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When the Twenty-sixth Congress of the CPSU adopted the program for the economic and social development of the country in 1981-85 and the period up to 1990, it emphasized that further improvement in the management of the national economy is of enormous importance for its fulfillment. "Resolving the problems that confront us," L. I. Brezhnev stated at the Twenty-sixth Party Congress, "and utilizing the potential at our disposal depend in large measure on the level of management of the national economy and on the level of planning and administration."1 The Twenty-sixth Party Congress elaborated a set of measures for the further improvement of the management of the national economy (including public education) with due regard to the growing scale of production, the increasing complexity of economic relations, the demands of the scientific and technological revolution, and the fulfillment of the program for the country's economic and social development. In the new five-year plan, primary attention is focused on the intensification of centralized planning and on increasing the significance of the five-year plan, which is the main instrument for implementing the party's economic and social policy. "The plan," L. I. Brezhnev said at the Twenty-sixth Party Congress, "is law because only its observance guarantees the harmonious functioning of the national economy."2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed at evaluating the radioprotective effectiveness of beta-estradiol following its prophylactic administration in conditions of acute irradiation. Evaluation of the radioprotective efficiency was performed by studying the 30-day survival rate, life expectancy, the structure of irradiated mice death, the bone marrow hematopoiesis using the method of exogenous colony formation. The prophylactic use of beta-estradiol at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg 5 days before irradiation has been established to protect the exposed mice against radiation death induced by X-rays at doses LD50-90/30, thus increasing their survival rate by 17-58%, and to favor the reduced expression of post radiation disorders of bone marrow hematopoiesis.

The purpose of the study is evaluation of radioprotective effectiveness of indometofen at its prophylactic administration in conditions of acute irradiation. Evaluation of radioprotective efficiency was performed by studying the 30-day survival rate, life expectancy, structure of deathly irradiated mice, and bone marrow hemopoiesis using methods of endogenous and exogenous colony formation. The prophylactic application of indometofen at doses 30 mg/kg for 5 days before irradiation has been observed to protect mice against radiation death induced by gamma or X-ray exposures at doses LD(50-70/30), increasing their survival rate by 16-44%, and reduce severity of post radiation disorders of bone marrow hemopoiesis.

Objective: To investigate if early treatment of primary HIV-1 infection (PHI) reduces viral set point and/or increases CD4 lymphocytes., Methods: Analysis of two prospective multi-centre PHI cohorts. HIV-1 RNA and CD4 lymphocytes in patients with transient treatment were compared to those in untreated patients. Time to CD4 lymphocyte decrease below 350/ microl after treatment stop or seroconversion was calculated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox-PH-regression analyses., Results: 156 cases of PHI were included, of which 100 had received transient HAART (median treatment time 9.5 months) and 56 remained untreated. Median viral load (563000 cop/ml vs 240000 cop/ml; p<0.001) and median CD4 lymphocyte (449/ microl vs. 613/ microl; p<0.01) differed significantly between treated and untreated patients. Median viral load was 38056 copies/ml in treated patients (12 months after treatment stop) and 52880 copies/ml in untreated patients (12 months after seroconversion; ns). Median CD4 lymphocyte change was +60/ microl vs. -86/ microl (p = 0.01). Median time until CD4 lymphocytes decreased to <350/ microl (including all patients with CD4 lymphocytes <500/ microl during seroconversion) was 20.7 months in treated patients after treatment stop and 8.3 months in untreated patents after seroconversion (p<0.01). Cox-PH analyses adjusting for baseline VL, CD4 lymphocytes, stage of early infection and symptoms confirmed these differences., Conclusions: Treatment during PHI did not lower viral set point. However, patients treated during seroconversion had an increase in CD4 lymphocytes, whereas untreated patients experienced a decrease in CD4 lymphocytes. Time until reaching CD4 lymphocytes <350/ microl was significantly shorter in untreated than in treated patients including patients with CD4 lymphocytes <500/ microl during seroconversion.

Clinical correlates of so-called "benign epileptiform spikes in children", centro-temporal (rolandic) spikes and occipital spikes, have been studied in 200 children, aged 3-17 years, with mental, behavioral and neuropsychological disorders without epileptic seizures (non-paroxysmal epileptic disorders). Centro-temporal spikes prevailing in the left hemisphere were observed in older children and predominantly related to verbal and speech disorders. Occipital spikes were observed in younger children mainly in the right hemisphere being related to non-verbal and neuropsychological disorders. In both groups, a wide spectrum of behavioral and mental disorders including speech as well as visual and functional disorders, attention deficit and hyperactivity, global mental delay, difficulties in study was observed, the disorders being combined in some cases. Clinical symptoms in both types of spikes are thought to be related to their localization in the brain cortex, functional hemisphere asymmetry and peculiarities of the child neurodevelopment. The pathological types presented in the study should be named "idiopathic focal epileptiform spikes in children". In all cases, both children with respective forms of epilepsy and those with epileptiform phenomena being not combined with epileptic seizures should undergo encephalographic, neuropsychological and pediatric examination. Should the respective disturbances be found, children would need a treatment directed to the EEG-controlled inhibition of epileptiform activity. The data obtained suggest that this treatment improves children school adaptation and school results. The drugs of choice are valproic acid (depakine chrono), lamotrigine (lamictal), levetiracetam (keppra).

Psychological implications of situations that may take place during a mission to Mars including desynchronosis, fatigue, psychic asthenization, acute mental disorders, interruption of the information flow, unpredicted transformation of the socio-psychological needs, a persistent conflict tension in the crew, errors in manual control of the vehicle, refusal or impossibility to fulfill an operation, difficulties in communication between the crew and ground controllers were analyzed for determination of their causes and consequences, probable starting time, ways and methods of preventing and surmounting each of these situations.

Reviewed are the modern notions of the main psychological concerns regarding a mission to Mars which are maintenance of mental health, high professional reliability, and successful readaptation of the Martian crew on return to Earth. The unprecedent trail-blazing interplanetary mission distinguished by autonomy, long period, international crew and a broad range of tasks to tend will set particularly difficult requirements to the psychological support system. Among them prioritized are purposeful character building and training of future crew members already in childhood and youth. The primary goal is to bring up personality with anthropocosmic thinking as a professional quality that will eventually determine personal and professional reliability. Within the system of psychological support, the central place should be given to monitoring of crew mental heath and behavior, and preventive an corrective measures. The longer Martian day (24 hr. 36 min.) rises the issue of effective adaptation to this factor. Special simulators will be required aboard the vehicle to help the crew refresh skills in manipulation of the dynamic board systems. The program of psychological support to the Martian crew must be thoroughly tested in model studies (Antarctic field, ground-based experiments, orbital flights, Lunar base).

The validity of low-frequency ultrasound (LFU) addition to specific therapy of pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) was investigated in 2 groups of PT new cases. The study group (n = 25) received specific therapy and ultrasonic treatment (44 KHz, amplitude 2 microm to the paravertebral region and PT zones). The control group (n = 25) received specific therapy only. The response to treatment was higher in the study group. The findings support validity of low-frequency ultrasound use as an adjuvant in treatment of PT new cases.

Discussed is the problem of professional reliability of cosmonauts simulating manual docking of transport vehicle SOYUZ-TM to space station MIR during acute adaptation to microgravity. A new concept of cosmonaut's reliability qualification is based on the parameters that characterize the systemic body response to job-related factors: integral efficiency and psychophysiological "cost". Justification is given to the statistic methodology of the change-over from prime job quality indices and the functional state of human to integral. Underlined is the possibility to apply this methodical approach to enhancement of the program of assessment and recovery of the professional reliability of cosmonauts in flight.

The experience of manned space missions points to the fact that cosmonaut-operator plays an important role in providing the efficiency and reliability of the crew-spacecraft system. However, the spaceflight factors can have a negative effect on working capacity of crewmembers and give rise to their operational errors. The paper deals with the methodical approach to analysis of the interrelationship of errors and psychophysiological state of cosmonauts as well as the ways of its realization. Described are the system of indices used for expert assessment of the psychophysiological state, peculiarities of work-rest schedule, and intra- and intergroup interaction. Potentialities of this approach are evidenced by results of the analysis of data from one of the MIR missions.

In the article materials of social research on problems of postgraduate and additional vocational training are analyzed. Original analytical results are received, which characterize real periodicity and volume of increase of qualification of the military doctors, permit deeper to estimate necessity of perfection of military-medical education, put particular questions, concerning improvements of quality of professional training. Research lead to the conclusion about necessity of further scientific search in this direction.

The effects of thymogen, thymalin and vilosen in combination with antituberculous drugs (isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampicin) were studied on 240 CBA mice with experimental tuberculosis. Thymus preparations supplemented to the complex treatment of experimental tuberculosis significantly increased their lifespan, contributed to a decrease in the index of spleen weight lung density and significantly increased the count of T lymphocytes and their proliferative activity as compared to those on antituberculous drugs alone. Thymogen was found to be the most effective in the complex treatment of experimental tuberculosis, whereas vilosen was the least. Thymogen plus vilosen proved to be the most beneficial combination of drugs.

This paper discusses current problems of psychophysiological support of manned space missions and presents the concept of a psychophysiological complex of the orbital biomedical laboratory Medilab and other advanced space vehicles based on new methodological approaches. The paper describes principles of selection of psychophysiological methods to be used in Medilab programs as well as their instrumental, mathematical, hardware and software structures.

Stabilographic examinations of the crewmembers of the orbital station Salyut-4 demonstrated that one of the most characteristic manifestations of posture-tonic deconditioning induced by a prolonged exposure to weightlessness was an emergence of high-frequency oscillations (with a cycle of 0.1--0.15 sec) of the common center of body gravity, the fraction of the oscillations decreasing during the first weeks of the postflight period. After flight all the crewmembers showed signs of postural hypotension: an increase in the cardiac rhythm and a decrease in the pulse arterial pressure.

Selection and training of experts-psychoneurologists to be included into a team of operational medical monitoring are described. In regards to the capacity for synonymic paraphrasing, the conditions required for stability of individual opinions and their coincidence in different people are discussed. The capacity refers to the choice of the most suitable word among a number of synonyms. On this basis it is recommended to use similarity problems in appraising the function of an expert who involves verbal description of various events.

A number of supportive and rehabilitative measures forming so-called psychological support can be used to prevent potential psychoemotional disorders in crewmembers during prolonged space missions. The use of these measures in the Salyut--6--Soyuz 96--185-day space flights has shown their efficiency in terms of expansion of the "psychological living space" and maintenance of a high emotional and working tone of crewmembers.

The psychic status and work capacity of prime crewmembers of missions 1 and 5 onboard Salyut-6 were investigated, using objective (scope, time and quality of the work performed) and subjective (fatigue, mood variation, complaints) parameters. Based on these parameters, it was possible to identify several stages in the dynamics of the psychic status and work capacity: stage of acute adaptation, stage of complete compensation (2-3 or 4 months), stage of incomplete compensation (3 or 4-5 months), and stage of final "breakaway" (last month). These stages reflect the process of psychic and professional adaptation to space flight. The process of adaptation is strongly affected by the rational work-rest cycle, in which the sleep period coincides with that associated with Moscow time, and events of psychological support. The results show that crewmembers may well adapt and work in space flight for a long time.

Objective evaluation of the psychic strain of six operators who performed multiparameter compensatory tracking of the moving object helped to identify the zone of changes of its basic parameters. The control within this zone required a minimum psychophysiological cost (zone of functional comfort). The control beyond this zone was associated either with information overload or with a dramatic increase of the risk of failure. In five operators this led to a significant aggravation of the psychic strain. This study has shown that special identification of the zone of functional comfort in the design of data display devices may be a method of optimizing man's work in the ergatic systems.