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To determine the contents of sodium (Na) and potassium (K) for restaurant dishes, 194 cases clas- sified 26 kinds of restaurant dishes were collected from restaurants in Seoul and were analysed using the atomic absorption spectroscopy. Average contents of Na and K in Kimchi among restaurant dishes were highest as 554.9 ± 155.5 mg/100 g, 225.1 ± 69.1 mg/100 g, while average contents of Na and K were lowest in Seolleongtang as 24.2 ± 5.8 mg/100 g, 12.7 ± 3.9 mg/100 g respectively. The contents between Na and K in restaurant dishes had a strong cor- relation of positive linear judging from 0.782 (p-value < 0.01) of the correlation coefficient. The Na/K ratio of Bul- gogi was appropriate as 1.17 ± 0.44, while those of Udon, banquet noodles, Kalguksu were very high as shown more than 10. The contents of Na and K were examined 5 dish groups as Gook/Tang, Jjigae/Jeongol, stir-fried dish, noodle and Kimchi. Average contents of Na and K classified by dish groups were significantly difference (p-value < 0.001). Average content of Na among dish groups was highest in Kimchi as 554.9 ± 155.5 mg/100 g followed by Jjigae/Jeon- gol, Gook/Tang, stir-fried dish and noodle. Similar to Na content, average content of K was highest in Kimchi as 225.1 ± 69.1 mg/100 g followed by stir-fried dish, Jjigae/Jeongol, Gook/Tang and noodle. The ratio of Na/K by clas- sified groups of dishes was shown as significantly difference (p-value < 0.001). Stir-fried dish was 1.18 ± 0.44 close to 1 followed by Kimchi, Jjigae/Jeongol, Gook/Tang, and noodle.

In this study, HPLC-RI was used to determine sugars and sugar alcohols contents in 102 different kinds of processed foods met to children's taste. The average amount of sugars per 100 g of candies was 70.25 g, of processed cocoa products was 65.34 g, of processed chocolate products was 47.53 g, of breads was 25.66 g, of cookies was 22.28 g, of ices was 12.47 g, of snacks was 9.74 g. Processed cocoa product items had relatively higher sucrose contents (56.80 g/100 g) than any other items. The average amount of sucrose per 100 g of candies was 44.20 g, of processed chocolate products was 32.89 g, of breads was 23.11 g. When the contents of sugars in processed foods met to children's taste per on serving size were compared to WHO guidelines, the percentages were 5.84~28.52 about rec- ommended daily intake of total sugar of 50 g. The result for the analysis of confectioneries showed that 13 samples of 102 were detected and the sugar alcohols content of samples investigated varied between 0.01~15.06%.

To assess the health risk for benzo(a)pyrene by the intake of edible oils, 288 cases of edible oilscollected from food markets were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescencedetector. The levels of benzo(a)pyrene were from non-detection to 4.78µg/kg, and the average was 0.11µg/kg. Thechronic daily exposures of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group and consumer-only group were estimated usingthe food consumption data in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011. The esti-mated daily intake of benzo(a)pyrene was 4.26 × 10 −3 ng/kg b.w./day for total population group and 7.64 × 10 −3 ng/kgb.w./day for consumer-only group. The MOE (margin of exposure) of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group andconsumer-only group was 7.28 × 10 7 ~1.74 × 10 8 and 3.95 × 10 7 ~9.42 × 10 7 , respectively. Accordingly, the health riskfrom benzo(a)pyrene caused by the intake of edible oils was considered as a very low level.Key words : benzo(a)pyrene, edible oils, risk assessment, margin of exposure

This study was performed to analyze 48 kinds of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC)/nitrogen phosphorous detector, GC/micro electron capture detector, GC/mass selective detector, and high performance liquid chromatograph/diode array detector in 186 fresh ginseng samples collected in the Seoul area from 2010 to 2011. Fresh ginseng dietary intakes were estimated using the data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Residual pesticides were detected in 79 samples (42.5%) with eight different fungicides. Only 20 samples (10.8%) exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides registered by the Korea Food & Drug Administration. Among them, tolclofos-methyl residues (10.2%) exceeded the MRL for fresh ginseng in 18 ginseng seedlings and one of the two-year old fresh ginseng plants, and the residual level in just one ginseng seedling violated the MRL for pyrimethanil. The results showed that residual pesticides levels in marketable fresh ginseng around Seoul were relatively safe. The percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) was calculated using pesticide residues in fresh ginseng and dietary intakes of fresh ginseng. The risk caused by pesticide residues in fresh ginseng was very low.

The monitoring of the uniconazole residual pesticide for agricultural products was conducted by multiclass pesticide multiresidue methods. Samples were collected from June to November, 2011. Uniconazole pesticide was detected in 49 samples from a total of 3,939 samples. The amount of uniconazole pesticide ranged from 0.09 to 17.89 mg/kg in 49 samples. This method was described for the simultaneous determination of uniconazole by gas chromatography with a nitrogen phosphorus detector (GC-NPD) and mass spectrometry (MS). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.006 and 0.018 mg/kg GC-NPD, respectively. For an evaluation of the GC-NPD method, uniconazole spiked into gyeojachae at a level of 0.5, 5 mg/kg was determined. The recoveries of uniconazole by the GC-NPD method ranged from 83.4 to 101.4%. The results indicate that the method of simultaneous analysis is applicable to uniconazole analysis.

Dietary exposure assessment by ages was performed in this study using pesticide residues data examined in vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable intakes for Seoulites which were obtained after analysing the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data of 2008. There was a statistical difference for vegetable intakes by ages (P

Eun-Hee Kim*, Mi-Ra Jang, Jin-A Kim, Tae-Rang Kim, Dong-Hyun Yook, In-Sook Hwang, and Jung-Hun KimGangnam Agro-marine Products Inspection Center,Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and EnvironmentAbstract A rapid and very sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionizationmass spectrometry method to detect ethylenethiourea (ETU) fungicide residues in fruits was developed. Methylene chloridewas used as the surface extraction solvent for the target component. Recovery rates improved when cysteine hydrochlorideand sodium carbonate were added to product prior to fortification. The limits of detection and quantification wereapproximately 0.006 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively, from mandarin oranges. Recoveries from mandarin oranges, oranges,bananas, and pears, spiked in the range of 0.05-0.5 mg/kg, averaged 80-100%. The proposed method was used to monitorthe presence of ETU in commercial fruits purchased from different markets in Seoul, Korea. ETU was found in fourorange peels and in three mandarin orange peel samples. The highest ETU residue levels were 73.6µg/kg and 29.8µg/kg.Keywords: dithiocarbamates, ETU, ethylenethiourea

In assessing risk factors of coronary heart disease, a membrane immunochromatographic system that minimizes requirements of instrument and reagent handling was investigated by utilizing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) as model analyte. The system is composed of four functional membrane strip pads connected in sequence as follows (from the bottom): immunoseparation based on the biotin-streptavidin reaction; catalytic conversion of cholesterol to hydrogen peroxide; production of a colorimetric signal; and induction of a continuous wicking of medium. For immunochromatography, a monoclonal antibody, specific to apolipoprotein B100 that is present on the surfaces of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), with a high binding constant (5 x 10(10) L/mol), was raised and chemically conjugated to streptavidin. The conjugate was first reacted with lipoprotein particles, and this mixture was absorbed by the capillary action into the biotin pad of the system. After being transferred by medium, immunocapture of LDL and VLDL particles onto the biotin pad took place, and in situ generation of a colorimetric signal in proportion to HDL-C occurred consecutively. The capture was selective as well as effective (minimum 88% of LDL and VLDL in clinical concentration ranges), and the detection limit of the HDL-C was far lower than 20 mg per 100 mL. The same concept may also be applicable to LDL cholesterol measurement provided suitable antibodies specific to HDL and VLDL are available.

The characteristics of pesticide residues were examined in 18,069 samples from 91 vegetable commodities collected in Seoul from 2007 to 2009, and the vegetable dietary intakes of Seoulites were estimated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey data from 2008. The hazard index was calculated using vegetable pesticide residues and dietary vegetable intake by Seoulites. Detection rates for pesticide residues in vegetables were 11.2 % in 2007, 8.6 % in 2008, and 12.0 % in 2009. Excess rate of Maximum Residue Limits tended to decline from 4.6 % in 2007, to 2.8 % in 2008, and 2.1 % in 2009.Daily vegetable intake for Seoulites was 288.12 ± 214.8 g, and vegetable intake by males was more than that of females (p ＜ 0.001). The hazard index was the highest at 2.76 × 10 -2 in 2007, and the lowest at 1.69 × 10 -2 in 2009. The risks caused by multiple pesticides in vegetables were very low and vegetable intake was

This paper specifically discusses the risk assessment on the pesticide residues in vegetables collected from traditional markets, big marts and departments in the southern part of Seoul. Vegetable samples were 6,583 cases from January to December in 2009. Monte-Carlo simulation was used to calculate the uncertainty for the risk index using pesticide residues, average dietary intake for vegetables and acceptable daily intake. Deterministic risk indexes were 7.33% of diethofencarb, 5.13% of indoxacarb, 3.96% of EPN, 3.92% of diniconazole and 3.09% of chlorothalonil, respectively. And other pesticides were below 3%. Distributions of risk indexes obtained by the Monte-Carlo simulations were similar to the deterministic values, even though the confidence intervals for 95% were very wide. We confirmed that health risks caused by eating vegetables exceeded maximum residue limits of pesticide are very low and the population is generally safe, judging from the risk indexes located between 0.07 to 9.49%.