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Digitalisering af arbejds- og samfundslivet accelererer i disse år. Digitalisering fremstilles som en nødvendighed, hvis man vil overleve som privat virksomhed og fremhæves også som et middel til at lette arbejdsbyrden i en betrængt offentlig sektor. Nogle taler ligefrem om ‘den fjerde industrielle revolution’, Arbejdsliv 4.0, der grundlæggende vil forandre arbejdsliv og arbejdsmarked (Schwab. K., 2019). Selvom disse fremskrivninger præges af en overdreven teknologioptimisme og må tages med et gran salt, er der ingen tvivl om, at digitale teknologier i de senere år har ændret arbejdslivet for mange. Dette er for eksempel blevet tydeligt med digitale og platformsbaserede forretningsmodeller, som ændrer arbejdets indhold og organisering. Digitalisering åbner således for nye måder at lede og kontrollere arbejdet på. Det gælder både, når madudbringningsfirmaer som Wolt og Just Eat og taxiordninger som Uber fordeler køreture til deres chauffører ved hjælp af algoritmer (Oppegaard, 2021; e.g. Wood et al., 2018). Eller når Amazon på platformen Mechanical Turk udbyder mikrojobs, som kan løses på under 10 minutter. Den digitale teknologi anvendes også i Amazon og Nemlig.com’s lagerhaller, hvor ansatte minutiøst bliver overvåget, kontrolleret og arbejder side om side med robotter styret af artificial intelligence (AI) (Delfanti, 2021). Netop disse måder at organisere arbejde på har skabt debat om en ny form for ’digital taylorisme’: Lavtlønsjobs præget af stærk opsplitning af arbejdet, ringe muligheder for autonomi, usikkerhed i løn, arbejdstid og ansættelse. Mange har således beskrevet, hvordan digitalisering betyder fremvæksten af arbejdsformer, der fremmer individualisering og udhuler fællesskaber, og som undergraver den faglig organisering. (e.g. Tassinari & Maccarrone, 2019). Dette bekræftes, hvis man ser på platformsarbejdets demografi . Her arbejder ikke kun unge, der supplerer deres indtægter fra SU, men også migranter og andre sårbare grupper på arbejdsmarkedet. Men digitalisering påvirker ikke bare ufaglært platformsarbejde. Også andre typer af organisationer anvender digitalisering. Det gælder digitale planlægnings- og registreringssystemer i ældreplejen og elektroniske patientjournaler på sygehusene. Og det gælder AI baserede beslutningsstøttesystemer, der indvirker på og potentielt erstatter professionelles faglige vurderinger, og som forandrer relationer og samarbejdsformer på arbejdspladsen. Det ser man eksempelvis inden for politiarbejde og inden for social-, beskæftigelses-, sundheds- og undervisningsområdet (e.g. Allhutter et al., 2020; Gundhus et al., 2022; Jørgensen, 2020). Algoritmisk styring er en tredje vigtig måde, hvor digitalisering påvirker arbejdsprocesser. Algoritmisk styring henviser til nye måder at optimere og kontrollere arbejde og organisation på, hvor store firmaer bruger databaserede forudsigelser og andre former for kvantificering og benchmarking af performance baseret på statistisk modellering til at styre deres ansatte, som dermed eksponeres og overvåges på nye måder. En af de problematikker, som denne udvikling rejser, handler om, at teknologien slører kontrol og gør magten usynlig. Autoriteten forsvinder og det bliver uklart, hvem der har truffet hvilke beslutninger og hvem, der har ansvaret for dem. Teknologien eller ’the digital prism’, som Mikkel Flyverbom (2019) kalder det, skaber således både zoner af synlighed, som dermed bliver regulerbare, men også zoner af usynlighed, der undslipper regulering. Diskussioner om digitalisering forfalder nemt til enten optimistisk hyldest til potentialerne eller til dystopiske forestillinger om, hvordan arbejdslivet degraderes. Den måde, digitale teknologier ændrer arbejdslivet på, er kompleks og dybgående i den forstand, at teknologierne potentielt forandrer vores arbejdspraksis, måden vi bliver ansat, ledet, styret og fyret på, ligesom teknologierne påvirker forholdet mellem kolleger, vores forhold til arbejdet og til den organisation, vi arbejder for – og også indimellem indtager rollen som arbejdsgiver. Dette temanummer bidrager til at udforske dette felt empirisk. De to første artikler giver vigtige bidrag til den efterhånden omfattende internationale forskning i platformsarbejde eller ’gig arbejde’, dvs. fysiske jobs med platformen som arbejdsgiver. De næste artikler tager udgangspunkt i dataficering og AI, men bidrager i højere grad med teoretiske indsigter. De udforsker og udfordrer begge et entydigt fokus på teknologi som driver i forandringsprocessen, og de har fokus på henholdsvis betydningen af samspillet mellem den organisatoriske kontekst og teknologi i dataficeret socialt arbejde, og på det usynlige ledelsesarbejde, der medgår til at forme, meningstilskrive og skabe AI projekter i den offentlige sektor.

This article examines some of the conditions that can explain the rise in young workers’ mental health and well-being problems in early work life. Based on 30 qualitative interviews with Danish workers under 30, who all had experienced different kinds of mental health and well-being problems in early work life, it shows how poor working environment and employment conditions often are triggering factors for young workers’ mental health and well-being problems. Mental health and well-being in early work life seem to be linked to the conditions through which young workers’ cultivate themselves as valuable working subjects in a time where work is a crucial arena for self-formation and self-realization. It is concluded that the combination of performance-oriented workplace cultures, temporary employment, and young workers’ aiming to achieve success in their work life, is a toxic combination for mental health and well-being. This article examines some of the conditions that can explain the rise in young workers’ mental health and well-being problems in early work life. Based on 30 qualitative interviews with Danish workers under 30, who all had experienced different kinds of mental health and well-being problems in early work life, it shows how poor working environment and employment conditions often are triggering factors for young workers’ mental health and well-being problems. Mental health and well-being in early work life seem to be linked to the conditions through which young workers’ cultivate themselves as valuable working subjects in a time where work is a crucial arena for self-formation and self-realization. It is concluded that the combination of performance-oriented workplace cultures, temporary employment, and young workers’ aiming to achieve success in their work life, is a toxic combination for mental health and well-being.

Electronic waste (e-waste) contains heavy metals, which pose enormous human health risks if not properly handled. Evidence shows that the unsafe and crude practices at recycling sites expose workers to several short – and long-term health risks. Considering that different activities pose different risks, this paper examined the health perceptions and attitudes of workers along the e-waste treatment continuum in two informal recycling sites in Ghana; Agbogbloshie (Accra) and Dagomba Line (Kumasi). Using semi-structured interviews with 255 workers, the findings show that workers generally are aware of the “physical” risks associated with their practices but perceived the associated health risks as a normal incident, which required no intervention. Cases of cuts, headache, burns, dizziness, fatigue and muscle pains were the most reported ailments. Knowledge of health risks was obtained by chance and was not activity-dependent. Few of the workers generally use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and adopted safe recycling methods. The use of PPE was influenced by several factors but most importantly awareness of health risks and the type of activity a worker undertakes. This paper therefore calls for continuous training and risk communication on associated risks of unsafe practices and the need to use appropriate PPE.

This article examines some of the conditions that can explain the rise in young workers’ mental health and well-being problems in early work life. Based on 30 qualitative interviews with Danish workers under 30, who all had experienced different kinds of mental health and well-being problems in early work life, it shows how poor working environment and employment conditions often are triggering factors for young workers’ mental health and well-being problems. Mental health and well-being in early work life seem to be linked to the conditions through which young workers’ cultivate themselves as valuable working subjects in a time where work is a crucial arena for self-formation and self-realization. It is concluded that the combination of performance-oriented workplace cultures, temporary employment, and young workers’ aiming to achieve success in their work life, is a toxic combination for mental health and well-being.

Digitalisering af arbejds- og samfundslivet accelererer i disse år. Digitalisering fremstilles som en nødvendighed, hvis man vil overleve som privat virksomhed og fremhæves også som et middel til at lette arbejdsbyrden i en betrængt offentlig sektor. Nogle taler ligefrem om ‘den fjerde industrielle revolution’, Arbejdsliv 4.0, der grundlæggende vil forandre arbejdsliv og arbejdsmarked (Schwab. K., 2019). Selvom disse fremskrivninger præges af en overdreven teknologioptimisme og må tages med et gran salt, er der ingen tvivl om, at digitale teknologier i de senere år har ændret arbejdslivet for mange. Dette er for eksempel blevet tydeligt med digitale og platformsbaserede forretningsmodeller, som ændrer arbejdets indhold og organisering. Digitalisering åbner således for nye måder at lede og kontrollere arbejdet på. Det gælder både, når madudbringningsfirmaer som Wolt og Just Eat og taxiordninger som Uber fordeler køreture til deres chauffører ved hjælp af algoritmer (Oppegaard, 2021; e.g. Wood et al., 2018). Eller når Amazon på platformen Mechanical Turk udbyder mikrojobs, som kan løses på under 10 minutter. Den digitale teknologi anvendes også i Amazon og Nemlig.com’s lagerhaller, hvor ansatte minutiøst bliver overvåget, kontrolleret og arbejder side om side med robotter styret af artificial intelligence (AI) (Delfanti, 2021). Netop disse måder at organisere arbejde på har skabt debat om en ny form for ’digital taylorisme’: Lavtlønsjobs præget af stærk opsplitning af arbejdet, ringe muligheder for autonomi, usikkerhed i løn, arbejdstid og ansættelse. Mange har således beskrevet, hvordan digitalisering betyder fremvæksten af arbejdsformer, der fremmer individualisering og udhuler fællesskaber, og som undergraver den faglig organisering. (e.g. Tassinari & Maccarrone, 2019). Dette bekræftes, hvis man ser på platformsarbejdets demografi . Her arbejder ikke kun unge, der supplerer deres indtægter fra SU, men også migranter og andre sårbare grupper på arbejdsmarkedet. Men digitalisering påvirker ikke bare ufaglært platformsarbejde. Også andre typer af organisationer anvender digitalisering. Det gælder digitale planlægnings- og registreringssystemer i ældreplejen og elektroniske patientjournaler på sygehusene. Og det gælder AI baserede beslutningsstøttesystemer, der indvirker på og potentielt erstatter professionelles faglige vurderinger, og som forandrer relationer og samarbejdsformer på arbejdspladsen. Det ser man eksempelvis inden for politiarbejde og inden for social-, beskæftigelses-, sundheds- og undervisningsområdet (e.g. Allhutter et al., 2020; Gundhus et al., 2022; Jørgensen, 2020). Algoritmisk styring er en tredje vigtig måde, hvor digitalisering påvirker arbejdsprocesser. Algoritmisk styring henviser til nye måder at optimere og kontrollere arbejde og organisation på, hvor store firmaer bruger databaserede forudsigelser og andre former for kvantificering og benchmarking af performance baseret på statistisk modellering til at styre deres ansatte, som dermed eksponeres og overvåges på nye måder. En af de problematikker, som denne udvikling rejser, handler om, at teknologien slører kontrol og gør magten usynlig. Autoriteten forsvinder og det bliver uklart, hvem der har truffet hvilke beslutninger og hvem, der har ansvaret for dem. Teknologien eller ’the digital prism’, som Mikkel Flyverbom (2019) kalder det, skaber således både zoner af synlighed, som dermed bliver regulerbare, men også zoner af usynlighed, der undslipper regulering. Diskussioner om digitalisering forfalder nemt til enten optimistisk hyldest til potentialerne eller til dystopiske forestillinger om, hvordan arbejdslivet degraderes. Den måde, digitale teknologier ændrer arbejdslivet på, er kompleks og dybgående i den forstand, at teknologierne potentielt forandrer vores arbejdspraksis, måden vi bliver ansat, ledet, styret og fyret på, ligesom teknologierne påvirker forholdet mellem kolleger, vores forhold til arbejdet og til den organisation, vi arbejder for – og også indimellem indtager rollen som arbejdsgiver. Dette temanummer bidrager til at udforske dette felt empirisk. De to første artikler giver vigtige bidrag til den efterhånden omfattende internationale forskning i platformsarbejde eller ’gig arbejde’, dvs. fysiske jobs med platformen som arbejdsgiver. De næste artikler tager udgangspunkt i dataficering og AI, men bidrager i højere grad med teoretiske indsigter. De udforsker og udfordrer begge et entydigt fokus på teknologi som driver i forandringsprocessen, og de har fokus på henholdsvis betydningen af samspillet mellem den organisatoriske kontekst og teknologi i dataficeret socialt arbejde, og på det usynlige ledelsesarbejde, der medgår til at forme, meningstilskrive og skabe AI projekter i den offentlige sektor.

Baggrund: Antallet af unge der kæmper med mistrivsel er stigende. Det samme gør sig gældende når unge entrerer arbejdslivet. Ungdomsforskere har argumenteret for, at stigningen i mistrivsel skal anskues som en del af bredere sociale tendenser i 'Performance samfundet'. Samtidig er midlertidige arbejdsforhold udbredt blandt unge beskæftigede. Ved at anvende Skeggs og Lovelys begreber om subjekt formation og værdikampe og Farrugias analyser af en 'post-fordistisk arbejdsetik' spørger vi:Hvordan præstationsorientering kommer til udtryk i arbejdsliv præget af midlertidige arbejdsforhold. Vi undersøger specifikt, hvordan det hænger sammen med stigningen i psykosocial mistrivsel blandt unge i starten af deres arbejdsliv.Forskningsdesign: 30 kvalitative interviews blev gennemført med danske unge under 30 år der højst havde arbejdet i to år efter endt uddannelse. De fleste af dem arbejdede i brancher præget af midlertidige arbejdsforhold og præstationsorienterede arbejdskulturer. Alle havde oplevet forskellige former for psykosocial mistrivsel i arbejdet.Resultat: Med titlen ’a toxic combination’ indikeres det, at kombinationen af kampen for at opnå succes i starten af arbejdslivet, præstationsorienterede arbejdskulturer og stadig flere midlertidige ansættelser fremstår som en giftig kombination for unges psykosociale trivsel i starten af arbejdslivet.

This study explores how young workers experience employment relations andresponsibility for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the platform economy. Thestudy is based on 29 qualitative interviews with Nordic young workers (age 18- 30) whofind work through digital work platforms and social media platforms. The EuropeanAgency for Safety and Health at Work asserts that the placement of responsibilities forOSH in the platform economy is challenged by the unclear categorisations ofemployers, employees and self-employed, and that existing labour law and OSHlegislation might be inapplicable. Even though most platforms position workers as selfemployed,the study shows that the young workers rarely experience themselves asbeing self-employed and assume that the platforms take care of OSH. When operatingin this grey zone, the young workers risk being left without protection and societalresources for improving their OSH. Rasmussen’s model ‘migration towards theboundary of acceptable performance’ is used to discuss how work activities in platformwork is driven by strong cost and effort gradients, while, the counter gradient, in termsof OSH systems, at the same time is very weak or completely absent. This study explores how young workers experience employment relations and responsibility for Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in the platform economy. The study is based on 29 qualitative interviews with young Nordic workers (age 18–30) who find work through digital labour platforms and social media platforms. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work asserts that the placement of responsibilities for OSH in the platform economy is challenged by the unclear categorisations of employers, employees and self-employed, and that existing labour law and OSH legislation might be inapplicable. Even though most platforms position workers as self-employed, the study shows that the young workers rarely experience themselves as being self-employed and assume that the platforms take care of OSH. When operating in this grey zone, the young workers risk being left without protection and societal resources for improving their OSH. Rasmussen’s model ‘migration towards the boundary of unacceptable safety performance’ is used to discuss how work activities in platform work is driven by strong cost and effort gradients, while, the counter gradient, in terms of OSH systems, at the same time is very weak or completely absent.

Moving out from the childhood home is an essential transition in most young people’s lives. Based on the concept of ‘belonging’, this article explores how young people obtain a sense of belonging to a new place after leaving their childhood homes. The article explores the heterogeneous processes involved in the process of coming to belong to a new place. The article is based on a longitudinal interview study involving 36 Danish young people, whom we have followed for 12 months in their process of leaving home. In the interviews, the young people talk about their feelings and thoughts in relation to this transition. The initial period, in which young people establish themselves in a new place is often characterised by feelings of insecurity. The article shows how young people act upon these feelings and in doing so create a sense of belonging to a new place through heterogeneous affective, material, relational and spatial processes linked to self-construction. The article thereby nuances the concept of belonging and argues that the establishment of belonging to a new place is a multidimensional performative process of ‘holding oneself in place’. Moving out from the childhood home is an essential transition in most young people’s lives. Based on the concept of ‘belonging’, this article explores how young people obtain a sense of belonging to a new place after leaving their childhood homes. The article explores the heterogeneous processes involved in the process of coming to belong to a new place. The article is based on a longitudinal interview study involving 36 Danish young people, whom we have followed for 12 months in their process of leaving home. In the interviews, the young people talk about their feelings and thoughts in relation to this transition. The initial period, in which young people establish themselves in a new place is often characterised by feelings of insecurity. The article shows how young people act upon these feelings and in doing so create a sense of belonging to a new place through heterogeneous affective, material, relational and spatial processes linked to self-construction. The article thereby nuances the concept of belonging and argues that the establishment of belonging to a new place is a multidimensional performative process of ‘holding oneself in place’.

Artisanal small-scale mining is associated with disease, injury, environmental and social risks. These risks negatively impact human health and the environment. This study assesses miners' awareness and perceptions of the risks associated with their activity in three main districts in Ghana. Using the convenience sampling approach, 148 miners participated in the study in addition to key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The study revealed that the miners were generally not aware of the risks associated with their work. There were no statistically significant differences between the miners' socio-economic characteristics and disease, environmental and social risks. However, the study showed significant differences between the miners' level of education and awareness of injury risk. A common perception among 41% of the miners was that death in artisanal small-scale mining was normal. It is recommended that relevant state institutions empower miners through training and education to enhance their knowledge of risks.

Platformsøkonomi er en betegnelse for de forskellige platformsbaserede forretningsmodeller, der fungerer som mellemled mellem en arbejdstager og en kunde, og som faciliterer økonomiske udvekslinger. Mens digitale arbejdsplatforme promoverer muligheden for at blive sin egen chef, en position som entreprenører, betegner kritikere omvendt den flygtighed og usikkerhed, der er forbundet med at tage opgaver via digitale platforme, som ’prekær’. Det er ofte unge, som tager nye typer af beskæftigelse, men hvordan forholder de unge sig selv til deres arbejde i platformsøkonomien? Med udgangspunkt i 12 kvalitative interviews med danske unge i alderen 18-30 år, der arbejder på digitale arbejdsplatforme, undersøger artiklen, hvordan unge digitale platformsarbejdere forholder sig til deres arbejde og til den risiko og økonomiske usikkerhed, der er forbundet med arbejdet. Artiklen peger på, at de unge platformsarbejdere kan opdeles i tre kategorier: ’studiearbejde via digitale platforme’, ’sabbatårsarbejde via platforme’ og ’platformsarbejde som etablering på arbejdsmarkedet’. De unge platformsarbejdere i de tre kategorier forholder sig meget forskelligt til deres arbejde. Platformsarbejdet byder på prekære arbejdsforhold, uafhængigt af hvilken kategori den unge tilhører. Men artiklen viser, at de unges forhold til risiko og usikkerhed i platformsarbejdet må ses i sammenhæng med deres uddannelsessituation og tidsperspektiv i arbejdet. The platform economy is a term for the various platform-based business models that act as intermediaries between workers and customers and facilitate economic exchange. While the digital platforms promote how workers can become micro-entrepreneurs and be their own boss, studies posit the uncertainty and volatility of platform work as ‘precarious’. It is often young people who engage in these new types of work. But how do young workers relate to their work in the platform economy? Do they experience their work as precarious or as an alternative way to enter the labour market? In this article, we explore these issues on the basis of 12 qualitative interviews with Danish workers in the platform economy aged 18–30. We identify three categories of young platform economy workers: ‘Student worker via digital platforms’, ‘Sabbatical year worker via digital platforms’ and ‘Platform worker as access to the labour market’. The categories reflect the young platform workers’ very different relationships with their work. Regardless of which category the young person belongs to, the platform work involves precarious working conditions. However, the analysis shows that the young workers’ educational status and time perspective in the platform work affect how they relate to its risks and uncertainties

Ungdommen er en livsfase, der er præget af mange overgange. Et eksempel på en sådan overgang er, når unge flytter hjemmefra. Med udgangspunkt i begrebet “belonging” (at høre til/ tilhørsforhold) undersøger denne artikel, hvilke forhold der har betydning for, at unge etablerer en oplevelse af at høre til – eller ikke at høre til – det sted, hvor han/hun flytter hen efter flytning fra barndomshjemmet. Udgangspunktet for artiklen er, at oplevelsen af at høre til et sted, eller i livet som sådan, ikke er givet, men derimod er “performativt” (Bell, 1999; Cuervo & Wyn, 2017).Det empiriske udgangspunkt for artiklen er et longitudinelt interviewstudie med 36 danske unge mellem 17 og 25 år, som forfatterne har fulgt igennem 12 måneder under deres overgang fra hjemme- til udeboende. I interviewene fortæller de om den periode, hvor de flytter fra deres barndomshjem, og om de følelser og tanker, de gør sig i den forbindelse. Artiklen undersøger de unges affektive og flertydige relationer til steder, materialiter og mennesker, der får betydning for de unges oplevelse af at høre til – eller ikke at høre til – det sted, de flytter hen. I artiklen sætter vi særligt fokus på den betydning, som unges forhold til barndomshjemmet har for de måder, de unge aktivt forsøger at skabe et tilhørsforhold til et nyt sted. Artiklen nuancerer i forlængelse af dette begrebet om “belonging” ved at pege på, at unges måder at skabe tilknytning til et nyt sted er performativt og i høj grad skabes med afsæt i de oplevelser af tilknytning, eller mangel på tilknytning, til barndomshjemmet, som de bærer med sig ind i voksenlivet.

Lophira lanceolata: is an important indigenous oil tree species with high socio-economic potential in Africa. This study aimed to assess the fruit production of the species, the impact of infestation on production, and the variability of fruit morphological traits. Thirty mature trees were sampled from each of the two sites in western Burkina Faso. For each tree, all the fruits were collected, counted, dried, and weighed. One hundred fruits were randomly sampled per tree to estimate the infestation rate. 300 fruits collected on 30 trees were sampled to measure their morphological traits. Analysis of variance and regression analyses were performed to test for relationships between fruit production and stem diameter of trees. Results showed that the mean annual fruit production per tree varied significantly among diameter classes, from 0.47 to 8.01 kg dry mass. The infestation rate varied between 3% and 18% of the total fruit production. The prediction model showed a great predictive ability for fruit production (pR2 = 62%) with stem diameter and crown area of trees as explanatory variables. Three shape-groups of fruits were distinguished: spindle-shape (30%), orbicular-shape (19%), and elliptic-shape (51%). Lophira lanceolata has a high fruit production potential with spindle-shaped fruits as the most interesting for exploitation.

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers. The team collaboration and manuscript development are supported by the web-based team science platform: science-i.org, with the project number 202205GFB2. We thank the following initiatives, agencies, teams and individuals for data collection and other technical support: the Global Forest Biodiversity Initiative (GFBI) for establishing the data standards and collaborative framework; United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program; University of Alaska Fairbanks; the SODEFOR, Ivory Coast; University Félix Houphouët-Boigny (UFHB, Ivory Coast); the Queensland Herbarium and past Queensland Government Forestry and Natural Resource Management departments and staff for data collection for over seven decades; and the National Forestry Commission of Mexico (CONAFOR). We thank M. Baker (Carbon Tanzania), together with a team of field assistants (Valentine and Lawrence); all persons who made the Third Spanish Forest Inventory possible, especially the main coordinator, J. A. Villanueva (IFN3); the French National Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns (raw data 2005 and following annual surveys, were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventaire-forestier.ign.fr/spip.php?rubrique159; site accessed on 1 January 2015)); the Italian Forest Inventory (NFI campaigns raw data 2005 and following surveys were downloaded by GFBI at https://inventarioforestale.org/; site accessed on 27 April 2019); Swiss National Forest Inventory, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL and Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Switzerland; the Swedish NFI, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences SLU; the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (89967 and 109244) and the South African Research Chair Initiative; the Danish National Forestry, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, UCPH; Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel of Brazil (CAPES, grant number 88881.064976/2014-01); R. Ávila and S. van Tuylen, Instituto Nacional de Bosques (INAB), Guatemala, for facilitating Guatemalan data; the National Focal Center for Forest condition monitoring of Serbia (NFC), Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia; the Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems (Germany) for providing National Forest Inventory data; the FAO and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for undertaking the SAFE (Safe Access to Fuel and Energy) and CBIT-Forest projects; and the Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR), the African Tropical Rainforest Observation Network (AfriTRON) and the ForestPlots.net initiative for their contributions from Amazonian and African forests. The Natural Forest plot data collected between January 2009 and March 2014 by the LUCAS programme for the New Zealand Ministry for the Environment are provided by the New Zealand National Vegetation Survey Databank https://nvs.landcareresearch.co.nz/. We thank the International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA); the Forestry Corporation of New South Wales, Australia; the National Forest Directory of the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development of the Argentine Republic (MAyDS) for the plot data of the Second National Forest Inventory (INBN2); the National Forestry Authority and Ministry of Water and Environment of Uganda for their National Biomass Survey (NBS) dataset; and the Sabah Biodiversity Council and the staff from Sabah Forest Research Centre. All TEAM data are provided by the Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring (TEAM) Network, a collaboration between Conservation International, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Smithsonian Institution and the Wildlife Conservation Society, and partially funded by these institutions, the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and other donors, with thanks to all current and previous TEAM site manager and other collaborators that helped collect data. We thank the people of the Redidoti, Pierrekondre and Cassipora village who were instrumental in assisting with the collection of data and sharing local knowledge of their forest and the dedicated members of the field crew of Kabo 2012 census. We are also thankful to FAPESC, SFB, FAO and IMA/SC for supporting the IFFSC. This research was supported in part through computational resources provided by Information Technology at Purdue, West Lafayette, Indiana.This work is supported in part by the NASA grant number 12000401 ‘Multi-sensor biodiversity framework developed from bioacoustic and space based sensor platforms’ (J. Liang, B.P.); the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture McIntire Stennis projects 1017711 (J. Liang) and 1016676 (M.Z.); the US National Science Foundation Biological Integration Institutes grant NSF‐DBI‐2021898 (P.B.R.); the funding by H2020 VERIFY (contract 776810) and H2020 Resonate (contract 101000574) (G.-J.N.); the TEAM project in Uganda supported by the Moore foundation and Buffett Foundation through Conservation International (CI) and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS); the Danish Council for Independent Research | Natural Sciences (TREECHANGE, grant 6108- 00078B) and VILLUM FONDEN grant number 16549 (J.-C.S.); the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK (NERC) project NE/T011084/1 awarded to J.A.-G. and NE/S011811/1; ERC Advanced Grant 291585 (‘T-FORCES’) and a Royal Society-Wolfson Research Merit Award (O.L.P.); RAINFOR plots supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the UK Natural Environment Research Council, notably NERC Consortium Grants ‘AMAZONICA’ (NE/F005806/1), ‘TROBIT’ (NE/D005590/1) and ‘BIO-RED’ (NE/N012542/1); CIFOR’s Global Comparative Study on REDD+ funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the European Union, the International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA) and donors to the CGIAR Fund; AfriTRON network plots funded by the local communities and NERC, ERC, European Union, Royal Society and Leverhume Trust; a grant from the Royal Society and the Natural Environment Research Council, UK (S.L.L.); National Science Foundation CIF21 DIBBs: EI: number 1724728 (A.C.C.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2019BC083) (H.L.). UK NERC Independent Research Fellowship (grant code: NE/S01537X/1) (T.J.); a Serra-Húnter Fellowship provided by the Government of Catalonia (Spain) (S.d.-M.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.A.S.); a grant from the Franklinia Foundation (D.A.C.); Russian Science Foundation project number 19-77-300-12 (R.V.); the Takenaka Scholarship Foundation (A.O.A.); the German Research Foundation (DFG), grant number Am 149/16-4 (C.A.); the Romania National Council for Higher Education Funding, CNFIS, project number CNFIS-FDI-2022-0259 (O.B.); Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2019-05109 and STPGP506284) and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (36014) (H.Y.H.C.); the project SustES—Adaptation strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000797) (E.C.); Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del estado de Durango (2019-01-155) (J.J.C.-R.); Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, Government of India (file number PDF/2015/000447)— ‘Assessing the carbon sequestration potential of different forest types in Central India in response to climate change’ (J.A.D.); Investissement d’avenir grant of the ANR (CEBA: ANR-10-LABEX-0025) (G.D.); National Foundation for Science & Technology Development of Vietnam, 106-NN.06-2013.01 (T.V.D.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (T.J.E.); a Czech Science Foundation Standard grant (19-14620S) (T.M.F.); European Union Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007– 2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (L. Finer, M. Pollastrini, F. Selvi); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (J.F.); CNPq productivity grant number 311303/2020-0 (A.L.d.G.); DFG grant HE 2719/11-1,2,3; HE 2719/14-1 (A. Hemp); European Union’s Horizon Europe research project OpenEarthMonitor grant number 101059548, CGIAR Fund INIT-32-MItigation and Transformation Initiative for GHG reductions of Agrifood systems RelaTed Emissions (MITIGATE+) (M.H.); General Directorate of the State Forests, Poland (1/07; OR-2717/3/11; OR.271.3.3.2017) and the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (A.M.J.); Czech Science Foundation 18-10781 S (S.J.); Danish of Ministry of Environment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Forest Monitoring Program—NFI (V.K.J.); State of São Paulo Research Foundation/FAPESP as part of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program Project Functional Gradient-PELD/BIOTA-ECOFOR 2003/12595-7 & 2012/51872-5 (C.A.J.); Danish Council for Independent Research—social sciences—grant DFF 6109– 00296 (G.A.K.); Russian Science Foundation project 21-46-07002 for the plot data collected in the Krasnoyarsk region (V.K.); BOLFOR (D.K.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, Government of India (grant number BT/PR7928/ NDB/52/9/2006, dated 29 September 2006) (M.L.K.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (J.N.K.); Korea Forest Service (2018113A00-1820-BB01, 2013069A00-1819-AA03, and 2020185D10- 2022-AA02) and Seoul National University Big Data Institute through the Data Science Research Project 2016 (H.S.K.); the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, grant 442640/2018-8, CNPq/Prevfogo-Ibama number 33/2018) (C.K.); CSIR, New Delhi, government of India (grant number 38(1318)12/EMR-II, dated: 3 April 2012) (S.K.); Department of Biotechnology, New Delhi, government of India (grant number BT/ PR12899/ NDB/39/506/2015 dated 20 June 2017) (A.K.); Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) #88887.463733/2019-00 (R.V.L.); National Natural Science Foundation of China (31800374) (H.L.); project of CEPF RAS ‘Methodological approaches to assessing the structural organization and functioning of forest ecosystems’ (AAAA-A18-118052590019-7) funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia (N.V.L.); Leverhulme Trust grant to Andrew Balmford, Simon Lewis and Jon Lovett (A.R.M.); Russian Science Foundation, project 19-77-30015 for European Russia data processing (O.M.); grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (M.T.E.M.); the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland (BIOSTRATEG1/267755/4/NCBR/2015) (S.M.); the Secretariat for Universities and of the Ministry of Business and Knowledge of the Government of Catalonia and the European Social Fund (A. Morera); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (V.J.N.); Pinnacle Group Cameroon PLC (L.N.N.); Queensland government, Department of Environment and Science (M.R.N.); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-05201) (A.P.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (E.I.P.); European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 778322 (H.P.); Science and Engineering Research Board, New Delhi, government of India (grant number YSS/2015/000479, dated 12 January 2016) (P.S.); the Chilean Government research grants Fondecyt number 1191816 and FONDEF number ID19 10421 (C.S.-E.); the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Priority Program 1374 Biodiversity Exploratories (P.S.); European Space Agency projects IFBN (4000114425/15/NL/FF/gp) and CCI Biomass (4000123662/18/I-NB) (D. Schepaschenko); FunDivEUROPE, European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement number 265171 (M.S.-L.); APVV 20-0168 from the Slovak Research and Development Agency (V.S.); Manchester Metropolitan University’s Environmental Science Research Centre (G.S.); the project ‘LIFE+ ForBioSensing PL Comprehensive monitoring of stand dynamics in Białowieża Forest supported with remote sensing techniques’ which is co-funded by the EU Life Plus programme (contract number LIFE13 ENV/PL/000048) and the National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Poland (contract number 485/2014/WN10/OP-NM-LF/D) (K.J.S.); Global Challenges Research Fund (QR allocation, MMU) (M.J.P.S.); Czech Science Foundation project 21-27454S (M.S.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 20-05-00540 (N. Tchebakova); Botanical Research Fund, Coalbourn Trust, Bentham Moxon Trust, Emily Holmes scholarship (L.A.T.); the programmes of the current scientific research of the Botanical Garden of the Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (V.A.U.); FCT—Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology—Project UIDB/04033/2020. Inventário Florestal Nacional—ICNF (H. Viana); Grant from Kenya Coastal Development Project (KCDP), which was funded by World Bank (C.W.); grants from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (B.W.); ATTO project (grant number MCTI-FINEP 1759/10 and BMBF 01LB1001A, 01LK1602F) (F.W.); ReVaTene/ PReSeD-CI 2 is funded by the Education and Research Ministry of Côte d’Ivoire, as part of the Debt Reduction-Development Contracts (C2Ds) managed by IRD (I.C.Z.-B.); the National Research Foundation of South Africa (NRF, grant 89967) (C.H.). The Tropical Plant Exploration Group 70 1 ha plots in Continental Cameroon Mountains are supported by Rufford Small Grant Foundation, UK and 4 ha in Sierra Leone are supported by the Global Challenge Research Fund through Manchester Metropolitan University, UK; the National Geographic Explorer Grant, NGS-53344R-18 (A.C.-S.); University of KwaZulu-Natal Research Office grant (M.J.L.); Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dirección General de Asuntos de Personal Académico, Grant PAPIIT IN-217620 (J.A.M.). Czech Science Foundation project 21-24186M (R.T., S. Delabye). Czech Science Foundation project 20-05840Y, the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (LTAUSA19137) and the long-term research development project of the Czech Academy of Sciences no. RVO 67985939 (J.A.). The American Society of Primatologists, the Duke University Graduate School, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, the National Science Foundation (grant number 0452995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (grant number 7330) (M.B.). Research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil) (309764/2019; 311303/2020) (A.C.V., A.L.G.). The Project of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City (grant number CKJ-JYRC-2022-83) (H.-F.W.). The Ugandan NBS was supported with funds from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF), the Austrian Development Agency (ADC) and FAO. FAO’s UN-REDD Program, together with the project on ‘Native Forests and Community’ Loan BIRF number 8493-AR UNDP ARG/15/004 and the National Program for the Protection of Native Forests under UNDP funded Argentina’s INBN2.

The purpose of this paper is twofold: to explore the factors influencing the emergence and growth of informal e-waste activities and to examine workers’ motivation for involvement in informal e-waste activities. Semi-structured interviews and observations among actors in the recently established Dagomba-Line e-waste site in Kumasi, Ghana were employed to gather relevant data. Emergence and growth of e-waste activities are largely influenced by spatial, political, socio-cultural and economic factors. The reuse and open disposal of e-waste are the common practices due to the cost of transportation to a final disposal site. Similar to findings at the well-established Agbogbloshie e-waste site, also in Ghana, scavengers are found at the bottom of the e-waste financial ladder. The major motivating factor for engaging in e-waste handling is poverty. Additionally, some respondents mentioned the lucrative nature of the activity, landlessness, and peer influence as a motivation. The results showed that younger workers (below 35 years) were more likely to be engaged in the activity for reasons of peer influence and poverty and major source of livelihood. The paper recommends that policy and planning should reflect ways of delivering and creating stable socio-economic conditions that promote an inclusive and sustainable development.

I Webers beskrivelse af det klassiske bureaukrati gælder det for de professionelle, at de skal udelukke deres følelser fra arbejdet. Saglig embedsmandspligt forudsætter et ideal om, at ”der disponeres strengt formalistisk i henhold til rationelle regler og – hvor disse ikke slår til – ud fra ‘saglige’ synspunkter med hensyn til formålstjenestelighed; og at det sker ‘sine ira et studio’” [uden vrede og forkærlighed], som Weber bemærkede (2003, bind 2, s. 176)). Men trods bureaukratiets udbredelse, eller måske pga. bureaukratiet udbredelse, har organisationer og arbejdspladser længe været oversete som ’følelsesmæssige arenaer’ indenfor arbejdslivsforskningen (Fineman, 1993, s. 10). De seneste tre årtier er forskningen omkring følelser på arbejdspladser imidlertid vokset markant, og der findes i dag forskning om forskellige følelser, følelsesarbejde, følelseskontrol og følelsesstrategier i en lang række arbejdskontekster (se eks Fineman, 1993, 2000, 2009; Wharton, 2014). Et af de mest betydningsfulde bidrag til forskningen i arbejdslivets emotionalitet er den amerikanske sociolog Arlie R. Hochschilds bog The Managed Heart, der allerede for næsten 40 år siden blev internationalt kendt for sine overbevisende studier af, hvorledes ansattes følelser engageres som en nødvendig del af den vare, de leverer til kunder (Hochschild, 1983). Med denne blev det almindelig anerkendt, at følelser og håndteringen af følelser er en integreret del af moderne arbejdsliv. Med sin undersøgelse af flypersonale viste hun, at det samtidigt indebærer, at særlige former for følelsesarbejde (emotional labour) rent faktisk udgør væsentlige og påkrævede komponenter i ansattes faglighed: At man fx som stewardesse bliver en kyndig udøver af sit fag ved at mestre et smil, der aldrig ser anstrengt ud, uanset hvor krævende en serviceopgave, man udfører, eller hvor længe man har været på arbejde. Kabinepersonalets håndtering og regulering af egne følelser bliver således en del af deres professionalitet. Flypassagerenes tilpashed og velbehag er det produkt, de producerer. Selvom Hochschild med rette er blevet kritiseret for at overvurdere de negative konsekvenser af kommercielt følelsesarbejde, så er hendes indfl ydelse på forskningen omkring følelser på arbejde vanskelig at undervurdere (se eks, Wharton, 2009, Grandey et al, 2013). Mens vi skriver denne indledning er The managed Heart ved at passere 25.000 citeringer på Google Scholar.

Drawing on interviews with 12 young adults in the Danish digital labor market, this article investigates how young workers on digital labor platforms experience the tension between ‘algorithmic management’ and autonomy. Digital labor platforms promise autonomy to workers, but the study shows that the platforms in varying degrees exert control over the labor process in different stages of the work. The inherent non-transparency of the algorithmic management systems makes it difficult for the young workers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the platforms. While the young workers’ autonomy in some important ways is restricted by the algorithmic management systems, the young workers have all chosen the platform work because they feel that it allows them to control where and when they work. We propose the conceptualization ‘the double autonomy paradox of young workers’ to describe this phenomenon. Drawing on interviews with 12 young adults in the Danish digital labor market, this article investigates how young workers on digital labor platforms experience the tension between ‘algorithmic management’ and autonomy. Digital labor platforms promise autonomy to workers, but the study shows that the platforms in varying degrees exert control over the labor process in different stages of the work. The inherent non-transparency of the algorithmic management systems makes it difficult for the young workers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the platforms. While the young workers’ autonomy in some important ways is restricted by the algorithmic management systems, the young workers have all chosen the platform work because they feel that it allows them to control where and when they work. We propose the conceptualization ‘the double autonomy paradox of young workers’ to describe this phenomenon.

Water stress is the most important factor limiting early survival and growth of seedlings in arid and semi-arid zones. Many woody species develop adaptive mechanisms in response to water stress. This study assesses survival rate, growth and dry matter distribution in response to water stress in four dryland species (Senegalia dudgeonii, Senegalia gourmaensis, Vachellia nilotica and Vachellia tortilis). A total of 240 seedlings (60 per species) were grown using a completely randomized block design with three replicates in each of three water treatments (control = 100 percent of field capacity; moderate water stress = 50 percent of field capacity; severe water stress = 25 percent of field capacity) with a 7 day watering frequency. Data were collected on seedling survival, height, collar diameter, leaf production and dry matter distribution. Survival rate of the four species was not affected by water stress. However, the morphological responses to water stress were significantly different between species. Water stress resulted in significant reductions in height and collar diameter, higher below-ground biomass and significant increase in shedding of leaves. Under water stress, S. dudgeonii, S. gourmaensis and V. tortilis invested more in root growth. The allocation pattern from above-ground to below-ground parts was found to be the main adaption to drought. In contrast, V. nilotica gave preference to above-ground development, which could be an indication that the seedlings are adapted to grow under severe water stress. The results confirm the interspecific genetic differences in growth and dry matter distribution among species. These variations in water stress response may be used as criteria for species selection for degraded land reforestation.