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The sequential extraction routes of biogenic materials from sewage sludge (SS) were investigated. Physical methods (ultrasound, heating) and chemical methods (sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate) were used to extract extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and alginate-like extracellular polymers (ALEs) from SS. The residues after extraction were further subjected to physical methods (heating) and chemical methods (sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide) for protein extraction. A comparison was made between sequential extraction routes and direct extraction of biomaterials from sludge in terms of extraction quantity, material properties, and applicability. The results showed that sequential extraction of biomaterials is feasible. The highest extraction quantities were obtained when using sodium carbonate for EPS and ALE extraction and sodium hydroxide for protein, reaching 449.80 mg/gVSS, 109.78 mg/gVSS, and 5447.08 mg/L, respectively. Sequential extraction procedures facilitate the extraction of biomaterials. Finally, suitable extraction methods for different application scenarios were analyzed. HIGHLIGHTS Reported sequential extraction route of biomaterials from sludge.; Sequential extraction enhanced the release of biomaterials.; Appropriate extraction methods for different scenarios are clarified.;

Background: Family Planning aims to regulate childbirth and pregnancy interval by using various contraception methods. Eventhough there is many choice among contraception methods, intramuscular injection is still the most used method. This phenomena happened in Indonesia, nationally and locally in Pekanbaru. The behavior of female users in choosing contraception methods is based on their knowledge and attitude about contraception methods. Objective: This study purpose is to describe female conctraception users behavior in the selection of contraception methods in Pekanbaru city. Methods: Research conducted with descriptive observational study design. Sample size is 400, sample was taken by stratified random sampling technique at 12 primary health centers in the city of Pekanbaru. Results: Results: Results show majority respondents had improper contraception methods selection behavior . Majority respondent is in 30- 39 years age group, with educational attainment high school, and most of them is housewives. Conclusions: Majority female contraception users in Pekanbaru had improper contraception methods selection behavior

Microbial communities have been increasingly studied in recent years to investigate their role in ecological habitats. However, microbiome studies are difficult to reproduce or replicate as they may suffer from confounding factors that are unavoidable in practice and originate from biological, technical or computational sources. In this review, we define batch effects as unwanted variation introduced by confounding factors that are not related to any factors of interest. Computational and analytical methods are required to remove or account for batch effects. However, inherent microbiome data characteristics (e.g. sparse, compositional and multivariate) challenge the development and application of batch effect adjustment methods to either account or correct for batch effects. We present commonly encountered sources of batch effects that we illustrate in several case studies. We discuss the limitations of current methods, which often have assumptions that are not met due to the peculiarities of microbiome data. We provide practical guidelines for assessing the efficiency of the methods based on visual and numerical outputs and a thorough tutorial to reproduce the analyses conducted in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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