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International programs aim at developing knowledge and tools in the model species Medicago truncatula. Genetic resources, DNA sequences, markers, genetic and physical maps are now publicly available. These efforts contribute to improve breeding schemes of crop species such as alfalfa. However, transfer of information from M. truncatula to alfalfa is not straightforward. The article reviews the gain given by the model species to better analyze genetic determinism of breeding traits in alfalfa. It also shows that investments in alfalfa genomics (DNA sequences, SNP development) are needed to benefit from the model species.

Xylophanes lolita Vaglia & Haxaire n. sp. (Figs. 5 a, 5 b, 9 a���c) Type material: Holotype (Figs. 5 a, 5 b; in coll. TV, to be deposited in the Insectarium of Montr��al, genital prep. # 271104 a, VAG- 375 / SPTVA 739 -07): ��, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Pote, 540 m., 30.xi. 2004, leg. Roney Alves dos Santos. Paratype (BC-Hax0781/ SOWA 788 -06): 1 ��, same data as holotype but 16.xi. 2004. Description: This species is described on the basis of combined evidence derived from morphology and genetic data (Fig. 13, clade # 1; Table 2). Overall, it is very similar to X. loelia but is immediately distinguishable by its larger size, wing shape, and constant genital differences. Male (Figs. 5 a, 5 b). Head and body: Upperside of head, base of thorax and tegulae pale brown. Dorsal part of thorax and abdomen greyish-beige, with 11 longitudinal lines of unequal width; median thoracic line dark brown, thin, extending onto all abdominal segments, where it is bordered by a pair of thicker grey-brown lines, only slightly contrasting with the dorsal abdominal ground color. A pair of barely visible, black dots present immediately after these lines at the junction of each abdominal segment. Abdomen laterally with two pairs of alternately pale grey and brown lines; latero-ventrally orange-beige, with a pair of black dots on each segment; ventrally with five longitudinal lines, three cream coloured, interspaced with two pale brown lines. Thorax laterally orange-beige; ventrally pale brown, as are the legs and labial palpi. Forewing upperside: General coloration pale brown and beige. The wing is divided into four distinct areas. Basally pale brown, slightly greyish; costal margin, especially along the discal cell, deep brown. Median area pale beige, its distal part becoming brown when approaching the costa, though less contrasted than the latter. Discal spot round and black. Full complement of six oblique postmedian and two submarginal lines present. First postmedian line brown, arising above the inner margin, a few millimeters from the wing base, straight, clearly defined, curving slightly toward the apex, but not reaching it (unlike the next three). Second postmedian line more diffuse and less contrasted. Third postmedian line almost as dark as the first, whereas the fourth is identical to the second, though thinner. These four lines parallel and evenly spaced. Fifth postmedian line wider and darker than others, followed by a somewhat similar, though narrower, sixth line. Between the fifth and sixth postmedian lines, the wing background color is slightly orange, especially close to the inner margin of the wing. First submarginal line diffuse and poorly defined; second submarginal line evanescent, only clearly visible near tornus. Fifth and sixth postmedian lines and both submarginal lines reach the apex. Hindwing upperside: Basal area dark brown, almost black. Median band wide, beige reaching the apex, with an irregular anterior margin and a smooth, clearly defined, posterior margin; Submarginal band dark brown (though less dark that the basal area) extending from tornus to apex. Forewing underside: Like the upperside, divided in four distinct areas: from base to median area, pale brown to grey-brown; median area orange brown; apical part beige; submarginal part of outer margin grey-brown. Postmedian and submarginal oblique lines, as described for the upperside, are apparent. First postmedian line dark brown, thick basally and narrowing toward costal margin, where it is reduced to a very thin trace. The next three postmedian lines grey-brown, contrasting little with the orange brown colour of this part of the wing; third postmedian line with a large black somewhat triangular spot between veins Rs 3 and Rs 4; fourth postmedian line with a small black vein dot on M 1. Fifth postmedian line also grey-brown but wider that the preceding and bearing a row of distinct black vein dots on M 2 to CuA 2. Sixth postmedian line mostly visible between apex and vein M 3; shortly beyond this vein, it disappears into the orange-beige ground coloration of the wing. First submarginal line clearly visible, almost as contrasted as the first postmedian line; the second submarginal line reduced to a suffusion of brown scales. Hindwing underside: Basally grey-beige, progressively becoming pinkish-orange towards the postmedian area. Median area crossed by two longitudinal pale brown lines, distal of which is an interrupted line with black vein dots. Submarginal band, from tornus to apex, dark brown though paler on the veins and towards the apex. Female and pre-imaginal stages. Unknown. Male genitalia (Figs. 9 a���c). Overall, very similar to the other species of the complex. Uncus (Fig. 9 a) relatively short, with well developed and setose lateral setigerous lobes; posterior third narrowed and downcurved, apex curved and spatulate. Harpe (Fig. 9 b) short, basally very wide, bending and narrowing medially and becoming narrow and thinly upcurved apically; ventral part, especially basally, irregular and setose. Aedeagus (Fig. 9 c), as in most Xylophanes species, with a transverse apical process bearing two distinct lobes; right lobe short, recurved, of even width only tapering at the apex, with about 20 tiny even teeth along its ventral and lateral margins; left lobe poorly developed, reduced to a plate following the left lateral margin of the aedeagus, thinly serrate with only few short scattered teeth from medially to the apex, where the serrations are slightly longer. Distribution: This species is so far only known from Pote in Minas Gerais state, Brazil. It is likely to be restricted to this part of southeastern Brazil, which is known for its high level of endemism. Genetic variation: The COI sequences for the two available specimens are identical., Published as part of Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe, 2008, Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 18-36 in Zootaxa 1923 on pages 26-28, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184748

Xylophanes balcazari Haxaire & Vaglia n. sp. (Figs. 2 a, 2 b, 11 a���c) Type material: Holotype (Figs. 2 a, 2 b; in coll. JH, to be deposited in CNIN; BC-Hax0759/ SOWA 766 -06): ��, Mexico, Guerrero, road from La Salitrera to Vallecitos de Zaragoza, km. 45, 500 m., 15.viii. 1992, leg. D. Herbin & J. Haxaire. Paratypes (in coll. JH): 7 ���� (5 with DNA Barcodes���BC-Hax0763/ SOWA 770 -06, BC- Hax0764/ SOWA 771 -06, BC-Hax 4325 / SOWE 426 -07, BC-Hax 4326 / SOWE 427 -07, BC-Hax 4327 / SOWE 428 -07), same data as holotype (one male to be deposited in the BMNH); 1 �� Mexico, Michoac��n, road from Villa Victoria to Coalcoman, Los Laureles, 1538 m., 25.vi. 2008, leg. J. Haxaire, O. Paquit & G. Nogueira; 4 ����, Mexico, Michoac��n, Coalcoman, Puerto La Zarzamora, Cerro El Laurel, 1635m., 26.vi. 2008, leg. J. Haxaire, O. Paquit & G. Nogueira; 2 ����, Mexico, Michoac��n, Coalcoman, Puerto La Zarzamora, Cerro El Laurel, 1635 m., 27.vi. 2008, leg. J. Haxaire, O. Paquit & G. Nogueira; 2 ����, Mexico, Michoac��n, Coalcoman, Puerto La Zarzamora, Cerro El Laurel, 1635 m., 8.vii. 2008, leg. J. Haxaire, O. Paquit & G. Nogueira. Description: Male (Figs. 2 a, 2 b). Forewing length: 32 mm. Forewing upperside: General background color olive-beige. Discal spot small and black. Full complement of six oblique postmedian and two submarginal lines present, more or less easily distinguishable depending on specimen condition. First and fifth postmedian lines the most obvious, broader than the others. First postmedian line straight, stopping 2mm from costa, whereas the other lines all curve apically towards the wing apex. Area between first and fifth postmedian lines pale beige, crossed by the thin second, third and fourth postmedian lines; second postmedian line barely distinguishable except in its most apical part; third and fourth postmedian lines bend strongly beyond vein Rs 4, becoming blurred toward the apex of the wing, although they do clearly reach it. The strongly marked fifth postmedian line is slightly sinuous, convex from inner margin to vein M 1 and then slightly concave from there to apex. Between this band and the next, the wing becomes reddish. Fifth and sixth postmedian lines 5 and 6 separate and parallel from about 1mm from the inner margin, but converging toward the apex and fused beyond Rs 4. Submarginal area somewhat greyish, always dark; crossed by the barely visible, parallel first and second submarginal lines. Hindwing upperside: Basal area black, extending along inner margin toward tornus and merging into a dark brown band along the costa. Median area red, reaching neither tornus nor apex. Submarginal band brown, of almost equal width from tornus to apex. Tornal patch greyish, poorly contrasting. Forewing underside: Ground color reddish-yellow, with a thin suffusion of dark grey scales, giving the wing background a granular aspect. Basal area of the forewing grey-beige; first and fourth postmedian lines apparent; the first obvious, the fourth, though thinner, still distinct. Submarginal area pale grey, strongly dentate between M 2 and M 3. Hindwing underside: Basal area whitish, extending along the costa; submarginal area pale gray, running from apex to vein 2 A, where it merges into the basal area. Female and pre-imaginal stages. Unknown. Male genitalia (Figs. 11 a���c). Uncus (Fig. 11 a) relatively short and slightly produced dorsally; setigerous lobes distinct; distally somewhat quadrangular, its apex stout and weakly spatulate. Harpe (Fig. 11 b) narrow, twisted and strongly bent medially; its apex is somewhat laminated and sclerotized, with an uneven internal margin possibly bent on itself or invaginated; internal margin bearing numerous setae with protruding bases, whereas the ventral side is only slightly setose. Right lobe of the apical process of the aedeagus (Fig. 11 c) short and stout, dentate on its internal margin, with only a few, relatively long and unevenly distributed teeth present; left lobe poorly dentate, with very few and barely distinct small teeth. Distribution: This new species is apparently restricted so far to Guerrero and Michoac��n states in Mexico, but is likely also to be present in neighbouring states such as Colima and maybe Jalisco, where very similar and presumably favorable environments exist. It is remarkably isolated from the other Mexican representatives of the X. neoptolemus complex by large desert areas (especially in the Puebla state), and its biotope consists in forested areas with a strong Nearctic influence, clearly contrasting with Neotropical-like forests inhabited by X. cthulhu n. sp. (see below) in southern Mexico. Genetic variation: The COI sequences for six specimens collected at the same locality in Guerrero state are all identical (Fig. 13 group 2). Etymology: This species is dedicated to our colleague, Manuel A. Balc��zar-Lara (University of Colima, Mexico), for his invaluable assistance to JH in his studies of Mexican sphingids., Published as part of Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe, 2008, Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 18-36 in Zootaxa 1923 on pages 30-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184748

Xylophanes cthulhu Haxaire & Vaglia n. sp. (Figs. 4 a, 4 b, 12 a���c) Type material: Holotype (Figs. 4 a, 4 b; deposited in coll. JH; BC-Hax 4328 / SOWE 429 -07): ��, Guatemala, Izabal department, track from Chocchoc to Cebol (Cevol), km. 2, Pueblo Cadenas, 76 m., 21.vii. 2004, leg. O. Paquit & J. Haxaire. Paratypes: 2 ����, same data as holotype (BC-Hax 4322 / SOWE 423 -07; BC-Hax 4324 / SOWE 425 -07); 1 �� (BC-Hax 4423 / SOWE 524 -07), Guatemala, Succhitepequez Dept., Reserve Tarrales, 1041 m., 7.v. 2007, leg. M. Lauras & D. Herbin; 1 ��, Guatemala, Baja Verapaz Dept., Reserve Santa Rosa, 1580 m., 23.v. 2007, leg. M. Lauras & D. Herbin; 1 �� (BC-Hax 4329 / SOWE 430 -07), Guatemala, Huehuetenango Dept., Soloma, near Cruz Maltin, Aldea Crinolina, 1900 m., 16.v. 2002, leg. J. Monzon Sierra; 1 �� (BC-Hax 4323 / SOWE 424 -07), Costa Rica, Guanacaste Prov., Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pitilla, Estacion Biologica Pitilla, 800m., 4.v. 2005, leg. J. Barbut & A. L��v��que; 1 �� (BC-Hax0765/ SOWA 772 -06), genit. prep. #Hax 171, Mexico, Chiapas State, road from Ococingo to Palenque, track to Salto de Agua, km. 10, 50m., 21.viii. 1992, leg. J. Haxaire & D. Herbin; 1 �� (BC-Hax0768/ SOWA 775 -06), genit. prep. #Hax 169, Mexico, Chiapas State, Municipio Oxchuc, track to Pashtonticja, km. 4, 1600m., 20.viii. 1992, leg. J. Haxaire & D. Herbin; 2 ����, genit. prep. #Hax 168, Mexico, Veracruz State, road from Coatepec-Teocelo to Los Altos, track to Chilchotla, km. 4, 1350m., 3.viii. 1992, leg. J. Haxaire & D. Herbin; 2 ���� (BC-Hax0766/ SOWA 773 - 06; BC-Hax0767/SOWA- 774 -06), Mexico, Veracruz State, road from Coatepec-Teocelo to Los Altos, track to Chilchotla, km. 4, 1350m., 24.viii. 1992, leg. J. Haxaire & D. Herbin; 6 ���� and 1 ��, Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra Juarez, 12-17.iii. 1992, leg. local collectors; 8 ����, Mexico, Veracruz, Dos Amates, 20.x. 2005, leg. local collectors; 1 ��, Mexico, Veracruz, Catemaco, 06.viii. 2004, leg. local collectors; 1 �� (BC-Hax0770/ SOWA 777 - 06), Nicaragua, Granada, Mombacho Volcano, alt. 800 m., 02.viii. 2000, leg. M. Laguerre; 3 ����, Nicaragua, Nueva Segovia, Rio Mazarite, 10-12.xi. 2000, leg. J.-M. Maes; 1 ��, Panama, Cocl��, Cerro Gaital, El Valle, 27.v. 1994, leg. N. Smith & D. Mitchell; 1 �� (BC-Hax0769/ SOWA 776 -06), Honduras, Yoro, Pijol Mountain, alt. 1500 m., 19.vii. 1995, leg. T. Porion; 2 ����, Panama, Panama Prov., Cerro Jofe, 900-1000m, 9-13.v. 2007, leg. J. Touroult; 1 ��, Panama, Chiriqu��, 1980, leg. Moinier; all the above paratypes held in the collections of JH and TV, except 2 ���� to be deposited in the CNIN and BMNH. In addition, 11 paratypes (6 ����, 5 ����) are designated from Costa Rica, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste: 1 ��, Sector Cacao, Gongora Bananal, alt. 600 m., 05.viii. 2004, leg. M. Pereira; 1 ��, Sector Pitilla, Ingas, alt. 580 m., 29.i. 2005, leg. M. Rios; 2 ���� and 2 ����, Sector Pitilla, Loaiciga, alt. 445 m., 10-26.i. 2005, leg. M. Rios; 2 ���� and 2 ����, Sector Pitilla, Pasmonpa, alt. 440 m., 10-29.i. 2005, leg. P. & M. Rios; 1 ��, Rincon Rainforest, Camino Rio Francia, alt. 410 m., 16.viii. 2004, leg. J.Perez. All of these 11 specimens are part of the dataset used in the DNA barcoding study by Hajibabaei et al. (2006); these specimens to be deposited in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, USA, and specimen data as well as sequences are available from the public BOLD project ��� Sphingidae of the ACG 1 ��� (code MHASA) or GenBank (accession numbers DQ 276772 to DQ 276782). Description: This species is immediately distinguishable by its bright coloration and the acute and falcate apex of the forewings. It is widely distributed in Central America and was recorded as X. neoptolemus by Mooser (1940: 456) and Hoffmann (1943: 233) in their surveys of Mexican sphingids. Male (Figs. 4 a, 4 b). Head and body: Dorsal part of body olive-brown; labial palpi, area above eyes and tegulae finely marked with grey. Tegula with a median longitudinal gold line. median dorsal area of thorax greyish-beige, contrasting with patagia and tegulae. Upperside of abdomen with five thin longitudinal dark beige lines. Forewing length: 35 mm. Forewing upperside: General background color olive-brown; crossed by six postmedian and two submarginal lines as in the previously described species. First and fifth postmedian lines the most heavily contrasted, delimiting between them a cream-colored band in the median area of the wing. General coloration beyond fifth postmedian line remains constant, submarginal area not strongly differentiated from this postmedian part; this region crossed by three even lines (sixth postmedian and the two submarginal). Apex acute, slightly to strongly falcate, especially in specimens from Veracruz State, Mexico. Hindwing upperside: Basal area pure black, extending toward tornus, where it turns pale grey with a white inner edge. Median band bright red, somewhat pinkish in fresher specimens; tapering progressively toward apex of wing, almost reaching it. Forewing and hindwing undersides: Contrasted but with few distinct markings; ground colour reddish yellow, of uniform aspect. Basal area of forewing grey-beige; first and fourth postmedian lines apparent, first straight and strongly marked, fourth very narrow and only visible from inner edge to vein M 2, beyond which it is replaced by small black vein dots. Between these two lines, the wing is golden-yellow, contrasting with the reddish tone of the rest of the wing; orange submarginal area dentate between M 2 and M 3 in most specimens. First submarginal line also usually apparent, running from the inner margin to the apex. Female. Forewing length: 37mm. Identical to the males in terms of general wing pattern and color, both upperside and underside, differing only in the normal differences between sexes in the genus Xylophanes, i.e. larger wingspan, broader and more rounded wings, and thinner antennae. Male genitalia (Figs. 12 a���c). Uncus stout; setigerous lobes developed and distinctly protruding; distal projection bent ventrally, its apex is slightly spatulate and truncate. Harpe short, thick basally and tapering progressively into a thin and slightly upcurved apex. The latter, together with the internal margin of the harpe, only slightly sclerotized. Setae on the harpe few, scattered, and present mostly on the ventral side. Right lobe of apical process of the aedeagus very stout, with long and uneven teeth grouped in the apical portion of its internal margin; left lobe barely distinct, bearing about 10 minute teeth on its lateral part. Immature stages: A large number of rearing records for this species are reported on the ACG caterpillar inventory website (http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu/); when writing this article, more than 100 pictures of the caterpillar (penultimate and ultimate instars) and pupae of Xylophanes cthulhu were displayed on this site along with detailed collecting information, including food plant identifications. X. cthulhu is reported to feed exclusively on Rubiaceae of the genus Spermacoce L. (52 records on S. exilis, 6 on S. ocymifolia and 1 on S. remota). Parasitoids: From the numerous rearing records of X. cthulhu in ACG, this species is reported as the host of the parasitoid wasps, Cryptophion inaequalipes (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae, Campopleginae. The reported parasitoid actually represents a species complex and a provisional name, C. inaequalipes DHJ02, is currently attached to the specimens reared out of X. cthulhu caterpillars) and Charmedia chavarriai (Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae), as well as the tachinid fly, Drino incompta (Diptera: Tachinidae). Distribution. This species is widely distributed in Central America, inhabiting low to medium altitude forest areas from southern Mexico (Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca states) to eastern Panama (Panama province). A possible contact zone with X. neoptolemus should be searched for in northern Colombia, where specimens of both species might be encountered. Genetic variation: The lack of genetic variation of this species is remarkable, with a single haplotype found throughout the range from Mexico (Chiapas) to Panama (Fig. 13, group 3)., Published as part of Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe, 2008, Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 18-36 in Zootaxa 1923 on pages 31-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184748, {"references":["Hajibabaei, M., Janzen, D. H., Burns, J. M., Hallwachs, W. & Hebert, P. D. N. (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA, 103, 968 - 971."]}

Xylophanes neoptolemus (Cramer, 1780) (Figs. 3 a, 3 b, 10 a���c) Chaerocampa trilineata (Walker, [1865]) Chaerocampa brasiliensis Schaufuss, 1870 Xylophanes trinitatis Closs, 1917 Taxonomic Notes: As noted above, we failed to locate any type material for Sphinx neoptolemus in any of the major European museums that might have been expected to house it. Furthermore, the quality of the original painting is insufficient to determine the species that Cramer had before him. Although there is no taxonomic problem per se regarding Sphinx neoptolemus itself in ��� Suriname ��� (even if this term is used in its broader Eighteenth Century interpretation, which could include the West Indies), it may not represent the taxon we treat here as Xylophanes neoptolemus but another species of Xylophanes altogether. Thus, we do not consider the painting to be useful as a representation of the type of Sphinx neoptolemus, although it is essentially consistent with our concept of this species. Therefore, with the express purpose of clarifying the taxonomic status of Sphinx neoptolemus and fixing the type locality, we hereby designate the following specimen as neotype (Figs. 3 a, 3 b; in coll. JH, to be deposited in the BMNH, BC-Hax 4339 / SOWE 440 -07): ��, Venezuela, Aragua State, Maracay, station Rancho Grande, 30-31.viii. 1983, leg. J. Haxaire & J.-Y. Rasplus. No specimens were available to us from Surinam and so we chose one from a locality that was as close as was practicable. Diagnostic features separating Xylophanes neoptolemus from its closest relatives, X. balcazari n. sp. and X. cthulhu n. sp., are given below in the descriptions of those two species and in the identification key. Chaerocampa trilineata (Fig. 1 a) was described from two specimens from ��� Venezuela ��� from the Dyson collection. In the original description, Walker ([1865]: 30) indicated that he had only males. However, we have located both specimens in the BMNH and found that one of the syntypes is actually a female. To stabilize the nomenclature, we hereby designate the male specimen (BMNH (E)# 274441) as the lectotype. The lectotype and its original labels are illustrated in Fig. 1 a. The pale blue-edged syntype label will be replaced with a purple-edged lectotype label. In addition to a pale blue-edged syntype label (which will be replaced with a pale blue-edged paralectotype label), circular locality label and a printed specimen register number label, the paralectotype female (BMNH (E)# 274442) has a hand-written label stating ��� trilineata Wlk. ��� and a label comprising the words ���CHAEROCAMPA TRILINEATA.��� cut from a copy of Walker���s catalogue. As noted above, we have been unable both to locate the holotype of C. brasiliensis and to determine the identity of the taxon. Therefore, we maintain C. brasiliensis as a synonym of X. neoptolemus pending discovery of type material. Xylophanes trinitatis was described from a holotype male from Trinidad, deposited in the ZSM. We have examined a color photograph of the holotype and this, together with the type locality, confirms its synonymy with X. neoptolemus. Distribution: Following the neotype designation above, our specimens from Venezuela and French Guiana represent Xylophanes neoptolemus (Fig. 13, group 1). Furthermore, our biogeographic results support the previous treatments of X. trilineata and X. trinitatis as junior subjective synonyms of X. neoptolemus. X. neoptolemus occurs in the lowland tropical rain forest of the northern part of South America. We know it from western Venezuela to French Guiana. In the latter country, it is only frequent in the so-called ���zone 1 ��� region of St-Laurent and St-Jean-du-Maroni (Haxaire 1987), near the Surinam border. This moth becomes far less abundant southward. The furthest south it has been recorded is from the Jari Celulose S.A. landholding (Hawes 2005), between the Jari and Paru rivers, northwest of Monte Dourado in Par�� state, Brazil, but it may not cross the Amazon river as it is not mentioned by Moss (1920) in his work on the sphingids of Bel��m. Genetic variation: There is some diversity in the barcode region (Fig. 13, group 1) but intraspecific divergence is low, with the five different haplotypes differing from each other by only a single base pair., Published as part of Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe, 2008, Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 18-36 in Zootaxa 1923 on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184748, {"references":["Cramer, P. (1780) Uitlandsche Kapellen, voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en bescreeven. Barthelemy Wild, S. J. Baalde, Utrecht, 1 - 28, plates 289 - 304.","Walker, F. ([1865]) Supplement. List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, 31, 1 - 321.","Schaufuss, L. W. (1870) Die exotischen Lepidoptera Heterocera der Fruher Kaden'schen Sammlung. Nunquam Otiosus, 1, 7 - 23.","Closs, A. (1917) Xylophanes neoptolemus Stoll, subspec. neoptolemus trinitatis subspec. nov. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, 11, 96.","Haxaire, J. (1987) Le genre Xylophanes Hubner (1819) en Guyane Francaise. Quelques complements (Lepidoptera Sphingidae). Bulletin de la Societe Sciences Nat. 55, 12 - 19.","Hawes, J. (2005) Impacts of landscape level disturbance on Amazonian moth assemblages. MSc. thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, U. K. 45 pp."]}

Xylophanes loelia (Druce, 1878) (Figs. 6 a, 6 b, 8 a���c) Xylophanes heinrichi Closs, 1917 Taxonomic Notes: Xylophanes heinrichi (Fig. 7 a) was described by Closs (1917) from a single male collected by E. Christeller on 11.???. 1912 (the month is unclear on the label) from ���Amazonas���. This is an imprecise type locality, as it could refer to parts of Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia and even Peru. Of these, Brazil is perhaps somewhat more likely than the others but this is still not at all certain. However, regardless of where in ���Amazonas��� the moth was captured, the locality would be within the distribution of what we infer here to be X. loelia. The holotype, preserved in the ZSM, is illustrated in Fig. 7 a. X. heinrichi is currently treated as a junior subjective synonym of Xylophanes loelia. Choerocampa loelia was described by Druce (1878) from an unstated number of specimens from Chiriqu��, Panama, collected by Arc��. Only a single specimen with appropriate data and labels has been found in the BMNH and thus to stabilize the nomenclature, we hereby designate this specimen as the lectotype. The lectotype and its labels are illustrated in Figs 6 a and 6 b. Distribution: This species is widely distributed in Central and South America. It is known to us from southern Brazil and Paraguay, north through Peru, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Venezuela, Trinidad and Colombia, and into Central America, through Costa Rica and Nicaragua, to Belize. Genetic variation: Intraspecific variation for the part of COI we sequenced is very low (Table 2; Fig. 13, clade # 2)., Published as part of Vaglia, Thierry, Haxaire, Jean, Kitching, Ian J., Meusnier, Isabelle & Rougerie, Rodolphe, 2008, Morphology and DNA barcoding reveal three cryptic species within the Xylophanes neoptolemus and loelia species-groups (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae), pp. 18-36 in Zootaxa 1923 on page 26, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.184748, {"references":["Druce, H. (1878) Description of six new species of Sphingidae. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 14, 248 - 249.","Closs, A. (1917) Xylophanes neoptolemus Stoll, subspec. neoptolemus trinitatis subspec. nov. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, 11, 96."]}