira, David M., Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Prada, Sergio I, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ram, Usha, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranta, Anna, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Satar, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Rostami, Ali, Rubino, Salvatore, Salahshoor, Mohamadreza, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanabria, Juan, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Savic, Miloje, Schwendicke, Falk, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Sepehrimanesh, Masood, Sheikh, Aziz, Shrime, Mark G, Sisay, Solomon, Soltani, Shahin, Soofi, Moslem, Srinivasan, Vinay, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Torre, Anna, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Undurraga, Eduardo A., Valdez, Pascual R, van Boven, Job F M, Vargas, Veronica, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vu, Giang Thu, Wolfe, Charles D A, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zangeneh, Alireza, Zegeye, Elias Asfaw, Ziapour, Arash, Chew, Adrienne, Murray, Christopher J L, and Dieleman, Joseph L

Published
2019
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12. Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19 : development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026.

Author

Micah,, Angela E, Bhangdia,, Kayleigh, Cogswell,, Ian E, Lasher,, Dylan, Lidral-Porter,, Brendan, Maddison,, Emilie R, Ngoc Nguyen,, Trang Nhu, Patel,, Nishali, Pedroza,, Paola, Solorio,, Juan, Stutzman,, Hayley, Tsakalos,, Golsum, Wang,, Yifeng, Warriner,, Wesley, Zhao,, Yingxi, Zlavog,, Bianca S, Abbafati,, Cristiana, Larsson, Anders, Zhang,, Zhi-Jiang, Zuhlke, n, Liesl J, Zuniga,, Yves Miel H, Hay,, Simon I, Murray,, Christopher J L, Dielema, Joseph L, Micah,, Angela E, Bhangdia,, Kayleigh, Cogswell,, Ian E, Lasher,, Dylan, Lidral-Porter,, Brendan, Maddison,, Emilie R, Ngoc Nguyen,, Trang Nhu, Patel,, Nishali, Pedroza,, Paola, Solorio,, Juan, Stutzman,, Hayley, Tsakalos,, Golsum, Wang,, Yifeng, Warriner,, Wesley, Zhao,, Yingxi, Zlavog,, Bianca S, Abbafati,, Cristiana, Larsson, Anders, Zhang,, Zhi-Jiang, Zuhlke, n, Liesl J, Zuniga,, Yves Miel H, Hay,, Simon I, Murray,, Christopher J L, and Dielema, Joseph L

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. METHODS: In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. FINDINGS: In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·1-9·3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2-7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95% UI 24·3-25·3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43·1 billion in development assistance was provid

Published
2023
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16. Additional file 1 of Development assistance for human resources for health, 1990–2020

Author

Micah, Angela E., Solorio, Juan, Stutzman, Hayley, Zhao, Yingxi, Tsakalos, Golsum, and Dieleman, Joseph L.

Abstract

Additional file 1: Supplementary methods Annex. Development assistance for the Global Strategy for Human Resources for Health; 1990-2020. Version: December 22, 2021. Table S1.1. Terms for keyword searches. Table S1.2. Types of activities—terms for keyword searches.

Published
2022
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17. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Author

Global Burden Dis Hlth Financing, Micah, Angela E., Cogswell, Ian E., Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J., Clinicum, HUS Neurocenter, Neurologian yksikkö, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and University of Helsinki

Subjects
3141 Health care science, INCOME, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine
Abstract

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total, $40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this, $13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and $1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4%) of the funds focused on country-level coordination and $2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7%) of COVID-19 development assistance for health went to Latin America, despite this region reporting 34.3% of total recorded COVID-19 deaths in low-income or middle-income countries in 2020. Spending on health is expected to rise to $1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2021

18. Non-communicable Disease-Related Sustainable Development Goals for 66 Belt and Road Initiative Countries.

Author

Lin Chen, Donghui Duan, Liyuan Han, Lu Xu, Sixuan Li, Yuwei Zhang, Wei Feng, Qinghai Gong, Micah, Angela E., Ruijie Zhang, Shiwei Liu, and Hui Li

Subjects
BELT & Road Initiative, SUSTAINABLE development, GLOBAL burden of disease
Abstract

Background: Since 2015, the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has measured progress in achieving healthrelated Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) annually worldwide. Little is known about the status and attainment of indicators of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 65 countries from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China in 2013. Methods: Data from GBDs were used to estimate 24 NCD-related SDG indicators in BRI countries from 1990 to 2017. Each indicator was scored from 0 to 100 to compare multiple indicators over the study period. The natural log of the annual change in each location and year and weighted annual rates of change were used to generate projections for 2030. National-level estimates were determined by socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles in BRI countries with more than 1 million inhabitants. Results: In 2017, the median overall score of NCD-related SDG index for the 66 BRI countries was 60 points, ranging from 29 points in Afghanistan to 84 points in Israel. More than 80% of countries achieved the SDG 2030 maternal mortality (MM) rate target in 2017, and the national skilled birth attendance rate was above 99% in more than 59% countries. However, none of the BRI countries achieved the goal for children's overweight, modern methods of contraception, and universal health coverage. It was predicted that 80.4% of NCD-related SDG targets would be achieved in these countries by 2030. The overall score of NCD-related SDG index were positively associated with SDI quintiles. Conclusion: For many indicators, the achieved progress in many countries is less than the annual rate necessary to meet SDG targets, indicating that substantial efforts need to be made in the coming years. Progress should be accelerated through collaborations between countries, implementation of NCD prevention and control strategies, and monitoring of inequalities in NCD-related SDGs within populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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19. Trends and outcomes in primary health care expenditures in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–2017

Author

Schneider, Matthew T, primary, Chang, Angela Y, additional, Crosby, Sawyer W, additional, Gloyd, Stephen, additional, Harle, Anton C, additional, Lim, Stephen, additional, Lozano, Rafael, additional, Micah, Angela E, additional, Tsakalos, Golsum, additional, Su, Yanfang, additional, Murray, Christopher J L, additional, and Dieleman, Joseph L, additional

Published
2021
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21. Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Author

Micah, Angela E., Larsson, Anders O, Dieleman, Joseph L., Micah, Angela E., Larsson, Anders O, and Dieleman, Joseph L.

Abstract

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$ per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached $8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this tot, For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01258-7

Published
2021
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25. The G20 and development assistance for health: historical trends and crucial questions to inform a new era

Author

Dieleman, Joseph L, Cowling, Krycia, Agyepong, Irene A, Alkenbrack, Sarah, Bollyky, Thomas J, Bump, Jesse B, Chen, Catherine S, Grépin, Karen A, Haakenstad, Annie, Harle, Anton C, Kates, Jennifer, Lavado, Rouselle F, Micah, Angela E, Ottersen, Trygve, Tandon, Ajay, Tsakalos, Golsum, Wu, Junjie, Zhao, Yingxi, Zlavog, Bianca S, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2019
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26. The US Provided $13 Billion In Development Assistance For Health In 2016, Less Per Person Than Many Peer Nations

Author

Micah, Angela E., Zlavog, Bianca, Friedman, Sara, Reynolds, Alex, Chapin, Abigail L., Schneider, Matthew T., and Dieleman, Joseph L.

Subjects
Financing, Government, Databases, Factual, International Cooperation, Humans, Global Health, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, United States
Abstract

Despite dramatic growth between 1990 and 2010, development assistance for health from high-income countries and development agencies to low- and middle-income countries has stagnated, and proposed cuts make future funding uncertain. To further understand international financial flows for health, we examined international contributions from major donor countries. Our findings showed that the United States provided more development assistance for health than any other country, but it provided less than others relative to national population, government spending, and income. Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, and the United Kingdom stand out when the provision of health assistance is considered relative to these other factors. Seventeen of twenty-three countries did not reach a target that corresponds to an international goal. If all twenty-three countries had reached this goal, an additional $13.3 billion would have been available for global health in 2016. Systematic efforts are needed to encourage countries to meet these targets. Sustained health improvement in low- and middle-income countries will benefit greatly from ongoing international support.

Published
2017

27. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3

Author

Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Micah, Angela E., Su, Yanfang, Bachmeier, Steven D., Chapin, Abigail, Cogswell, Ian E., Crosby, Sawyer W., Cunningham, Brandon, Harle, Anton C., Maddison, Emilie R., Moitra, Modhurima, Sahu, Maitreyi, Schneider, Matthew T., Simpson, Kyle E., Stutzman, Hayley N., Tsakalos, Golsum, Zende, Rahul R., Zlavog, Bianca S., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam, Abolhassani, Hassan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khyber, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, Micah, Angela E., Su, Yanfang, Bachmeier, Steven D., Chapin, Abigail, Cogswell, Ian E., Crosby, Sawyer W., Cunningham, Brandon, Harle, Anton C., Maddison, Emilie R., Moitra, Modhurima, Sahu, Maitreyi, Schneider, Matthew T., Simpson, Kyle E., Stutzman, Hayley N., Tsakalos, Golsum, Zende, Rahul R., Zlavog, Bianca S., Abbafati, Cristiana, Abebo, Zeleke Hailemariam, Abolhassani, Hassan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alam, Khyber, and Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed

Published
2020

28. Trends and drivers of government health spending in sub-Saharan Africa, 1995-2015

Author

Micah, Angela E, Chen, Catherine S, Zlavog, Bianca S, Hashimi, Golsum, Chapin, Abigail, and Dieleman, Joseph L

Subjects
sub-Saharan Africa, government health spending, domestic health spending, Research, government health expenditure
Abstract

Introduction Government health spending is a primary source of funding in the health sector across the world. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, only about a third of all health spending is sourced from the government. The objectives of this study are to describe the growth in government health spending, examine its determinants and explain the variation in government health spending across sub-Saharan African countries. Methods We used panel data on domestic government health spending in 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 1995 to 2015 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. A regression model was used to examine the factors associated with government health spending, and Shapley decomposition was used to attribute the contributions of factors to the explained variance in government health spending. Results While the growth rate in government health spending in sub-Saharan Africa has been positive overall, there are variations across subgroups. Between 1995 and 2015, government health spending in West Africa grew by 6.7% (95% uncertainty intervals [UI]: 6.2% to 7.0%) each year, whereas in Southern Africa it grew by only 4.5% (UI: 4.5% to 4.5%) each year. Furthermore, per-person government health spending ranged from $651 (Namibia) in 2017 purchasing power parity dollars to $4 (Central African Republic) in 2015. Good governance, national income and the share of it that is government spending were positively associated with government health spending. The results from the decomposition, however, showed that individual country characteristics made up the highest percentage of the explained variation in government health spending across sub-Saharan African countries. Conclusion These findings highlight that a country’s policy choices are important for how much the health sector receives. As the attention of the global health community focuses on ways to stimulate domestic government health spending, an understanding that individual country sociopolitical context is an important driver for success will be key.

Published
2018

30. Tracking development assistance for health from China, 2007–2017

Author

Micah, Angela E, primary, Zhao, Yingxi, additional, Chen, Catherine S, additional, Zlavog, Bianca S., additional, Tsakalos, Golsum, additional, Chapin, Abigail, additional, Gloyd, Stephen, additional, Jonas, Jost, additional, Lee, Paul H, additional, Liu, Shiwei, additional, Ng, Man Tat Alexander, additional, Phillips, Michael R, additional, Rubagotti, Enrico, additional, Tang, Kun, additional, Tang, Shenglan, additional, Younis, Mustafa, additional, Zhang, Yunquan, additional, Murray, Christopher J L, additional, and Dieleman, Joseph L, additional

Published
2019
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34. Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Author

Angela E Micah, Kayleigh Bhangdia, Ian E Cogswell, Dylan Lasher, Brendan Lidral-Porter, Emilie R Maddison, Trang Nhu Ngoc Nguyen, Nishali Patel, Paola Pedroza, Juan Solorio, Hayley Stutzman, Golsum Tsakalos, Yifeng Wang, Wesley Warriner, Yingxi Zhao, Bianca S Zlavog, Cristiana Abbafati, Jaffar Abbas, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Deldar Morad Abdulah, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, E S Abhilash, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Michael R M Abrigo, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Mohammed Hussien Adem, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Ali Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Budi Aji, Hossein Akbarialiabad, Yibeltal Akelew, Hanadi Al Hamad, Khurshid Alam, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Azmeraw T Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Francis Appiah, Muhammad Aqeel, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Olatunde Aremu, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Samad Azari, Atif Amin Baig, Abere Tilahun Bantie, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Sanjay Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Bernhard T Baune, Zombor Berezvai, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Virginia Bodolica, João Silva Botelho Botelho, Dejana Braithwaite, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Reinhard Busse, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Ferrán Catalá-López, Collins Chansa, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Omid Dadras, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Abdollah Dargahi, Sisay Abebe Debela, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Belay Desye, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Nancy Diao, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Leila Doshmangir, John Dube, Ebrahim Eini, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohamad Ezati Asar, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Ginenus Fekadu, Florian Fischer, Nataliya A Foigt, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, Alberto Freitas, Takeshi Fukumoto, Nancy Fullman, Peter Andras Gaal, Amiran Gamkrelidze, M A Garcia-Gordillo, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Urge Gerema, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Reza Ghanbari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Davide Golinelli, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Girma Garedew Goyomsa, Avirup Guha, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Bhawna Gupta, Samer Hamidi, Harapan Harapan, Reza Hashempour, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Ileana Heredia-Pi, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Yuta Hiraike, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad Enamul Hoque, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Salman Hussain, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mustapha Immurana, Arnaud Iradukunda, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, 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Subjects
coordination, communication, outbreak response, COVID-19, GBD, response plan, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, contact management, pandemic Covid 19, financing, epidemic alert, epidemiological investigation, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, international health regulation, surveillance, Global burden disease, global spending, preparedne
Abstract

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9 center dot 2 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9 center dot 1-9 center dot 3) was spent on health worldwide. We found great disparities in the amount of resources devoted to health, with high-income countries spending $7 center dot 3 trillion (95% UI 7 center dot 2-7 center dot 4) in 2019; 293 center dot 7 times the $24 center dot 8 billion (95% UI 24 center dot 3-25 center dot 3) spent by low-income countries in 2019. That same year, $43 center dot 1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1 center dot 8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and $37 center dot 8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12 center dot 2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health -related COVID-19 response is 252 center dot 2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11-21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00007-4

Published
2023

35. Non-communicable Disease-Related Sustainable Development Goals for 66 Belt and Road Initiative Countries.

Author

Chen L, Duan D, Han L, Xu L, Li S, Zhang Y, Feng W, Gong Q, Micah AE, Zhang R, Liu S, and Li H

Subjects
Child, Humans, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Universal Health Insurance, Goals, Sustainable Development, Noncommunicable Diseases prevention & control
Abstract

Background: Since 2015, the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) has measured progress in achieving health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) annually worldwide. Little is known about the status and attainment of indicators of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by 65 countries from the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) proposed by China in 2013., Methods: Data from GBDs were used to estimate 24 NCD-related SDG indicators in BRI countries from 1990 to 2017. Each indicator was scored from 0 to 100 to compare multiple indicators over the study period. The natural log of the annual change in each location and year and weighted annual rates of change were used to generate projections for 2030. National-level estimates were determined by socio-demographic index (SDI) quintiles in BRI countries with more than 1 million inhabitants., Results: In 2017, the median overall score of NCD-related SDG index for the 66 BRI countries was 60 points, ranging from 29 points in Afghanistan to 84 points in Israel. More than 80% of countries achieved the SDG 2030 maternal mortality (MM) rate target in 2017, and the national skilled birth attendance rate was above 99% in more than 59% countries. However, none of the BRI countries achieved the goal for children's overweight, modern methods of contraception, and universal health coverage. It was predicted that 80.4% of NCD-related SDG targets would be achieved in these countries by 2030. The overall score of NCD-related SDG index were positively associated with SDI quintiles., Conclusion: For many indicators, the achieved progress in many countries is less than the annual rate necessary to meet SDG targets, indicating that substantial efforts need to be made in the coming years. Progress should be accelerated through collaborations between countries, implementation of NCD prevention and control strategies, and monitoring of inequalities in NCD-related SDGs within populations., (© 2023 The Author(s); Published by Kerman University of Medical Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.)

Published
2023
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