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Blue whale genome paper supplementary materials

L’articolo indaga alcuni snodi riguardanti l’insegnamento scolastico della storia dell’arte nel corso del ventennio fascista che emergono dallo studio della corrispondenza tra Adolfo Venturi e talune sue allieve della Scuola di Perfezionamento in storia dell’arte moderna e medioevale. Introdotto nel piano di studi dei Licei classici con la riforma scolastica di Gentile nel 1923 e accolto con grande entusiasmo iniziale, l’insegnamento della nuova disciplina rilevò ben presto una serie di difficoltà e di inadeguatezze, da subito denunciate dalle allieve da Venturi avviate alla carriera di insegnanti liceali di storia dell’arte. L’epistolario esaminato consente di cogliere una serie di rilevanti aspetti del «laboratorio» storico-artistico e culturale costituitosi attorno ad Adolfo Venturi e alle sue «antiche scolare» Mary Pittaluga, Anna Brizio, Maria Ciartoso Lorenzetti e Giulia Sinibaldi.

Legislation issued in the Papal States in the field of the fine arts focused on the need to regulate and reduce the continuous dispersion of artistic heritage, an issue that became more and more pressing with the expansion and differentiation of the art market due to the growing number of travellers visiting the eternal city during the Grand Tour. This essay proposes some reflections on the exportations of works of art between norm and practice, and on the complex relationship between protection and artistic promotion in the Papal States in late 18th- to early 19th century., Sapere l’Europa, sapere d’Europa

Il saggio ripercorre la fortuna critica della Galleria d’Eneide tra la sua realizzazione e l’acquisto del Palazzo da parte del Comune di Macerata nel 1967, che risulta legata soprattutto all’attenzione da parte della storiografica artistica dei primi decenni del XVIII secolo. Solo in seguito agli studi di F. Haskell e di D. Miller, la committenza Buonaccorsi è stata inserita in diverse geografie del collezionismo tra fine del XVII e inizio del XVIII secolo. La seconda parte di questo testo propone una riflessione sul ruolo del pubblico nello sviluppo delle gallerie tra XVII e XVIII secolo e nella formazione di un nuovo gusto. The essay retraces the critical fortune of the Galleria d'Eneide from its construction to the purchase of Palazzo Buonaccorsi by the City of Macerata in 1967, which is mainly linked to the attention of early eighteenth century artistic historiography. Only in response to the studies of F. Haskell and D. Miller, was the Buonaccorsi commission included in different geographies of collecting between the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The second part of this text proposes a reflection on the role of the public in the development of galleries between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and in the formation of a new taste., IL CAPITALE CULTURALE. Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage, Supplementi (8/2018): La Galleria dell'Eneide di palazzo Buonaccorsi a Macerata. Nuove letture e prospettive di ricerca per il Settecento europeo / The Gallery of Palazzo Buonaccorsi in Macerata: new interpretations and research perspectives for the European Eighteenth Century

Building environmentally friendly, livable, socially integrative, green, healthy and energy efficient cities is high on the European Agenda, and it has also become one of the top priorities of the Chinese government’s commitment to foster further urbanization and to improve its environmental conditions. Inclusion, poverty, housing, air quality, climate adaptation, energy transition, sustainable use of land and nature-based solutions as well as digital transition are among the 12 priority themes of the Urban Agenda for the EU (Pact of Amsterdam) agreed at the Informal Meeting of EU Ministers Responsible for Urban Matters in 2016. And in the European Green Deal, it is stated that the ”urban dimension of cohesion policy will be strengthened”, and that further initiatives “will provide assistance to cities to help them make best use of opportunities to develop sustainable urban development strategies” (European Commission 2019, 23). In China, with the National New-type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020) the government has promoted a new strategy towards a “people-centered” urbanization. It pays attention to related pressing challenges, such as sustainable urban development, the integration of rural migrant workers into urban societies, combatting regionally unbalanced urbanization trends, the future of “ghost cities” which had emerged due to land development exceeding population growth in cities, and the improvement of urban management to fight “urban diseases” like traffic congestion as well as air, water and soil pollution, the protection of natural environments, and the provision of adequate services and infrastructure, including the provision of energy. On this background, this research explores transformation processes towards urban sustainability in Europe and China. Its objective is to provide knowledge about and compare recent activities in Europe and China which promote urban sustainability transformations, especially regarding eco- and smart cities. It looks at the involvement of stakeholders as well as their approaches and capabilities to tread new paths towards urban sustainability and to develop socially integrative, economically viable as environmentally friendly and smart neighborhoods in cities. Several cases from Europe and China are presented. Following theoretical considerations of Wolfram (2016) an analytical framework to assess the transformative capacities of cities has been derived. This analytical framework has then been empirically tested and eight city case studies in Europe and China. A range of methodologies was selected and applied to gather empirical information on the transformative capacities the selected cities, such as interviews with key stakeholders, strategic document analysis as well as applying heuristics and analysis of R&I data bases. The results from the case studies show that our analytical framework is a powerful method for measuring the capacity for urban transformation in European and Chines cities, as it helped us to clearly identify innovative actions applied by the cities to build tranformative capacities and to foster urban transformation. Furthermore, it allows for a comparison of results from the different cities, leading to new insights: Across all case studies some transformative capacities measures are critical, for example: “Engagement of a diversity of actors and appropriate resources”, “leadership and ownership by appropriate key actors“, and “Continuity of actors cross multi-level governance/bodies”. The case analysis shows that these were present across all cases, there is a difference in the way these capacities are expressed between Chinese and European cities and that it is always embodies the local context. European cities show a stronger tendency to organise and substantiate this diversity of actors in more horizontal way, while Chinese cities express this diversity from a more vertically organised governance perspective. A similar observation can be made with the capacity measure of leadership and ownership which was also found to be critical across all cases. In European cities, this capacity measure manifests itself in a more decentralised way in which leadership and ownership becomes a more distributed phenomenon in smart city planning and implementation. In Chinese cities however, leadership and ownership are expressed in a more centralised and consolidated way.

Die Verwendung monoklonaler Antikörper stellt eine wichtige und erfolgreiche Option für die Diagnostik und Behandlung von Krebserkrankungen dar. Die Entwicklung neuer gentechnologischer Verfahren erlaubte Anfang der 1990er Jahre die Generierung genetisch vollständig humaner Antikörper. Neue Screening- und Engineering-Technologien ermöglichten darüber hinaus die Schaffung einer neuen Antikörpergeneration in einer Vielfalt an Formaten mit verbesserten Eigenschaften bei gleichzeitig reduzierter Immunogenität. Einen vielversprechenden Ansatz bilden die Generierung und der Einsatz bispezifischer Antikörper, welche zwei verschiedene Tumor-assoziierte Antigene binden können oder Antigene auf der Oberfläche von Tumorzellen und Effektorzellen erkennen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Charakterisierung von humanen monoklonalen Antikörpern gegen das Tumor-assoziierte Antigen CEA und das Effektorzellantigen NKG2D in verschiedenen mono- und bispezifischen Formaten hinsichtlich der Antigenbindung, des Aggregationsverhaltens und ihrer Funktionalität. Ausgehend von scFv-Fragmenten, die mittels Phagendisplay und Panning aus einer Antikörpergenbibliothek selektiert wurden, konnten auf Grundlage eines Kassetten-basierten Vektorsystems erfolgreich Antikörper in den Formaten scFv-Fc, IgG, scFv-Fc-scFv und IgG-scFv z.T. mit ADCC-optimiertem Fc-Teil generiert und produziert werden. Die Antikörper wiesen in den verschiedenen Formaten eine spezifische Antigenbindung auf. Darüber hinaus konnte bei einem der CEA-spezifischen Antikörper der Einfluss von Aviditätseffekten auf die Antigenbindung nachgewiesen werden. Die Aggregationsneigung variierte in Abhängigkeit vom Format stark. Die geringste Aggregationsneigung wiesen Antikörper im IgG-Format auf, wohingegen die Tendenz zur Bildung von Dimeren am stärksten im scFv-Fc-scFv-Format ausgeprägt war. Im Zytotoxizitätsassay konnte die Funktionalität der verschiedenen mono- und bispezifischen Konstrukte sowie eine Verstärkung der Zelllyse durch den ADCC-optimierten Fc-Teil nachgewiesen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit deuten auf eine grundlegende Eignung der analysierten mono- und bispezifischen Antikörper für die Weiterentwicklung im Zusammenhang mit therapeutischen Zwecken hin., The use of monoclonal antibodies represents an important and effective option for the diagnosis and therapy of cancer. During the nineties of the last century, the development of new genetic engineering methods allowed the generation of antibodies from fully human genes. Furthermore, new screening and engineering methods enabled the creation of a new antibody generation with a variety of formats, improved characteristics with simultaneously reduced immunogenicity. The generation and application of bispecific antibodies, that recognise two tumor associated antigens or a tumor associated antigen and an effector antigen, comprises a promising appoach for therapeutics. The aim of this work was the characterization of human monoclonal antibodies against the tumor associated antigen CEA and the effector antigen NKG2D in different mono- and bispecific formats with regards to antigen specificity, aggregation tendency and functionality. Based on scFv fragments that were selected from antibody gene libraries using phage display and panning, and by using a cassette based vector system, several antibodies were genereated in differend fomats and produced sucsessfully. The different formats comprised scFv-Fc, IgG, scFv-Fc-scFv und IgG-scFv antibodies partially including an ADCC optimized Fc part. The generated antibodies bound specifically to their antigen and one CEA specific antibody showed avidity effects during antigen binding. The aggregation tendency of the antibodies varied greatly depending on the used format. IgG antibodies showed the lowest aggregation tendency while scFv-Fc-scFv antibodies were more prone to dimerization. Several generated mono- and bispecific antibodies were functional in a cytotoxicity assay and enhanced cell lysis due to presence of the ADCC optimized Fc part. Taken together, the results indicate that the analyzed mono- and bispecific antibodies may be suitable for further developments towards therapeutic use.