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116 results on '"Meteorological Service of Canada"'

1. An analysis of future trends in extreme precipitation events over several Canadian locations

Author

Hanesiak, John (Environment and Geography) Kochtubajda, Bob (Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada), Stewart, Ronald (Environment and Geography), Betancourt, Daniel, Hanesiak, John (Environment and Geography) Kochtubajda, Bob (Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada), Stewart, Ronald (Environment and Geography), and Betancourt, Daniel

Abstract

Trends in precipitation and extreme occurrence were analyzed for five locations across Canada using the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Results from the model’s base simulation were compared to those from a future scenario of increased atmospheric CO2. The climatology of nearby weather stations was used to assess the model’s ability to simulate the present and future climate. Other parameters such as 850 and 500 hPa geopotential associated with the most extreme events were analyzed to infer changes in the mechanisms causing such events. The model underestimates annual precipitation along with extreme occurrence and intensity. A wetter, but more variable climate is projected for most locations. Frequency and intensity of extreme events increases at most locations. Simulated extreme events over western locations were found to be associated with cold lows, while eastern events were linked with moisture transport at 850 hPa. Western events were reproduced accurately, whereas eastern ones were not.

Published
2011

3. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 based composite films by porous conjugated polymer coating of nanoparticles

Author

Y. Song, J. Zhang, L. Yang, S. Cao, H. Yang, L. Jiang, Y. Dan, P. Le Rendu, T.P. Nguyen, Peking University [Beijing], Meteorological Service of Canada, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGIN, City University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong] (CUHK), Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes (EPUN), and Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Composite number, Nanoparticle, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Polyvinyl alcohol, chemistry.chemical_compound, General Materials Science, Thin film, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mechanical Engineering, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, Chemical engineering, 13. Climate action, Mechanics of Materials, Titanium dioxide, Photocatalysis, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, Visible spectrum
Abstract

To improve the photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2), one possible approach consists of extending light absorption to visible range by using conjugated polymers together with TiO2 nanoparticles in order to enhance light harvesting. The use of appropriate polymers would facilitate the charge separation at the contact surface of the materials and hence effectively increases the photocatalytic reaction, allowing a more efficient oxidation of organic pollutants. In this work, we proposed an improved synthesis method for obtaining conjugated polymer/TiO2 composite thin films having a porous morphology, which can potentially increase the contact surface between materials. A polyvinyl alcohol/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) precursor was prepared and deposited as thin films on glass substrates. The films were then thermally treated by a controlled protocol, resulting in the transformation of PVA into a conjugated polymer coating the TiO2 particles. The morphology of the obtained composite films showed a porous aspect indicating that the polymer and the nanoparticles were intimately mixed. Photocatalytic activities of the porous composite films (P-PVA/TiO2) were examined through the degradation processes of a phenol solution under visible light irradiation. The results showed that, by their particular morphology, which increased the polymer-nanoparticle contact surface, P-PVA/TiO2 composites easily and efficiently degraded phenol under visible light.

Published
2016
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4. Prochlorococcus-like populations detected by flow cytometry in the fresh and brackish waters of the Changjiang Estuary

Author

L.H. Zhang, Xu Shang, Jian Zhang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Meteorological Service of Canada, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Environment and Climate Change Canada

Subjects
Cyanobacteria, Aquatic Science, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0303 health sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Brackish water, biology, 030306 microbiology, Estuary, Prochlorophytes, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Synechococcus, Oceanography, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Chlorophyll, 040102 fisheries, biology.protein, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Prochlorococcus, Phycoerythrin
Abstract

Pico-size cells with a red fluorescence signature similar to marine free-living prochlorophytes have been detected by flow cytometry throughout the fresh and brackish waters of the Changjiang Estuary in August 2005. These cells could be discriminated from Synechococcus by their lack of orange (phycoerythrin) fluorescence, from Prochlorococcus by their larger side light scatter, and from picoeukaryotes by their smaller side light scatter and much lower red (chlorophyll) fluorescence. The maximum abundances of these Prochlorococcus-like particles reached 3×104 cells ml-1 in the low salinity zone upriver and declined rapidly seaward. While Synechococcus was scarce and Prochlorococcus vanished in the brackish regions, the Prochlorococcus-like cells overnumbered the picoeukaryotes and became the predominant pico-size auto- fluorescing particles there, implying they might play an important role in this estuarine ecosystem and worthy of further investigation.

Published
2007
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5. Development of the MESH modelling system for hydrological ensemble forecasting of the Laurentian Great Lakes at the regional scale

Author

Bruce Davison, Diana Verseghy, N. Evora, Vincent Fortin, Nicholas Kouwen, P. Pellerin, R. Caldwell, Richard Turcotte, Eric D. Soulis, Alain Pietroniro, C. Neal, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Recherche en Prévision Numérique, Meteorological Research Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrological Applications and Services, Centre d'Expertise Hydrique du Québec (CEHQ), Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du Québec, Hydrometeorology and Arctic Laboratory, Meteorological Service of Canada, Climate Research Division [Toronto], Great Lakes &ndash, St. Lawrence Regulation Office, and Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Québec [Varennes] (IREQ)

Subjects
Watershed, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Technology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, Hydrology (agriculture), Streamflow, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 020701 environmental engineering, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ensemble forecasting, lcsh:T, Testbed, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Earth system science, lcsh:G, Ensemble prediction, Environmental science, Scale (map)
Abstract

Environment Canada has been developing a community environmental modelling system (Modélisation Environmentale Communautaire – MEC), which is designed to facilitate coupling between models focusing on different components of the earth system. The ultimate objective of MEC is to use the coupled models to produce operational forecasts. MESH (MEC – Surface and Hydrology), a configuration of MEC currently under development, is specialized for coupled land-surface and hydrological models. To determine the specific requirements for MESH, its different components were implemented on the Laurentian Great Lakes watershed, situated on the Canada-US border. This experiment showed that MESH can help us better understand the behaviour of different land-surface models, test different schemes for producing ensemble streamflow forecasts, and provide a means of sharing the data, the models and the results with collaborators and end-users. This modelling framework is at the heart of a testbed proposal for the Hydrologic Ensemble Prediction Experiment (HEPEX) which should allow us to make use of the North American Ensemble Forecasting System (NAEFS) to improve streamflow forecasts of the Great Lakes tributaries, and demonstrate how MESH can contribute to a Community Hydrologic Prediction System (CHPS).

Published
2007
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6. The study of the mercury cycle in polar regions: An international study in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard

Author

Ferrari,Christophe, Gauchard,Pierre-Alexis, Magand,Olivier, Aspmo,Katrine, Temme,Christian, Steffen,Alexandra, Berg,Torunn, Strom,Johan, Dommergue,Aurelien, Bahlmann,Enno, Planchon,Frederic, Ebinghaus,Ralf, Banic,Cathy, Nagorski,Sonia, Baussand,Patrick, Amato,Pierre, Fain,Xavier, Hennebelle,Raphaelle, Delort,Anne-Marie, Sancelme,Martine, Cairns,Warren, Barbante,Carlo, Cescon,Paolo, Kaleschke,Lars, Boutron,Claude, and Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement du C.N.R.S./Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement du C.N.R.S./Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environnement du C.N.R.S./Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)/Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre Geesthacht/Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada/Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)/Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM)/Laboratoi

Subjects
mercury, Arctic, deposition, snow, exchanges, accumulation, human activities
Abstract

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic pollutant and it can be strongly accumulated in the food chain, especially in Polar Regions. This paper presents a part of the work that has been on-going for 3-4 years in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard within the frame of an international collaboration. In Ny-Alesund in spring 2003, the atmospheric chemistry of mercury has been studied so as to better understand the formation of oxidized mercury species in the atmosphere that could be deposited onto snow surfaces. The role of snow as a potential source of mercury to the atmosphere or as a sink has also been approached to better understand the behavior of this metal. Chemical and biological processes seem to play a major role in Hg storage in snow. When melting, snow could be a major source of Hg into the various ecosystems and this toxin could therefore be accumulated into the food chain.

Published
2006

7. Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 determined with Match

Author

Martyn P. Chipperfield, Vladimir Yushkov, Markus Rex, David J. Moore, H. Fast, G. A. Millard, Geraint Vaughan, Hideaki Nakane, Esko Kyrö, Geir O. Braathen, Ralph Lehmann, Hans Claude, P. Viatte, Neil R. P. Harris, Signe B. Andersen, E. Moran, J. Davies, H. Dier, Tomohiro Nagai, E. Reimer, H. Deckelmann, Z. Litynska, P. von der Gathen, René Stübi, P. Skrivankova, Michael Gerding, Marc Allaart, C. Parrondo, H. De Backer, M. Streibel, V. Dorokov, Department of Bentho-pelagic processes, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit [Cambridge] (EORCU), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Met. Institute, FU Berlin, University of Leeds, Centre for Atmospheric Science [Cambridge, UK], Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Meteorological Service of Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, RMI, MOL, CAO, Pervomajskaya Street 3, Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik (IAP), Universität Rostock-Leibniz Association, SMO, MWM, Centre of Aerology, Met. Office, Fitzroy Road, IMS, Valentia Observatory, Meteorological Research Institute [Tsukuba] (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), INTA, Czech Hydrometical Institute, Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Department of Physics, University of Wales, SMI, University of Manchester, and School of Earth

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, The arctic, lcsh:Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Climatology, Middle latitudes, Environmental science, Potential temperature, lcsh:Physics, Ozone column, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Match technique was used to determine chemically induced ozone loss inside the stratospheric vortex during the Arctic winter 2002/2003. From end of November 2002, which is the earliest start of a Match campaign ever, until end of March 2003 approximately 800 ozonesondes were launched from 34 stations in the Arctic and mid latitudes. Ozone loss rates were quantified from the beginning of December until mid-March in the vertical region of 400–550 K potential temperature. In accordance with the occurrence of a large area of conditions favourable for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds in December ozone destruction rates varied between 10–15 ppbv/day depending on height. Maximum loss rates around 35 ppbv/day were reached during late January. Afterwards ozone loss rates decreased until mid-March when the final warming of the vortex began. In the period from 2 December 2002 to 16 March 2003 the accumulated ozone loss reduced the partial ozone column of 400–500 K potential temperature by 56±4 DU. This value is in good agreement with that inferred from the empirical relation of ozone loss against the volume of potential polar stratospheric clouds within the northern hemisphere. The sensitivity of the results on recent improvements of the approach has been tested.

Published
2006

8. Closure between measured and modeled cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) using size-resolved aerosol compositions in downtown Toronto

Author

K. Broekhuizen, R. Y.-W. Chang, W. R. Leaitch, S.-M. Li, J. P. D. Abbatt, Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, and Meteorological Service of Canada

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [ SDU.OCEAN ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Chemistry, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:QD1-999, 010401 analytical chemistry, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999, 0104 chemical sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were made in downtown Toronto during August and September, 2003. CCN measurements were performed at 0.58% supersaturation using a thermal-gradient diffusion chamber, whereas the aerosol size distribution and composition were simultaneously measured with a TSI SMPS and APS system and an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS), respectively. Aerosol composition data shows that the particles were predominately organic in nature, in particular for those with a vacuum aerodynamic diameter of predicted/CCNobserved=1.12±0.05. However, several sample days showed distinct bimodal distributions, and a closure analysis was performed after decoupling the two particle modes. This analysis yielded an average value of CCNpredicted/CCNobserved=1.03±0.05. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to determine the aerosol/CCN closure if the organic solubility, droplet surface tension, or chamber supersaturation were varied.

Published
2006

9. Study of the origin of atmospheric mercury depletion events recorded in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, spring 2003

Author

Katrine Aspmo, Torunn Berg, Christophe Ferrari, C. M. Banic, Alexandra Steffen, Pierre-Alexis Gauchard, Claude F. Boutron, Ralf Ebinghaus, Sonia Nagorski, Christian Temme, Lars Kaleschke, Enno Bahlmann, Patrick Baussand, Olivier Magand, Frédéric Planchon, Johan Ström, Aurélien Dommergue, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), GKSS-Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Polytech' Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institute of Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm] (ITM), Stockholm University, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Groupe de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Chimie Atmosphérique (GRECA), UFR de Mécanique et de Physique, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Transport, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric mercury, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Ozone, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ice cloud, Advection, Mercury, Snow, Atmospheric mercury depletion events, eye diseases, Aerosol, Mercury (element), Particles, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, sense organs
Abstract

International audience; An international campaign involving six teams was organized in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, in order to understand better the origin of atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs). Special emphasis was given to determining the source region of the observed events and the physical and chemical processes leading to AMDEs. Five AMDEs were recorded during a one-month field experiment (10 April-10 May, 2003). The different events presented various characteristics, especially in terms of mercury species formation, atmospheric particle variations and meteorological conditions. After careful examination of each event, we postulate that two were probably due to advection of already depleted air masses and three were a product of local or regional chemistry. The roles of different surfaces (frost flowers, snow, ice aerosol in clouds) involved in heterogeneous reactions leading to AMDEs are also discussed. We speculate that ice clouds may explain the particle variations observed during the three more local events.

Published
2005
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10. A revised parameterization for gaseous dry deposition in air-quality models

Author

Jeffrey R. Brook, Leiming Zhang, Robert Vet, Meteorological Service of Canada, and 4905 Dufferin Street

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Canopy, Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Aerodynamics, Atmospheric sciences, complex mixtures, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, Deposition (aerosol physics), lcsh:QD1-999, Environmental science, Relative humidity, Shear velocity, Leaf area index, Current (fluid), Air quality index, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

International audience; A parameterization scheme for calculating gaseous dry deposition velocities in air-quality models is revised based on recent study results on non-stomatal uptake of O3 and SO2 over 5 different vegetation types. Non-stomatal resistance, which includes in-canopy aerodynamic, soil and cuticle resistances, for SO2 and O3 is parameterized as a function of friction velocity, relative humidity, leaf area index, and canopy wetness. Non-stomatal resistance for other chemical species is scaled to those of SO2 and O3 based on their chemical and physical characteristics. Stomatal resistance is calculated using a two-big-leaf stomatal resistance sub-model for all gaseous species of interest. The improvements in the present model compared to its earlier version include a newly developed non-stomatal resistance formulation, a realistic treatment of cuticle and ground resistance in winter, and the handling of seasonally-dependent input parameters. Model evaluation shows that the revised parameterization can provide more realistic deposition velocities for both O3 and SO2, especially for wet canopies. Example model output shows that the parameterization provides reasonable estimates of dry deposition velocities for different gaseous species, land types and diurnal and seasonal variations. Maximum deposition velocities from model output are close to reported measurement values for different land types. The current parameterization can be easily adopted into different air-quality models that require inclusion of dry deposition processes.

Published
2003
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11. Communication System for Persons with Cerebral Palsy In Situ Observation of Social Interaction Following Assisted Information Request

Author

Franck Poirier, Yohan Guerrier, Janick Naveteur, Christophe Kolski, Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 (LAMIH), Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-INSA Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Hauts-de-France (INSA Hauts-De-France), Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, Laboratoire des sciences et techniques de l'information, de la communication et de la connaissance (Lab-STICC), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), and Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-École Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Brest (ENIB)-École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)

Subjects
Response rate (survey), COMMOB, Point (typography), Public place, cerebral palsy (CP), Communication, Applied psychology, Context (language use), Communications system, medicine.disease, Social relation, mobility, Cerebral palsy, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Wheelchair, medicine, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, 030212 general & internal medicine, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], communication aid, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Simulation
Abstract

International audience; People with disabilities may encounter many communication difficulties. Our main goal is to develop a communication system, called COMMOB, designed to assist people with cerebral palsy in different contexts: at home, at work and in public places. After a brief review of the different categories of as-sistive communication systems, our user-centered design approach is presented. It was tested in a public place in the context of a help request by a cerebral palsy person in a wheelchair. The result concerns particularly the response rate. The assistive power of COMMOB was rated from the respondents' and the user's point of view. The main lesson to be learned is that the most difficult was to attract the attention of people and to engage the interaction.

Published
2014
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12. Qualité des modèles : retour d'expériences

Author

Dupuy-Chessa, Sophie, Marçal de Oliveira, Káthia, Si-Said Cherfi, Samira, Ingénierie de l’Interaction Homme-Machine (IIHM), Laboratoire d'Informatique de Grenoble (LIG), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Environment Canada, Meteorological Service of Canada, Centre d'études et de recherche en informatique et communications (CEDRIC), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique pour l'Industrie et l'Entreprise (ENSIIE)-Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] (CNAM)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], retour sur expérience, qualité, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], expérimentation, modèle
Abstract

International audience; Avec la complexification des systèmes d?information (systèmes ubiquitaires, entreprises ouvertes etc.), de nombreux nouveaux langages de modélisation sont proposés. Face à ce développement de langages spécifiques, on peut s?interroger sur la qualité des modèles qui en sont issus. Cet article traite de ce problème en tirant les leçons de nos expériences passées. Elles mettent en évidence les besoins d?outillage automatisé pour l?évaluation de la qualité de modèles, la participation conjointe des différentes parties prenantes dans le processus d?évaluation, et la nécessité d?envisager une véritable ingénierie des langages et des modèles centrée sur l?humain.

Published
2014

13. Application of the CALIOP layer product to evaluate the vertical distribution of aerosols estimated by global models: AeroCom phase I results

Author

Koffi, B., Schulz, M., Breon, F.M., Griesfeller, J., Winker, D., Balkanski, Y., Bauer, S., Berntsen, T., Chin, M.A., Collins, W.D., Dentener, F., Diehl, T., Easter, R., Ghan, S., Ginoux, P., Gong, S.L., Horowitz, L.W., Iversen, T., Kirkevag, A., Koch, D., Krol, M.C., Myhre, G., Stier, P., Takemura, T., JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Department of Geosciences [Tucson], University of Arizona, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Meteorology [Monterey], Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Center for International Climate and Environmental Research [Oslo] (CICERO), University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Physics [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Kyushu University [Fukuoka], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Geosciences [University of Arizona], University of Oxford, and Kyushu University

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, mineral dust, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], WIMEK, Meteorology and Air Quality, goddard-institute, gocart model, general-circulation model, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, emission inventories, optical-properties, north-atlantic, satellite-observations, sun photometer measurements, calipso lidar
Abstract

The CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) layer product is used for a multimodel evaluation of the vertical distribution of aerosols. Annual and seasonal aerosol extinction profiles are analyzed over 13 sub-continental regions representative of industrial, dust, and biomass burning pollution, from CALIOP 2007-2009 observations and from AeroCom (Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models) 2000 simulations. An extinction mean height diagnostic (Z) is defined to quantitatively assess the models' performance. It is calculated over the 0-6 km and 0-10 km altitude ranges by weighting the altitude of each 100 m altitude layer by its aerosol extinction coefficient. The mean extinction profiles derived from CALIOP layer products provide consistent regional and seasonal specificities and a low inter-annual variability. While the outputs from most models are significantly correlated with the observed Z climatologies, some do better than others, and 2 of the 12 models perform particularly well in all seasons. Over industrial and maritime regions, most models show higher Z than observed by CALIOP, whereas over the African and Chinese dust source regions, Z is underestimated during Northern Hemisphere Spring and Summer. The positive model bias in Z is mainly due to an overestimate of the extinction above 6 km. Potential CALIOP and model limitations, and methodological factors that might contribute to the differences are discussed. Copyright 2012 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2012
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14. Simulation of direct radiative forcing of aerosols and their effects on East Asian climate using an interactive AGCM-aerosol coupled system

Author

Xiaoye Zhang, Sunling Gong, Zaizhi Wang, Zhongping Shen, Zhili Wang, Qianxia Liu, Huizheng Che, Laurent Li, Hua Zhang, Xiaodong Wei, Peng Lu, Laboratory for Climate Studies [Beijing] (LCS), Beijing Climate Centre (BCC), China Meteorological Administration (CMA)-China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS), National Climate Center of China Meteorological Administration, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre for Atmosphere Watch and Services [Beijing] (CAWAS), Shanghai Climate Center, Shanghai, China, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Single-scattering albedo, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 010501 environmental sciences, Radiative forcing, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, Monsoon, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Aerosol, Troposphere, Atmosphere, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Climatology, East Asian Monsoon, Environmental science, Precipitation, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; An interactive system coupling the Beijing Climate Center atmospheric general circulation model (BCC_AGCM2. 0. 1) and the Canadian Aerosol Module (CAM) with updated aerosol emission sources was developed to investigate the global distributions of optical properties and direct radiative forcing (DRF) of typical aerosols and their impacts on East Asian climate. The simulated total aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo, and asymmetry parameter were generally consistent with the ground-based measurements. Under all-sky conditions, the simulated global annual mean DRF at the top of the atmosphere was -2. 03 W m-2 for all aerosols including sulfate, organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), dust, and sea salt; the global annual mean DRF was -0. 23 W m-2 for sulfate, BC, and OC aerosols. The sulfate, BC, and OC aerosols led to decreases of 0. 58° and 0. 14 mm day-1 in the JJA means of surface temperature and precipitation rate in East Asia. The differences of land-sea surface temperature and surface pressure were reduced in East Asian monsoon region due to these aerosols, thus leading to the weakening of East Asian summer monsoon. Atmospheric dynamic and thermodynamic were affected due to the three types of aerosol, and the southward motion between 15°N and 30°N in lower troposphere was increased, which slowed down the northward transport of moist air carried by the East Asian summer monsoon, and moreover decreased the summer monsoon precipitation in south and east China. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

Published
2012
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15. Spatial coverage and temporal trends of atmospheric mercury measurements in Polar Regions

Author

Francesca Sprovieri, Steve Brooks, Aurélien Dommergue, Marc Amyot, Christophe Ferrari, Alexandra Steffen, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département de Sciences Biologiques [Montreal], Université de Montréal [Montréal], National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Robert Mason and Nicola Pirrone, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Montréal (UdeM)

Subjects
Gaseous mercury, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Atmospheric mercury, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Snow, 01 natural sciences, eye diseases, The arctic, Mercury (element), Food chain, Geography, Arctic, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Polar, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The discovery of atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) in the Canadian Arctic at Alert in 1995 initiated the intense study of atmospheric Hg processes. Mercury has unique characteristics that include long-range atmospheric transport to regions like the Arctic and the Antarctica, the transformation to more toxic methylmercury compounds and the ability of these compounds to biomagnify in the aquatic food chain. Following the discovery of AMDEs, studies have been conducted throughout Polar Regions where the same phenomenon was observed. Since then, many scientific projects have focused on studying the mechanisms related to AMDEs. Additionally, special attention is paid to the consequences of AMDEs in terms of contamination of Polar Regions because AMDEs rapidly convert atmospheric gaseous mercury into reactive and water-soluble forms that may potentially become bioavailable. Finally, the contribution of this unique reactivity occurring in polar atmospheres to the global budget of atmospheric mercury and the role played by snow and ice surfaces of these regions are important issues. This chapter presents a review of atmospheric measurements conducted both in the Arctic and the Antarctic since 1995 (continuous data). Our current understanding of AMDEs in these regions is presented.

Published
2009
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16. Robust nonlinear canonical correlation analysis: application to seasonal climate forecasting

Author

Alex J. Cannon, William W. Hsieh, EGU, Publication, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences [Vancouver], and University of British Columbia (UBC)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mean squared error, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 01 natural sciences, Correlation, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 010104 statistics & probability, Statistics, 0101 mathematics, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event (probability theory), Mathematics, Artificial neural network, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], lcsh:QC801-809, Function (mathematics), lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, Nonlinear system, 13. Climate action, [PHYS.ASTR.CO] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Canonical correlation, lcsh:Physics, Lead time
Abstract

Robust variants of nonlinear canonical correlation analysis (NLCCA) are introduced to improve performance on datasets with low signal-to-noise ratios, for example those encountered when making seasonal climate forecasts. The neural network model architecture of standard NLCCA is kept intact, but the cost functions used to set the model parameters are replaced with more robust variants. The Pearson product-moment correlation in the double-barreled network is replaced by the biweight midcorrelation, and the mean squared error (mse) in the inverse mapping networks can be replaced by the mean absolute error (mae). Robust variants of NLCCA are demonstrated on a synthetic dataset and are used to forecast sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific Ocean based on the sea level pressure field. Results suggest that adoption of the biweight midcorrelation can lead to improved performance, especially when a strong, common event exists in both predictor/predictand datasets. Replacing the mse by the mae leads to improved performance on the synthetic dataset, but not on the climate dataset except at the longest lead time, which suggests that the appropriate cost function for the inverse mapping networks is more problem dependent.

Published
2008

17. Validation of GOMOS-Envisat vertical profiles of O3, NO2, NO3, and aerosol extinction using balloon-borne instruments and analysis of the retrievals

Author

Bernath, P. F., Mcelroy, C. T., Abrams, M. C., Boone, C. D., Butler, M., Camy-Peyret, C., Carleer, M., Clerbaux, Cathy, Coheur, P.-F., Colin, R., De Cola, P., De Mazière, M., Drummond, J. R., Dufour, D., Evans, W. F. J., Fast, H., Fussen, D., Gilbert, K., Jennings, D. E., Llewellyn, E. J., Lowe, R. P., Mahieu, E., Mcconnell, J. C., Mchugh, M., Mcleod, S. D., Michaud, R., Midwinter, C., Nassar, R., Nichitiu, F., Nowlan, C., Rinsland, C. P., Rochon, Y. J., Rowlands, N., Semeniuk, K., Simon, P., Skelton, R., Sloan, J. J., Soucy, M.-A., Strong, K., Tremblay, P., Turnbull, D., Walker, K. A., Walkty, I., Wardle, D. A., Wehrle, V., Zander, R., Zou, J., Department of Chemistry [Waterloo], University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, FastMetrix Inc., Laboratoire de Physique moléculaire et applications (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NASA Headquarters, Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Peterborough], Trent University, Department of Physics and Astronomy [London, ON], University of Western Ontario (UWO), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering [York University - Toronto] (ESSE), York University [Toronto], GATS Inc., Canadian Space Agency (CSA), NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), EMS Technologies Canada Ltd., ABB Bomem Inc., Département de génie électrique et de génie informatique (GEL-GIF), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Bristol Aerospace Ltd., and the European Space Agency (ESA), the French Space Agency (CNES) and the German Space Agency (DLR)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], stratosphere, Validation, balloon
Abstract

The UV-visible Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument onboard Envisat performs nighttime measurements of ozone, NO2, NO3 and of the aerosol extinction, using the stellar occultation method. We have conducted a validation exercise using various balloon-borne instruments in different geophysical conditions from 2002 to 2006, using GOMOS measurements performed with stars of different magnitudes. GOMOS and balloon-borne vertical columns in the middle stratosphere are in excellent agreement for ozone and NO2. Some discrepancies can appear between GOMOS and balloon-borne vertical profiles for the altitude and the amplitude of the concentration maximum. These discrepancies are randomly distributed, and no bias is detected. The accuracy of individual profiles in the middle stratosphere is 10 % for ozone and 25 % for NO2. On the other hand, the GOMOS NO3 retrieval is difficult and no direct validation can be conducted. The GOMOS aerosol content is also well estimated, but the wavelength dependence can be better estimated if the aerosol retrieval is performed only in the visible domain. We can conclude that the GOMOS operational retrieval algorithm works well and that GOMOS has fully respected its primary objective for the study of the trends of species in the middle stratosphere, using the profiles in a statistical manner. Some individual profiles can be partly inaccurate, in particular in the lower stratosphere. Improvements could be obtained by reprocessing some GOMOS transmissions in case of specific studies in the middle and lower stratosphere when using the individual profiles.

Published
2008
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18. Cloud microphysics and aerosol indirect effects in the global climate model ECHAM5-HAM

Author

J. Zhang, Corinna Hoose, Silvia Kloster, Erich Roeckner, Sylvaine Ferrachat, Ulrike Lohmann, Philip Stier, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering [Pasadena] (ESE), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, and Meteorological Service of Canada

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Cloud cover, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Relative humidity, Emission inventory, 020701 environmental engineering, Sea salt aerosol, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ice crystals, lcsh:QC1-999, Aerosol, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, Liquid water content, Cloud albedo, Environmental science, lcsh:Physics, Caltech Library Services
Abstract

The double-moment cloud microphysics scheme from ECHAM4 that predicts both the mass mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets and ice crystals has been coupled to the size-resolved aerosol scheme ECHAM5-HAM. ECHAM5-HAM predicts the aerosol mass, number concentrations and mixing state. The simulated liquid, ice and total water content and the cloud droplet and ice crystal number concentrations as a function of temperature in stratiform mixed-phase clouds between 0 and −35° C agree much better with aircraft observations in the ECHAM5 simulations. ECHAM5 performs better because more realistic aerosol concentrations are available for cloud droplet nucleation and because the Bergeron-Findeisen process is parameterized as being more efficient. The total anthropogenic aerosol effect includes the direct, semi-direct and indirect effects and is defined as the difference in the top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation between present-day and pre-industrial times. It amounts to −1.9 W m−2 in ECHAM5, when a relative humidity dependent cloud cover scheme and aerosol emissions representative for the years 1750 and 2000 from the AeroCom emission inventory are used. The contribution of the cloud albedo effect amounts to −0.7 W m−2. The total anthropogenic aerosol effect is larger when either a statistical cloud cover scheme or a different aerosol emission inventory are employed because the cloud lifetime effect increases.

Published
2007

19. Possible impacts of climate change on freezing rain in south-central Canada using downscaled future climate scenarios

Author

Qian Li, J. Klaassen, H. Auld, Chad Shouquan Cheng, Guilong Li, Meteorological Service of Canada Branch, and Environment and Climate Change Canada

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0207 environmental engineering, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Disease cluster, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TD1-1066, Hydrometeorology, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, 020701 environmental engineering, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Average Linkage Clustering, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QE1-996.5, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Future climate, Confidence interval, Freezing rain, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:G, 13. Climate action, Climatology, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Downscaling
Abstract

Freezing rain is a major atmospheric hazard in mid-latitude nations of the globe. Among all Canadian hydrometeorological hazards, freezing rain is associated with the highest damage costs per event. Using synoptic weather typing to identify the occurrence of freezing rain events, this study estimates changes in future freezing rain events under future climate scenarios for south-central Canada. Synoptic weather typing consists of principal components analysis, an average linkage clustering procedure (i.e., a hierarchical agglomerative cluster method), and discriminant function analysis (a nonhierarchical method). Meteorological data used in the analysis included hourly surface observations from 15 selected weather stations and six atmospheric levels of six-hourly National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) upper-air reanalysis weather variables for the winter months (November–April) of 1958/59–2000/01. A statistical downscaling method was used to downscale four general circulation model (GCM) scenarios to the selected weather stations. Using downscaled scenarios, discriminant function analysis was used to project the occurrence of future weather types. The within-type frequency of future freezing rain events is assumed to be directly proportional to the change in frequency of future freezing rain-related weather types The results showed that with warming temperatures in a future climate, percentage increases in the occurrence of freezing rain events in the north of the study area are likely to be greater than those in the south. By the 2050s, freezing rain events for the three colder months (December–February) could increase by about 85% (95% confidence interval – CI: ±13%), 60% (95% CI: &plusmn9%), and 40% (95% CI: ±6%) in northern Ontario, eastern Ontario (including Montreal, Quebec), and southern Ontario, respectively. The increase by the 2080s could be even greater: about 135% (95% CI: ±20%), 95% (95% CI: ±13%), and 45% (95% CI: ±9%). For the three warmer months (November, March, April), the percentage increases in future freezing rain events are projected to be much smaller with some areas showing either a decrease or little change in frequency of freezing rain. On average, northern Ontario could experience about 10% (95% CI: ±2%) and 20% (95% CI: ±4%) more freezing rain events by the 2050s and 2080s, respectively. However, future freezing rain events in southern Ontario could decrease about 10% (95% CI: ±3%) and 15% (95% CI: ±5%) by the 2050s and 2080s, respectively. In eastern Ontario (including Montreal, Quebec), the frequency of future freezing rain events is projected to remain the same as it is currently.

Published
2007

20. Circumpolar transport and air-surface exchange of atmospheric mercury at Ny-Ålesund (79° N), Svalbard, spring 2002

Author

Ingvar Wängberg, Folkard Wittrock, A. Urba, Katarina Gårdfeldt, Torunn Berg, John Munthe, Jonas Sommar, Andreas Richter, W.H. Schroeder, Department of Chemistry, University of Gothenburg (GU), IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Ecological Spectroscopy Laboratory, Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), and Environmental Canada: Meteorological Service of Canada

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Gaseous mercury, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Atmospheric mercury, 010501 environmental sciences, Snow, 01 natural sciences, Mercury (element), chemistry, 13. Climate action, Total hg, Environmental chemistry, Particulate mercury, Seawater, Sea level, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; Mercury in different environmental compartments has been measured at Ny-Ålesund (78°54? N, 11°53? E) during an intensive campaign, 17 April to 14 May 2002. Time-resolved speciated determination of mercury in the atmosphere and snow was conducted at the Norwegian research station at the Zeppelin mountain, 474 m above the sea level, and at the Italian research facility Dirigibile Italia, 12 m above the sea level. Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) was present in the range ?3 during the campaign. Three mercury depletion events, identified as periods with decreased TGM concentrations, were observed. At the lower altitude, TGM concentrations following such events were found to exhibit both higher magnitude and larger variability in comparison to results from the Zeppelin station. Oxidised mercury species in air and fall-out with snow as well as mercury attached to particles were also measured and their concentrations were found to be anti-correlated with TGM in air. The strongest modulation was observed for total mercury concentration (Hg-tot) in snow (range 1.5?76.5 ng L?1). Solid evidence for photo-stimulated emissions of Hg0(g) from the snow pack in conjunction to depletion events were obtained from gradient measurements as well as from flux chamber measurements. Steep diurnal concentration variations of Hg0(aq) in surface seawater were also found to concur with changing solar radiation. The concentration of Hg0(aq) in seawater was found to be in the range 12.2?70.4 pg L?1, which corresponds to supersaturation. Hence, the seawater surface constituted a source emitting elemental mercury. The concentrations of the transient mercury forms RGM (Reactive Gaseous Mercury) and PM (Particulate Mercury) respectively and BrO column densities detected using a zenith and off-axis sky viewing DOAS instrument were very low except for a few individual samples during the major depletion event. An evaluation of trajectories for selected events and comparisons with BrO vertical column densities obtained by the GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) instrument aboard the earth remote sensing satellite ESR-2 indicates that the air masses exhibiting low Hg0 concentrations originated from areas with high BrO densities. It was concluded that the observed depletion events at Ny-Ålesund were a results of transport from areas with high photochemical activity around the polar region.

Published
2007

21. Major influence of BrO on the NOx and nitrate budgets in the Arctic spring, inferred from Δ17O(NO3–) measurements during ozone depletion events

Author

Paul B. Shepson, Samuel Morin, Joel Savarino, Slimane Bekki, A. E. Cavender, Jan W. Bottenheim, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Purdue Climate Change Research Center, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Air Quality Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, European Science Foundation (ESF) under the EUROCORES Programme EuroCLIMATE, through contract No. ERAS-CT-2003-980409 of the European Commission., Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Bromine, Ozone, food.ingredient, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Sea salt, Fluorescence spectrometry, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Ozone depletion, Tropospheric ozone depletion events, chemistry.chemical_compound, food, Nitrate, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Environmental context. Ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the Arctic lower atmosphere drive profound changes in the chemistry of nitrogen oxides (NOx) because of the presence of bromine oxide (BrO). These are investigated using the isotopic composition of atmospheric nitrate (NO3–), which is a ubiquitous species formed through the oxidation of nitrogen oxides. Since BrO is speculated to play a key role in the atmospheric chemistry of marine regions and in the free troposphere, our studies contribute to the improvement of the scientific knowledge on this new topic in atmospheric chemistry. Abstract. The triple oxygen isotopic composition of atmospheric inorganic nitrate was measured in samples collected in the Arctic in springtime at Alert, Nunavut and Barrow, Alaska. The isotope anomaly of nitrate (Δ17O = δ17O–0.52δ18O) was used to probe the influence of ozone (O3), bromine oxide (BrO), and peroxy radicals (RO2) in the oxidation of NO to NO2, and to identify the dominant pathway that leads to the production of atmospheric nitrate. Isotopic measurements confirm that the hydrolysis of bromine nitrate (BrONO2) is a major source of nitrate in the context of ozone depletion events (ODEs), when brominated compounds primarily originating from sea salt catalytically destroy boundary layer ozone. They also show a case when BrO is the main oxidant of NO into NO2.

Published
2007
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22. Large upper tropospheric ozone enhancements above midlatitude North America during summer: In situ evidence from the IONS and MOZAIC ozone measurement network

Author

Steven L. Baughcum, N. Spichtinger, Paul J. Wooldridge, Xinrong Ren, Anne M. Thompson, Stuart A. McKeen, Anne E. Perring, Gary A. Morris, Thierry Leblanc, F. J. Schmidlin, Andreas Stohl, Jacquelyn C. Witte, Jennie L. Moody, Beverly J. Johnson, J. F. Meagher, I. S. McDermid, F. J. Fehsenfeld, Ronald C. Cohen, K. E. Pickering, Michael J. Newchurch, C. C. Brown, G. Forbes, Owen R. Cooper, Michael Trainer, S. J. Oltmans, Timothy H. Bertram, Philippe Nédélec, James H. Crawford, David W. Tarasick, William H. Brune, Solène Turquety, John T. Merrill, Guojun Chen, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), PennState Meteorology Department, Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System-Penn State System, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Valparaiso], Valparaiso University, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Department of Chemistry [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of California, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], University of Rhode Island (URI), Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Atmospheric Science [Huntsville], University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), NASA Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Ecology, ESRL Chemical Sciences Division [Boulder] (CSD), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Penn State System, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), University of Virginia [Charlottesville], Technical University of Munich (TUM), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), University of Virginia, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ozone layer, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Mixing ratio, Tropospheric ozone, Stratosphere, NOx, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Ecology, Paleontology, Forestry, Ozone depletion, ozone, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Climatology, transport, Environmental science, lightning
Abstract

[1] The most extensive set of free tropospheric ozone measurements ever compiled across midlatitude North America was measured with daily ozonesondes, commercial aircraft and a lidar at 14 sites during July-August 2004. The model estimated stratospheric ozone was subtracted from all profiles, leaving a tropospheric residual ozone. On average the upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 15 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the more polluted layer between the surface and 2 km above sea level. Lowest ozone values in the upper troposphere were found above the two upwind sites in California. The upper troposphere above midlatitude eastern North America contained 16 ppbv more tropospheric residual ozone than the upper troposphere above three upwind sites, with the greatest enhancement above Houston, Texas, at 24 ppbv. Upper tropospheric CO measurements above east Texas show no statistically significant enhancement compared to west coast measurements, arguing against a strong influence from fresh surface anthropogenic emissions to the upper troposphere above Texas where the ozone enhancement is greatest. Vertical mixing of ozone from the boundary layer to the upper troposphere can only account for 2 ppbv of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America; therefore the remaining 14 ppbv must be the result of in situ ozone production. The transport of NOx tracers from North American anthropogenic, biogenic, biomass burning, and lightning emissions was simulated for the upper troposphere of North America with a particle dispersion model. Additional box model calculations suggest the 24 ppbv ozone enhancement above Houston can be produced over a 10 day period from oxidation reactions of lightning NOx and background mixing ratios of CO and CH4. Overall, we estimate that 69–84% (11–13 ppbv) of the 16 ppbv ozone enhancement above eastern North America is due to in situ ozone production from lightning NOx with the remainder due to transport of ozone from the surface or in situ ozone production from other sources of NOx.

Published
2006
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23. Arctic winter 2005: Implications for stratospheric ozone loss and climate change

Author

J. Davies, Vladimir Yushkov, A. D. Risley, Z. Litynska, M. Gerding, Karl W. Hoppel, Ross J. Salawitch, Christos Zerefos, Geir O. Braathen, M. C. Parrondo, Hans Claude, P. von der Gathen, David J. Moore, Sophie Godin-Beekmann, Beverly J. Johnson, H. De Backer, P. Skrivankova, H. Dier, Hideaki Nakane, Esko Kyrö, René Stübi, Marc Allaart, H. Fast, Richard M. Bevilacqua, P. Viatte, Valery Dorokhov, Barbara Naujokat, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Signe B. Andersen, Neil R. P. Harris, Markus Rex, E. Reimer, H. Deckelmann, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), European Ozone Research Coordinating Unit [Cambridge] (EORCU), University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds, Institut für Meteorologie [Berlin], Freie Universität Berlin, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory - Richard Assmann Observatory (MOL-RAO), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Leibniz-Institut für Atmosphärenphysik (IAP), Universität Rostock-Leibniz Association, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW - PIB), Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Payerne Aerological Station, Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss, Laboratory of Climatology and Atmospheric Environment [Athens] (LACAE), and National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA)

Subjects
Arctic sea ice decline, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Polar meteorology, Climate change, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Atmospheric sciences, Middle atmosphere, 01 natural sciences, Ozone depletion, Arctic geoengineering, Geophysics, Arctic, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Polar vortex, Climatology, Ozone layer, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Stratosphere, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; The Arctic polar vortex exhibited widespread regions of low temperatures during the winter of 2005, resulting in significant ozone depletion by chlorine and bromine species. We show that chemical loss of column ozone (ΔO3) and the volume of Arctic vortex air cold enough to support the existence of polar stratospheric clouds (VPSC) both exceed levels found for any other Arctic winter during the past 40 years. Cold conditions and ozone loss in the lowermost Arctic stratosphere (e.g., between potential temperatures of 360 to 400 K) were particularly unusual compared to previous years. Measurements indicate ΔO3 = 121 +/- 20 DU and that ΔO3 versus VPSC lies along an extension of the compact, near linear relation observed for previous Arctic winters. The maximum value of VPSC during five to ten year intervals exhibits a steady, monotonic increase over the past four decades, indicating that the coldest Arctic winters have become significantly colder, and hence are more conducive to ozone depletion by anthropogenic halogens.

Published
2006
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24. Modeling of biomass smoke injection into the lower stratosphere by a large forest fire (Part I): reference simulation

Author

Meinrat O. Andreae, C. Textor, H. F. Graf, Mike Fromm, Michael Herzog, R. Servranckx, T. Winterrath, G. Luderer, J. Trentmann, Institute for Atmospheric Physics [Mainz] (IPA), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Meteorological Service of Canada, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Geography [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), and Environment and Climate Change Canada

Subjects
Convection, Atmospheric Science, Pyrocumulonimbus cloud, Meteorology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Sensible heat, Atmospheric sciences, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:Chemistry, Troposphere, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Latent heat, Cloud base, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 040101 forestry, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:QD1-999, 13. Climate action, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Tropopause, lcsh:Physics
Abstract

Wildland fires in boreal regions have the potential to initiate deep convection, so-called pyro-convection, due to their release of sensible heat. Under favorable atmospheric conditions, large fires can result in pyro-convection that transports the emissions into the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Here, we present three-dimensional model simulations of the injection of fire emissions into the lower stratosphere by pyro-convection. These model simulations are constrained and evaluated with observations obtained from the Chisholm fire in Alberta, Canada, in 2001. The active tracer high resolution atmospheric model (ATHAM) is initialized with observations obtained by radiosonde. Information on the fire forcing is obtained from ground-based observations of the mass and moisture of the burned fuel. Based on radar observations, the pyro-convection reached an altitude of about 13 km, well above the tropopause, which was located at about 11.2 km. The model simulation yields a similarly strong convection with an overshoot of the convection above the tropopause. The main outflow from the pyro-convection occurs at about 10.6 km, but a significant fraction (about 8%) of the emitted mass of the smoke aerosol is transported above the tropopause. In contrast to regular convection, the region with maximum updraft velocity in the pyro-convection is located close to the surface above the fire. This results in high updraft velocities >10 ms−1 at cloud base. The temperature anomaly in the plume decreases rapidly with height from values above 50 K at the fire to about 5 K at about 3000 m above the fire. While the sensible heat released from the fire is responsible for the initiation of convection in the model, the release of latent heat from condensation and freezing dominates the overall energy budget. Emissions of water vapor from the fire do not significantly contribute to the energy budget of the convection.

Published
2006

25. The Genome of the Sea Urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

Author

Amro Hamdoun, Virginia Brockton, Huyen Dinh, Qiang Tu, Richard O. Hynes, Maria Ina Arnone, Wratko Hlavina, L. Courtney Smith, Mariano A. Loza, David R. Burgess, Matthew P. Hoffman, Florian Raible, Qiu Autumn Yuan, Geoffrey Okwuonu, Mark Y. Tong, Jennifer Hume, Donna Maglott, Manisha Goel, Olivier Fedrigo, Manuel L. Gonzalez-Garay, Celina E. Juliano, Judith Hernandez, Gary M. Wessel, William F. Marzluff, Audrey J. Majeske, Christian Gache, Louise Duloquin, Xingzhi Song, François Lapraz, Fowler J, Alexandre Souvorov, Jared V. Goldstone, Georgia Panopoulou, Sandra Hines, Kyle M. Judkins, Clay Davis, Christine G. Elsik, Paul Kitts, Mariano Loza-Coll, Greg Wray, Taku Hibino, Eric Röttinger, Allison M. Churcher, Annamaria Locascio, Arcady Mushegian, Masashi Kinukawa, Anna Reade, Katherine M. Buckley, I. R. Gibbons, Bert Gold, Aleksandar Milosavljevic, David Epel, Victor D. Vacquier, Ling Ling Pu, Vincenzo Cavalieri, Erin L. Allgood, Lan Zhang, Lynne V. Nazareth, Constantin N. Flytzanis, Ian Bosdet, Yi-Hsien Su, Zeev Pancer, Matthew L. Rowe, Robert C. Angerer, David R. McClay, William H. Klein, Rachel F. Gray, Julian L. Wong, Shunsuke Yaguchi, Robert Bellé, Aaron J. Mackey, Herath Jayantha Gunaratne, Karl Frederik Bergeron, Bruce P. Brandhorst, Greg Murray, Avis H. Cohen, Stephanie Bell, Kristin Tessmar-Raible, Ian K. Townley, Bertrand Cosson, Thomas D. Glenn, Jongmin Nam, Cynthia A. Bradham, Michael Dean, Joseph Chacko, Anthony J. Robertson, Margherita Branno, Valeria Matranga, K. James Durbin, Esther Miranda, Lili Chen, Eran Elhaik, Robert D. Burke, Rita A. Wright, Paola Oliveri, Sandra L. Lee, Gary W. Moy, Alexander E Primus, Shawn S. McCafferty, Cristina Calestani, David A. Garfield, Erica Sodergren, Karen Wilson, Joel Smith, Marco A. Marra, Cynthia Messier, Julia Morales, Kim D. Pruitt, Rachel Thorn, Rachel Gill, John S. Taylor, Mark E. Hahn, Victor Sapojnikov, Meredith Howard-Ashby, Lynne M. Angerer, Maurice R. Elphick, Kathy R. Foltz, Anne Marie Genevière, Justin T. Reese, Blanca E. Galindo, Kim C. Worley, Andrew Leone, Glen Humphrey, Kevin Berney, Olga Ermolaeva, George Miner, David P. Terwilliger, Elly Suk Hen Chow, Lora Lewis, Dan Graur, C. Titus Brown, Gerard Manning, Kevin J. Peterson, Angela Jolivet, Michele K. Anderson, Francesca Rizzo, Ekaterina Voronina, Thierry Lepage, Giorgio Matassi, Antonio Fernandez-Guerra, Mamoru Nomura, Charles A. Whittaker, James R.R. Whittle, James A. Coffman, George M. Weinstock, Mohammed M. Idris, Ashlan M. Musante, Sebastian D. Fugmann, Katherine D. Walton, Sorin Istrail, Shu-Yu Wu, Cerrissa Hamilton, Jonah Cool, Jacqueline E. Schein, Stacey M. Curry, Athula Wikramanayke, Seth Carbonneau, Blair J. Rossetti, Christopher E. Killian, Melissa J. Landrum, Amanda P. Rawson, Jenifer C. Croce, Ryan C. Range, Rahul Satija, John J. Stegeman, Yufeng Shen, Cavit Agca, Terry Gaasterland, Rocky Cheung, Takae Kiyama, Nikki Adams, Jonathan P. Rast, Robert Piotr Olinski, Andrew Cree, Mark Scally, Shuguang Liang, David A. Parker, Rebecca Thomason, Gretchen E. Hofmann, Michelle M. Roux, Ronghui Xu, Robert A. Obar, Enrique Arboleda, Odile Mulner-Lorillon, Shannon Dugan-Rocha, David J. Bottjer, Gabriele Amore, Manoj P. Samanta, Waraporn Tongprasit, Véronique Duboc, La Ronda Jackson, Fred H. Wilt, Viktor Stolc, Anna T. Neill, Michael Raisch, Pei Yun Lee, Jia L. Song, Margaret Morgan, Brian T. Livingston, Sofia Hussain, Zheng Wei, Bryan J. Cole, Tonya F. Severson, Victor V. Solovyev, Finn Hallböök, Donna M. Muzny, Christine A. Byrum, Albert J. Poustka, Xiuqian Mu, Andrew R. Jackson, Shin Heesun, Euan R. Brown, Nansheng Chen, Patrick Cormier, Ralph Haygood, Pedro Martinez, R. Andrew Cameron, D. Wang, Wendy S. Beane, Eric H. Davidson, Christie Kovar, Hemant Kelkar, Charles A. Ettensohn, Sham V. Nair, Robert L. Morris, Stefan C. Materna, Michael C. Thorndyke, Richard A. Gibbs, Dan O Mellott, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University [The State University of New York] ( SBU ), Astronomy Unit ( AU ), Queen Mary University of London ( QMUL ), Urban and Industrial Air Quality Group, CSIRO Energy Technology, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Energy Technology ( CSIRO Energy Technology ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Center for Polymer Studies ( CPS ), Boston University [Boston] ( BU ), Physics Department [Boston] ( BU-Physics ), Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max-Planck-Institut, Department of Biology [Norton], Wheaton College [Norton], Mathematical Institute [Oxford] ( MI ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Centre for the Analysis of Time Series ( CATS ), London School of Economics and Political Science ( LSE ), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility ( Jefferson Lab ), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Théorique Appliquée ( LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine ( UL ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation ( LEGS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [Urbana], Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Portland] ( ECE ), Portland State University [Portland] ( PSU ), Saint-Gobain Crystals [USA], SAINT-GOBAIN, Institute for Animal Health ( IAH ), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] ( CAS ), Ipsen Inc. [Milford] ( Ipsen ), IPSEN, Department of Physics [Berkeley], University of California [Berkeley], Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] ( ICAS ), University of Leeds, Chung-Ang University ( CAU ), Chung-Ang University [Seoul], Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center ( ACE-CRC ), Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics ( AER ), Technische Universität München [München] ( TUM ), Mer et santé ( MS ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Imperial College London, Radio and Atmospheric Sciences Division, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] ( NPL ), International Research Institute for Climate and Society ( IRI ), Earth Institute at Columbia University, Columbia University [New York]-Columbia University [New York], Soils Group, The Macaulay Institute, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge [UK] ( CAM ), School of Biology and Biochemistry, Queen's University, Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation ( PCU ), University of Cape Town, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems/ Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi ( IMM ), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche ( CNR ), Laboratoire d'acoustique de l'université du Mans ( LAUM ), Le Mans Université ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Interactive Systems Labs ( ISL ), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] ( CMU ), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics ( DICP ), Architectures, Languages and Compilers to Harness the End of Moore Years ( ALCHEMY ), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique ( LRI ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ), Clean Air Task Force ( CATF ), Clean Air Task Force, Space Physics Laboratory, Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ), Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion ( CERAG ), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 ( UPMF ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences-Sultan Qaboos University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] ( EMBL ), Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], Department of Radiation Oncology [Michigan] ( Radonc ), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Leicester], University of Leicester, Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes ( IBISC ), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne ( UEVE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung ( IMK ), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie ( KIT ), Physics Department [UNB], University of New Brunswick ( UNB ), Laboratoire Parole et Langage ( LPL ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes ( ISCR ), Université de Rennes 1 ( UR1 ), Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Université de Rennes ( UNIV-RENNES ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées ( INSA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Bioprojet, Laboratoire de Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée ( LMPC ), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), School of Information Engineering [USTB] ( SIE ), University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] ( USTB ), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] ( LASP ), University of Colorado Boulder [Boulder], Department of Applied Mathematics [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield], School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] ( SoMaS ), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 ( LML ), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Computer Science Department [UCLA] ( CSD ), University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] ( UCLA ), Développement et évolution ( DE ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer ( LBDV ), Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain ( LPA ), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris ( FRDPENS ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École normale supérieure - Paris ( ENS Paris ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Mac Gill], McGill University, Departamento de Botánica [Comahue], Universidad nacional del Comahue, Bioénergétique Cellulaire et Pathologique ( BECP ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques ( EPOC ), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers ( OASU ), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut Jacques Monod ( IJM ), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud ( LNS ), National Institute for Nuclear Physics ( INFN ), Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona], Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] ( UAB ), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (coal research), Institute of Oceanology [CAS] ( IOCAS ), National Chiao Tung University ( NCTU ), Department of Hydrology and Water Resources ( HWR ), University of Arizona, Centre for Educational Technology, Environment Department [York], University of York [York, UK], State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology ( SKL-NPT ), Peking University [Beijing], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Iowa City], University of Iowa [Iowa], NASA Ames Research Center ( ARC ), Department of Materials, Digital Language & Knowledge Contents Research Association ( DICORA ), Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Department of Physics [Coventry], University of Warwick [Coventry], Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] ( RAL Space ), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory ( RAL ), Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ) -Science and Technology Facilities Council ( STFC ), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] ( IBCP ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), H M Nautical Almanac Office [RAL] ( HMNAO ), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], University College of London [London] ( UCL ), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine [UCLA], University of California at Los Angeles [Los Angeles] ( UCLA ) -School of Medicine, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] ( SEES ), Seoul National University [Seoul], Department of Chemistry, Seoul Women's University, MicroMachines Centre ( MMC ), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe ( RQMP ), École Polytechnique de Montréal ( EPM ) -Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke]-McGill University-Université de Montréal-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies ( FQRNT ), Département de Physique [Montréal], Université de Montréal, School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] ( SEE ), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Norwegian Institute for Water Research ( NIVA ), Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Astronomy Unit [London] (AU), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Energy Technology (CSIRO Energy Technology), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [Houston], The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Mathematical Institute [Oxford] (MI), University of Oxford, Centre for the Analysis of Time Series (CATS), London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab), Laboratoire Énergies et Mécanique Théorique et Appliquée (LEMTA ), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation (LEGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Illinois System-University of Illinois System, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Portland] (ECE), Portland State University [Portland] (PSU), Saint-Gobain, Institute for Animal Health (IAH), Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Ipsen Inc. [Milford] (Ipsen), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (ICAS), School of Earth and Environment [Leeds] (SEE), University of Leeds-University of Leeds, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Institute of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics (AER), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM), Mer et santé (MS), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Macaulay Institute, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], Leslie Hill Institute for Plant Conservation (PCU), Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi [Catania] (IMM), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans (LAUM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactive Systems Labs (ISL), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Architectures, Languages and Compilers to Harness the End of Moore Years (ALCHEMY), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Clean Air Task Force (CATF), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion (CERAG), Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sultan Qaboos University (SQU)-College of Medicine and Health Sciences [Baylor], Baylor University-Baylor University, European Molecular Biology Laboratory [Heidelberg] (EMBL), University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Department of Radiation Oncology [Michigan] (Radonc), Informatique, Biologie Intégrative et Systèmes Complexes (IBISC), Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), University of New Brunswick (UNB), Laboratoire Parole et Langage (LPL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Matériaux à Porosité Contrôlée (LMPC), Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Information Engineering [USTB] (SIE), University of Science and Technology Beijing [Beijing] (USTB), Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics [Boulder] (LASP), University of Colorado [Boulder], School of Mathematics and Statistics [Sheffield] (SoMaS), Laboratoire de Mécanique de Lille - FRE 3723 (LML), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centrale Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Computer Science Department [UCLA] (CSD), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Développement et évolution (DE), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche sur mer (LBDV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain (LPA), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Mathematics and Statistics [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Departamento de Botánica [Bariloche], Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche [Bariloche] (CRUB), Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA)-Universidad Nacional del Comahue [Neuquén] (UNCOMA), Bioénergétique Cellulaire et Pathologique (BECP), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Jacques Monod (IJM (UMR_7592)), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Departament de Matemàtiques [Barcelona] (UAB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung (Coal Research), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, CAS Institute of Oceanology (IOCAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), National Chiao Tung University (NCTU), Department of Hydrology and Water Resources (HWR), State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology (SKL-NPT), University of Iowa [Iowa City], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Digital Language & Knowledge Contents Research Association (DICORA), Space Science and Technology Department [Didcot] (RAL Space), STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)-Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Institut de biologie et chimie des protéines [Lyon] (IBCP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), H M Nautical Almanac Office [RAL] (HMNAO), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-School of Medicine, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Seoul] (SEES), Seoul National University [Seoul] (SNU), MicroMachines Centre (MMC), Regroupement Québécois sur les Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT), Université de Montréal (UdeM), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), SEA URCHIN GENOME SEQUENCING CONSORTIUM, SODERGREN E, WEINSTOCK GM, DAVIDSON EH, CAMERON RA, GIBBS RA, ANGERER RC, ANGERER LM, ARNONE MI, BURGESS DR, BURKE RD, COFFMAN JA, DEAN M, ELPHICK MR, ETTENSOHN CA, FOLTZ KR, HAMDOUN A, HYNES RO, KLEIN WH, MARZLUFF W, MCCLAY DR, MORRIS RL, MUSHEGIAN A, RAST JP, SMITH LC, THORNDYKE MC, VACQUIER VD, WESSEL GM, WRAY G, ZHANG L, ELSIK CG, ERMOLAEVA O, HLAVINA W, HOFMANN G, KITTS P, LANDRUM MJ, MACKEY AJ, MAGLOTT D, PANOPOULOU G, POUSTKA AJ, PRUITT K, SAPOJNIKOV V, SONG X, SOUVOROV A, SOLOVYEV V, WEI Z, WHITTAKER CA, WORLEY K, DURBIN KJ, SHEN Y, FEDRIGO O, GARFIELD D, HAYGOOD R, PRIMUS A, SATIJA R, SEVERSON T, GONZALEZ-GARAY ML, JACKSON AR, MILOSAVLJEVIC A, TONG M, KILLIAN CE, LIVINGSTON BT, WILT FH, ADAMS N, BELLE R, CARBONNEAU S, CHEUNG R, CORMIER P, COSSON B, CROCE J, FERNANDEZ-GUERRA A, GENEVIERE AM, GOEL M, KELKAR H, MORALES J, MULNER-LORILLON O, ROBERTSON AJ, GOLDSTONE JV, COLE B, EPEL D, GOLD B, HAHN ME, HOWARD-ASHBY M, SCALLY M, STEGEMAN JJ, ALLGOOD EL, COOL J, JUDKINS KM, MCCAFFERTY SS, MUSANTE AM, OBAR RA, RAWSON AP, ROSSETTI BJ, GIBBONS IR, HOFFMAN MP, LEONE A, ISTRAIL S, MATERNA SC, SAMANTA MP, STOLC V, TONGPRASIT W, TU Q, BERGERON KF, BRANDHORST BP, WHITTLE J, BERNEY K, BOTTJER DJ, CALESTANI C, PETERSON K, CHOW E, YUAN QA, ELHAIK E, GRAUR D, REESE JT, BOSDET I, HEESUN S, MARRA MA, SCHEIN J, ANDERSON MK, BROCKTON V, BUCKLEY KM, COHEN AH, FUGMANN SD, HIBINO T, LOZA-COLL M, MAJESKE AJ, MESSIER C, NAIR SV, PANCER Z, TERWILLIGER DP, AGCA C, ARBOLEDA E, CHEN N, CHURCHER AM, HALLBOOK F, HUMPHREY GW, IDRIS MM, KIYAMA T, LIANG S, MELLOTT D, MU X, MURRAY G, OLINSKI RP, RAIBLE F, ROWE M, TAYLOR JS, TESSMAR-RAIBLE K, WANG D, WILSON KH, YAGUCHI S, GAASTERLAND T, GALINDO BE, GUNARATNE HJ, JULIANO C, KINUKAWA M, MOY GW, NEILL AT, NOMURA M, RAISCH M, READE A, ROUX MM, SONG JL, SU YH, TOWNLEY IK, VORONINA E, WONG JL, AMORE G, BRANNO M, BROWN ER, CAVALIERI, V, DUBOC V, DULOQUIN L, FLYTZANIS C, GACHE C, LAPRAZ F, LEPAGE T, LOCASCIO A, MART, University of California-University of California, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Le Mans Université (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), University of California-University of California-School of Medicine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Baylor University, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Medicale (LaTIM), Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Télécom Bretagne-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest), Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi Echelle (MSME), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke University [Durham], Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica y Prevención de Desastres Sísmicos [Granada] (IAGPDS), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Matériaux de Bretagne (LIMATB), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Celera Genomics (CRA), Celera Genomics, Paléobiodiversité et paléoenvironnements, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Unité de recherches forestières (BORDX PIERR UR ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Deptartment of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGPAS-CAS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Nanjing Branch]-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Nanjing Branch], Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences [Toronto], University of Toronto at Scarborough, inconnu temporaire UPEMLV, Inconnu, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Department of Pharmacy, Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe), Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE-POSTECH), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA [Neuchatel] (CSEM), Centre Suisse d'Electronique et Microtechnique SA (CSEM), Human Genome Sequencing Center [Houston] (HGSC), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Meteorological Service of Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Télécom Bretagne-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Brest (CHRU Brest)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherches Forestières, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto [Scarborough, Canada], National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), University of Genoa (UNIGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Laboratoire d'Energétique et de Mécanique Théorique Appliquée (LEMTA ), Technische Universität München [München] (TUM), Queen's University [Kingston], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 (UPMF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona [Barcelona] (UAB), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Université de Sherbrooke [Sherbrooke]-Université de Montréal [Montréal]-McGill University-Fonds Québécois de Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies (FQRNT), Université de Montréal [Montréal], U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut Brestois du Numérique et des Mathématiques (IBNM), Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Brest (UBO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Male, MESH: Signal Transduction, MESH: Sequence Analysis, DNA, MESH : Transcription Factors, MESH : Calcification, Physiologic, Genome, MESH : Proteins, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH : Embryonic Development, MESH: Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Innate, MESH: Embryonic Development, Developmental, Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, MESH: Animals, MESH: Proteins, [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, Complement Activation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, MESH : Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, Multidisciplinary, biology, Medicine (all), MESH: Immunologic Factors, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Genome project, MESH: Transcription Factors, MESH : Immunity, Innate, MESH : Complement Activation, MESH: Genes, Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)DeuterostomesStrongylocentrotus purpuratusVertebrate innovations, Echinoderm, MESH : Nervous System Physiological Phenomena, embryonic structures, MESH: Cell Adhesion Molecules, MESH : Genes, MESH: Immunity, Innate, Sequence Analysis, Signal Transduction, MESH: Computational Biology, Genome evolution, MESH: Complement Activation, Sequence analysis, Evolution, MESH: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, MESH : Male, Embryonic Development, MESH : Immunologic Factors, Article, MESH: Calcification, Physiologic, Calcification, MESH : Cell Adhesion Molecules, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Calcification, Physiologic, Animals, Immunologic Factors, MESH: Genome, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH : Evolution, Molecular, Physiologic, Gene, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, [ SDV.BBM ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH : Signal Transduction, Bacterial artificial chromosome, Immunity, Molecular, Computational Biology, Proteins, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Genes, Immunity, Innate, Transcription Factors, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Male, Gene Expression Regulation, MESH : Animals, MESH : Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, MESH : Genome, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, MESH : Computational Biology, MESH : Sequence Analysis, DNA
Abstract

We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus , a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.

Published
2006
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26. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY atmospheric CO2 retrieved using (FSI) WFM-DOAS to ground based FTIR data and the TM3 chemistry transport model

Author

Barkley, M. P., Paul Monks, Frieß, U., Mittermeier, R. L., Fast, H., Körner, S., Heimann, M., Earth Observation Science Group [Leicester] (EOS), Space Research Centre [Leicester], University of Leicester-University of Leicester, Department of Chemistry, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), and Max-Planck-Gesellschaft

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

Atmospheric CO2 concentrations, retrieved from spectral measurements made in the near infrared (NIR) by the SCIAMACHY instrument, using Full Spectral Initiation Weighting Function Modified Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (FSI WFM-DOAS), are compared to ground based Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) data and to the output from a global chemistry-transport model. Analysis of the FSI WFM-DOAS retrievals with respect to the ground based FTIR instrument, located at Egbert, Canada, show good agreement with an average negative bias of approximately -4.0% with a standard deviation of similar to 3.0%. This bias which exhibits an apparent seasonal trend, is of unknown origin, though slight differences between the averaging kernels of the instruments and the limited temporal coverage of the FTIR data may be the cause. The relative scatter of the retrieved vertical column densities is larger than the spread of the FTIR measurements. Normalizing the CO2 columns using the surface pressure does not affect the magnitude of this bias although it slightly decreases the scatter of the FSI data. Comparisons of the FSI retrievals to the TM3 global chemistry-transport model, performed over four selected Northern Hemisphere scenes show reasonable agreement. The correlation, between the time series of the SCIAMACHY and model monthly scene averages, are similar to 0.7 or greater, demonstrating the ability of SCIAMACHY to detect seasonal changes in the CO2 distribution. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle, peak to peak, observed by SCIAMACHY however, is larger by a factor of 2-3 with respect to the model, which cannot be explained. The yearly means detected by SCIAMACHY are within 2% of those of the model with the mean difference between the CO2 distributions also approximately 2.0%. Additionally, analysis of the retrieved CO2 distributions reveals structure not evident in the model fields which correlates well with land classification type. From these comparisons, it is estimated that the overall bias of the CO2 columns retrieved by the FSI algorithm is < 4.0% with the precision of monthly 1 degrees x1 degrees gridded data close to 1.0%. [References: 41]

Published
2006

27. Isotopic constraints on non-photochemical sulfate production in the Arctic winter

Author

J. R. McCabe, Becky Alexander, Sunling Gong, Mark H. Thiemens, Joel Savarino, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Ozone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, 01 natural sciences, Oxygen, Stable isotope geochemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biogeochemical cycles processes and modeling, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, Sulfate, Hydrogen peroxide, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Aerosols, 010401 analytical chemistry, Ozone depletion, 0104 chemical sciences, Aerosol, Geophysics, Particles, chemistry, Arctic, 13. Climate action, Isotope geochemistry, Environmental chemistry, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract

International audience; The oxygen isotopic composition (Δ17O) of non-seasalt sulfate (NSS) aerosol was measured in samples from Alert, Canada over one year (July 1999–June 2000) and used to quantify the S(IV) oxidants. Measurements of Δ17O in NSS are used to evaluate the relative contributions of O3, H2O2, and OH oxidation leading to the formation of SO4 2− compared to a model of Feichter et al. (1996). The isotopic values suggest that there is a twofold overestimate of ozone oxidation in the model during winter. The isotopic composition is consistent with 10 to 18% contribution from a non-photochemical oxidation pathway, likely Fe3+/Mn2+-catalyzed O2 oxidation, during the dark Arctic winter. Isotopic evidence also invokes a 3 to 10% contribution of a mass dependent oxidant during springtime Arctic ozone depletion events.

Published
2006
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28. Comparisons between SCIAMACHY and ground-based FTIR data for total columns of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O

Author

Dils, B., De Mazière, M., Blumenstock, T., Buchwitz, M., De Beek, R., Demoulin, P., Duchatelet, P., Fast, H., Frankenberg, C., Gloudemans, A., Griffith, D., Jones, N., Kerzenmacher, T., Kramer, I., Mahieu, E., Mellqvist, J., Mittermeier, R. L., Notholt, J., Rinsland, C. P., Schrijver, H., Smale, D., Strandberg, A., Straume, A. G., Stremme, W., Strong, K., Sussmann, R., Taylor, James, Van Den Broek, M., Wagner, T., Warneke, T., Wiacek, A., Wood, S., Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), University of Wollongong [Australia], University of Toronto, Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], NASA Headquarters, and SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere
Abstract

International audience; Total column amounts of CO, CH4, CO2 and N2O retrieved from SCIAMACHY nadir observations in its near-infrared channels have been compared to data from a ground-based quasi-global network of Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. The SCIAMACHY data considered here have been produced by three different retrieval algorithms, WFM-DOAS (version 0.4, 0.41 for CH4), IMAP-DOAS (version 0.9) and IMLM (version 5.5) and cover the January to December 2003 time period. Comparisons have been made for individual data, as well as for monthly averages. To maximize the number of reliable coincidences that satisfy the temporal and spatial collocation criteria, the SCIAMACHY data have been compared with a temporal 3rd order polynomial interpolation of the ground-based data. Particular attention has been given to the question whether SCIAMACHY observes correctly the seasonal and latitudinal variability of the target species. The ensemble of comparisons, discussed in this paper, demonstrate the capability of SCIAMACHY, using any of the three algorithms, to deliver products for the target species under consideration, which are already useful for qualitative geophysical studies on a global scale. It is expected that the remaining uncertainties in the data products will decrease in future versions of the algorithm to also allow more quantitative investigations on a regional scale.

Published
2005

29. Comparison of ecosystem water-use efficiency among douglas fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques

Author

Ponton, Stéphane, Flanagan, Lawrence, Alstad, Karrin, Johnson, Bruce, Morgenstern, Kai, Kljun, Natascha, Black, Andrew, Barr, Alan, ProdInra, Migration, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University of British Columbia (UBC), Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich] (IAC), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Meteorological Service of Canada, and Biometeorology and Soil Physics Group

Subjects
STABLE ISOTOPES, GRASSLAND, CARBON CYCLING, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], EDDY COVARIANCE, WATER USE EFFICIENCY, DOUGLAS, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], BOREAL FOREST, PLANT ECOLOGY, PEUPLIER, CONIFER FOREST, EFFICACITE UTILISATION EAU
Abstract

International audience; Comparisons were made among Douglas-fir forest, aspen (broad leaf deciduous) forest and wheatgrass (C3) grassland for ecosystem-level water-use efficiency (WUE). WUE was defined as the ratio of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate and evapotranspiration (ET) rate. The ET data measured by eddy covariance were screened so that they overwhelmingly represented transpiration. The three sites used in this comparison spanned a range of vegetation (plant functional) types and environmental conditions within western Canada. When compared in the relative order Douglas-fir (located on Vancouver Island, BC), aspen (northern Saskatchewan), grassland (southern Alberta), the sites demonstrated a progressive decline in precipitation and a general increase in maximum air temperature and atmospheric saturation deficit (Dmax) during the mid-summer. The average (±SD) WUE at the grassland site was 2.6±0.7 mmol mol-1, which was much lower than the average values observed for the two other sites (aspen: 5.4±2.3, Douglas-fir: 8.1±2.4). The differences in WUE among sites were primarily because of variation in ET. The highest maximum ET rates were approximately 5, 3.2 and 2.7 mm day-1 for the grassland, aspen and Douglas-fir sites, respectively. There was a strong negative correlation between WUE and Dmax for all sites. We also made seasonal measurements of the carbon isotope ratio of ecosystem respired CO2 (δR) in order to test for the expected correlation between shifts in environmental conditions and changes to the ecosystem-integrated ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (ci/ca). There was a consistent increase in δR values in the grassland, aspen forest and Douglas-fir forest associated with a seasonal reduction in soil moisture. Comparisons were made between WUE measured using eddy covariance with that calculated based on D and δR measurements. There was excellent agreement between WUE values calculated using the two techniques. Our δR measurements indicated that ci/ca values were quite similar among the Douglas-fir, aspen and grassland sites, despite large variation in environmental conditions among sites. This implied that the shorter-lived grass species had relatively high ci/ca values for the D of their habitat. By contrast, the longer-lived Douglas-fir trees were more conservative in water-use with lower ci/ca values relative to their habitat D. This illustrates the interaction between biological and environmental characteristics influencing ecosystem-level WUE. The strong correlation we observed between the two independent measurements of WUE, indicates that the stable isotope composition of respired CO2 is a useful ecosystem-scale tool to help study constraints to photosynthesis and acclimation of ecosystems to environmental stress.

Published
2005
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30. Measuring and Analysing the directional spectrum of ocean waves

Author

Barstow, Stephen F., Bidlot, Jean-Raymond, Caires, Sofia, Donelan, Mark A., Drennan, William M., Dupuis, Hélène, Graber, Hans C., Green, J. Jim, Gronlie, Oistein, Guérin, Christine, Gurgel, Klaus-Werner, Günther, Heinz, Hauser, Danièle, Hayes, Kenneth, Hessner, Katrin, Hoja, Danielle, Icard, Delphine, Kahma, Kimmo K., Keller, William C., Krogstad, Harald E., Lefevre, Jean-Michel, Lehner, Susanne, Magnusson, Anne Karin, Monbaliu, Jaak, Nieto Borge, Jose Carlos, Pettersson, Heidi, Plant, William J., Quentin, Céline Gwenaëlle, Reichert, Konstanze, Reistad, Magnar, Rosenthal, Wolfgang, Saetra, Oyvind, Schulz-Stellenfleth, Johannes, Walsh, Edward J., Weill, Alain, Wolf, Judith, Wright, C. Wayne, Wyatt, Lucy R., Fugro Oceanor AS, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Sheffield Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Applied Mathematics [Sheffield], University of Sheffield [Sheffield]-University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), MIROS, MIROS Company, Centre d'étude des environnements terrestre et planétaires (CETP), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut für Meereskunde [Hamburg], Universität Hamburg (UHH), Institut für Küstenforschung / Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Applied Physics Laboratory [Seattle] (APL-UW), University of Washington [Seattle], OceanWaveS GmbH, DLR Institut für Methodik der Fernerkundung / DLR Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt [Oberpfaffenhofen-Wessling] (DLR), Finnish Institute of Marine Research (FIMR), Norwegian University of Science and Technology [Trondheim] (NTNU), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Groupe d'étude de l'atmosphère météorologique (CNRM-GAME), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Meteorological Institute [Oslo] (MET), katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Hydraulics laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory (POL), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), D. Hauser, K. Kahma, H. Krogstad, S. Monbaliu, S. Lehner et L. Wyatt, COST Action 714, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract

Daniele HAUSER editeur scientifique du document et egalement auteur de chapitres du document souhaite deposer le document sur HAL L' Office des publications de l'Union européenne et COST Office ont ete contactes pour obtenir l'autorisation de deposer le fichier pdf du document sur le site HAL Reponse de l'Office des publications de l'UE : Selon la notice légale du site EU Bookshop: Sauf dispositions contraires, le téléchargement et la reproduction des publications mises à disposition sur le site EU Bookshop sont autorisés pour un usage privé ou à des fins de rediffusion, commerciale ou non, sous réserve: de vérification par vos soins de la déclaration concernant les droits d'auteur figurant dans la version PDF des publications concernées; de faire clairement mention: des droits détenus par la ou les personnes indiquées dans la version PDF des publications concernées, de la source: EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu). L'autorisation dont il est question ci-dessus ne concerne pas les documents textuels ou artistiques (dessins, photos, fichiers audio ou vidéo, etc.) publiés sur le site et dont les droits d'auteur sont détenus par des tiers. Dans de telles circonstances, l'autorisation de reproduire ces documents devra être obtenue auprès du ou des titulaires des droits d'auteur. La publication que vous souhaitez reproduire, localisée sur le lien http://bookshop.europa.eu/is-bin/INTERSHOP.enfinity/WFS/EU-Bookshop-Site/en_GB/-/EUR/ViewPublication-Start?PublicationKey=QSNA21367, contient, comme le mentionne la notice copyright sur la version PDF du document, du matériel tiers n'appartenant pas à l'Union europénne. Il vous appartiendra donc d'obtenir l'autorisation des titulaires des droits d'auteur afin de pouvoir la déposer sur le serveur. Afin de mieux cerner le matériel tiers en question, nous vous conseillons de contacter le service auteur de la publication, COST, dont vous trouverez les données ci-dessous: COST Office Avenue Louise 149 1050 Brussels Belgium Tel. +32 2 533 38 00 Fax +32 2 533 38 90 office@cost.eu>> Et COST office contacte repond: En ce qui concerne ce livre vous devrez vous adresser à l'office de publication de l'union Européenne.; Part I covers the theory of directional spectra of ocean waves, the methods and instruments to measure it, techniques for the statistical intercomparison of directional wave data, and spectral wave modelling. The technical editor for Part I was H. E. Krogstad, who has also written much of it. Part II, with J. Monbaliu as the technical editor, covers intercomparison studies between the various types of wave measurement techniques.

Published
2005

31. Impact of Fraserdale CO 2 observations on annual flux inversion of the North American boreal region

Author

Yuen, C.-W., Higuchi, K., Baker, D., Bousquet, P, Bruhwiler, L., Chen, Y.-H., Ciais, P., Denning, A. S., Fan, S., Fung, L., Gloor, M., Gurney, K. R., Heimann, M., John, J., Law, R. M., Maki, T, Maksyutov, S., Pak, B., Peylin, P., Prather, M., Rayner, P., Sarmiento, J, Taguchi, S., Takahashi, T., Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
carbon flux, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, carbon dioxide, boreal forest, [SDU.STU.ME]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Meteorology, monitoring system
Abstract

International audience; In TransCom-3 (Level 1), atmospheric CO 2 measurements from 76 monitoring stations for the period 1992-1996 and 16 atmospheric transport models were used to constrain annual mean CO 2 fluxes over 11 land and 11 ocean regions. The tower measurements of atmospheric CO 2 from Fraserdale, a continental site in northern Ontario, Canada are now available and processed for use in the TransCom-3 inverse modelling framework. In this short study, we show that by including this set of continental CO 2 data, the estimated flux for the North American boreal region becomes nearly zero, a reduction of about 0.26 Pg C yr −1 from the previous estimate. The uncertainty of the estimated flux for this region is also reduced by ∼30%. All transport models show negative changes for boreal North America, with the strongest responses (∼ −0.5 Pg C yr −1) shown by NIRE, NIES, CSU and SKYHI. Furthermore, models showing a strong response in boreal North America tend to show strong sensitivity in middle-and high-latitude Asian regions.

Published
2005
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32. Snow-to-air exchanges of mercury in an Arctic seasonal snow pack in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

Author

Katrine Aspmo, Christophe Ferrari, Sonia Nagorski, Alexandra Steffen, C. M. Banic, Olivier Magand, Claude F. Boutron, Christian Temme, Pierre-Alexis Gauchard, Ralf Ebinghaus, Enno Bahlmann, Aurélien Dommergue, Frédéric Planchon, Torunn Berg, Paolo Cescon, Carlo Barbante, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Polytech' Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Department of Chemistry [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), GKSS-Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], UFR de Mécanique et de Physique, French Polar Institute I.P.E.V. [Institut Paul-Emile Victor, program CHIMERPOL 399], the A.D.E.M.E. (Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie, Programme 0162020), French Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, CNRS, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Quasi-liquid layer, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Flux, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, Permafrost, 01 natural sciences, Troposphere, Snow, Incorporation, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Snow grains, Production, Exchange, Mercury, Mercury (element), Arctic, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Snowmelt, Climatology, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; The study of mercury (Hg) cycle in Arctic regions is a major subject of concern due to the dramatic increases of Hg concentrations in ecosystem in the last few decades. The causes of such increases are still in debate, and an important way to improve our knowledge on the subject is to study the exchanges of Hg between atmosphere and snow during springtime. We organized an international study from 10 April to 10 May 2003 in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, in order to assess these fluxes through measurements and derived calculations. Snow-to-air emission fluxes of Hg were measured using the flux chamber technique between 0 and 50 ng m−2 h−1. A peak in Gaseous Elemental Mercury (GEM) emission flux from the snow to the atmosphere has been measured just few hours after an Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Event (AMDE) recorded on 22 April 2004. Surprisingly, this peak in GEM emitted after this AMDE did not correspond to any increase in Hg concentration in snow surface. A peak in GEM flux after an AMDE was observed only for this single event but not for the four other AMDEs recorded during this spring period. In the snow pack which is seasonal and about 40 cm depth above permafrost, Hg is involved in both production and incorporation processes. The incorporation was evaluated to 5-40 pg m2 h. Outside of AMDE periods, Hg flux from the snow surface to the atmosphere was the consequence of GEM production in the air of snow and was about 15-50 ng m−2 h−1, with a contribution of deeper snow layers evaluated to 0.3-6.5 ng m−2 h−1. The major part of GEM production is then mainly a surface phenomenon. The internal production of GEM was largely increasing when snow temperatures were close to melting, indicating a chemical process occurring in the quasi-liquid layer at the surface of snow grains.

Published
2005
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33. A high time resolution study of boundary layer ozone chemistry and dynamics over the Arctic Ocean near Alert, Nunavut

Author

S. Morin, G. Hönninger, Jan W. Bottenheim, Ralf M. Staebler, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Geophysical Institute [Fairbanks], University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), and Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Ozone, Bromine, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Wind speed, law.invention, Troposphere, chemistry.chemical_compound, Boundary layer, Geophysics, chemistry, 13. Climate action, law, Climatology, Ozone layer, Radiosonde, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, [SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, Weather map, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

International audience; During the field campaign “Out On The Ice” (OOTI) in the spring of 2004 at Alert, Nunavut (N82°30′, W62°19′) an event occurred where surface ozone (O3) and reactive bromine species in the boundary layer showed dramatic changes on a timescale of minutes and a spatial scale of a few kilometers. In apparent direct response to changes in surface wind speed and direction, surface O3 mole fractions of >30 nmol.mol−1 replaced stable, O3 depleted boundary layer conditions for about 5 hours. High time resolved (seconds to minutes) chemical and meteorological observations on the ice and on land, as well as synoptic weather maps and routine radiosonde data are used to constrain the unfolding of the event. It is hypothesized that the bromine oxide (BrO) distribution in the troposphere over the frozen ocean features a maximum in a narrow transition layer that separates the boundary layer from free tropospheric air above.

Published
2005
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34. Ultra-violet absorption cross sections of isotopically substituted nitrous oxide species: 14N14NO, 15N14NO, 14N15NO and 15N15NO

Author

Hessberg, P., Kaiser, J., Enghoff, M. B., Chris McLinden, Sorensen, S. L., Röckmann, T., Johnson, M. S., Department of Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, and Synchrotron Radiation Research

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, TheoryofComputation_ANALYSISOFALGORITHMSANDPROBLEMCOMPLEXITY
Abstract

International audience; The isotopically substituted nitrous oxide species 14N14NO, 15N14NO, 14N15NO and 15N15NO were investigated by ultra-violet (UV) absorption spectroscopy. High precision cross sections were obtained for the wavelength range 181 to 218nm at temperatures of 233 and 283K. These data are used to calculate photolytic isotopic fractionation constants as a function of wavelength. The fractionation constants were used in a three-dimensional chemical transport model in order to simulate the actual fractionation of N2O in the stratosphere, and the results were found to be in good agreement with field studies.

Published
2004

35. Non-coincident inter-instrument comparisons of ozone measurements using quasi-conservative coordinates

Author

D. Moore, Hans Claude, Z. Litynska, H. Debacker, Marta A. Fenn, Michael Gerding, Carolyn F. Butler, P. von der Gathen, Signe B. Andersen, Paul A. Newman, E. Kivi, J. Davies, Laurence Twigg, Esko Kyrö, P. Skrivankova, A. Benesova, I. Zaitcev, William B. Grant, Edward V. Browell, Valery Dorokhov, T. J. McGee, L. R. Lait, Manuel Gil, Richard M. Bevilacqua, Geir O. Braathen, Mark R. Schoeberl, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Lanham] (SSAI), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NASA Headquarters, SUNARC, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), Meteorological Service of Canada, Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute (IMGW - PIB), U. K. Meteorological Office, and Leibniz-Institute of Atmospheric Physics (AIP)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Atmospheric Science, Ozone, lcsh:QC1-999, lcsh:Chemistry, Dial, chemistry.chemical_compound, Altitude, lcsh:QD1-999, chemistry, Coincident, Range (statistics), Environmental science, Positive bias, Coordinate space, lcsh:Physics, Remote sensing
Abstract

Ozone measurements from ozonesondes, AROTAL, DIAL, and POAM III instruments during the SOLVE-2/VINTERSOL period are composited in a time-varying, flow-following quasi-conservative (PV-θ) coordinate space; the resulting composites from each instrument are mapped onto the other instruments' locations and times. The mapped data are then used to intercompare data from the different instruments. Overall, the four ozone data sets are found to be in good agreement. AROTAL shows somewhat lower values below 16 km, and DIAL has a positive bias at the upper limits of its altitude range. These intercomparisons are consistent with those obtained from more conventional near-coincident profiles, where available. Although the PV-θ mapping technique entails larger uncertainties of individual profile differences compared to direct near-coincident comparisons, the ability to include much larger numbers of comparisons can make this technique advantageous.

Published
2004
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36. Pole-to-pole validation of Envisat GOMOS ozone profiles using data from ground-based and balloon sonde measurements

Author

Meijer, Y.J., Swart, D.P.J., Allaart, M., Andersen, S.B., Bodeker, G., Boyd, I., Braathen, G., Calisesi, Y., Claude, H., Dorokhov, V., Gathen, von der, P., Gil, M., Godin-Beekmann, S., Goutail, F., Hansen, G., Karpetchko, A., Keckhut, P., Kelder, H.M., Koelemeijer, R.B.A., Kois, B., Koopman, R.M., Kopp, G., Lambert, J.-C., Leblanc, T., McDermid, I.S., Pal, S., Schets, H., Stübi, R., Suortti, T., Visconti, G., Yela, M., National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (NIPHE), Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Auckland] (NIWA), Department of Astronomy [Amherst], University of Massachusetts [Amherst] (UMass Amherst), University of Massachusetts System (UMASS)-University of Massachusetts System (UMASS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Institute of Applied Physics [Bern] (IAP), University of Bern, Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), Central Aerological Observatory (CAO), Russian Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring (Roshydromet), Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW-PIB), Earth Observation Programmes Directorate [Frascati], Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung - Atmosphärische Umweltforschung (IMK-IFU), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy / Institut d'Aéronomie Spatiale de Belgique (BIRA-IASB), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institut Royal Météorologique de Belgique [Bruxelles] - Royal Meteorological Institute (IRM), University of L'Aquila [Italy] (UNIVAQ), and Fluids and Flows

Subjects
remote sensing, Envisat, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], stratosphere, ozone profile, Earth Science, GOMOS
Abstract

International audience; In March 2002 the European Space Agency (ESA) launched the polar-orbiting environmental satellite Envisat. One of its nine instruments is the Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars (GOMOS) instrument, which is a medium-resolution stellar occultation spectrometer measuring vertical profiles of ozone. In the first year after launch a large group of scientists performed additional measurements and validation activities to assess the quality of Envisat observations. In this paper, we present validation results of GOMOS ozone profiles from comparisons to microwave radiometer, balloon ozonesonde, and lidar measurements worldwide. Thirty-one instruments/launch sites at twenty-five stations ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic joined in this activity. We identified 6747 collocated observations that were performed within an 800-km radius and a maximum 20-hour time difference of a satellite observation, for the period between 1 July 2002 and 1 April 2003. The GOMOS data analyzed here have been generated with a prototype processor that corresponds to version 4.02 of the operational GOMOS processor. The GOMOS data initially contained many obviously unrealistic values, most of which were successfully removed by imposing data quality criteria. Analyzing the effect of these criteria indicated, among other things, that for some specific stars, only less than 10% of their occultations yield an acceptable profile. The total number of useful collocated observations was reduced to 2502 because of GOMOS data unavailability, the imposed data quality criteria, and lack of altitude overlap. These collocated profiles were compared, and the results were analyzed for possible dependencies on several geophysical (e.g., latitude) and GOMOS observational (e.g., star characteristics) parameters. We find that GOMOS data quality is strongly dependent on the illumination of the limb through which the star is observed. Data measured under bright limb conditions, and to a certain extent also in twilight limb, should be used with caution, as their usability is doubtful. In dark limb the GOMOS data agree very well with the correlative data, and between 14- and 64-km altitude their differences only show a small (2.5-7.5%) insignificant negative bias with a standard deviation of 11-16% (19-63 km). This conclusion was demonstrated to be independent of the star temperature and magnitude and the latitudinal region of the GOMOS observation, with the exception of a slightly larger bias in the polar regions at altitudes between 35 and 45 km.

Published
2004
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37. Long-term trends of the black carbon concentrations in the Canadian Arctic

Author

Sunling Gong, D. Lavoué, Sangeeta Sharma, Leonard A. Barrie, Hélène Cachier, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Arctic haze, Atmospheric Science, Haze, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Atmospheric sciences, black carbon, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Arctic, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, emissions, Paleontology, Forestry, Radiative forcing, Seasonality, Snow, medicine.disease, Aerosol, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Environmental science, Physical geography, geographic locations
Abstract

International audience; During the winter and spring the North American Arctic is impacted by anthropogenic black carbon (BC) in ''Arctic Haze'' pollution from sources mainly located in Europe and Russia. This black carbon, while suspended in the atmosphere and in surface snow, has a significant effect on radiative forcing of the Arctic atmosphere. Routine ground-level observations of aerosol black carbon by optical absorption have been made at a Canadian Arctic location, Alert (82.5°N, 62.5°W), Nunavut since 1989. A 3-year intensive study was conducted to compare BC obtained by the thermal analysis and optical absorption methods, so that the seasonal variations in the ''operational'' absorption cross sections of the aerosol could be determined. A time series analysis indicated that black carbon concentrations undergo a strong seasonal variation superimposed upon a long-term trend. The latter shows a decrease of about 55% in BC concentrations between 1989 and 2002 at Alert. Factors responsible for these trends such as changes in emissions and atmospheric transport support the hypothesis that BC emissions from the former USSR are mostly responsible for the observed decreasing trend. Transport from other sectors such as North America and Europe are not as prevalent at Alert.

Published
2004
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38. Seasonal variation in carbon isotope discrimination among ecosystems in the Fluxnet-Canada network

Author

Ponton, Stéphane, Alstad, K.P., Johnson, B.G., Morgenstern, K., Kljun, N., Black, T.A., Barr, A.G., Flanagan, L.B., ProdInra, Migration, Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), University of Lethbridge, University of British Columbia (UBC), and Meteorological Service of Canada

Subjects
CARBON, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, FLUXNET, ISOTOPE, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2004

39. Air-Density and Temperature Profiles

Author

Marchand, Stéphane, Keckhut, Philippe, Fricke, K. H., Blum, U., Schets, H., Pal, S., Wardle, D., Cuomo, V., Pappalardo, G., Hauchecorne, Alain, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisches Institut [Bonn], Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Science and Art Innovation Inc., Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale (IMAA), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Potenza] (CNR), and ESA

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract

International audience; Lidar system and radio-soundings were used to validate both air-density and low and high-resolution temperature profiles of the GOMOS instrument onboard ENVISAT-1 satellite. No bias greater than 7% was found for the air-density comparisons with lidar and there is a very strong global agreement. The conditions of the occultations have a large impact on the comparisons concerning the temperature profile. The “dark limb” measurement conditions show great agreement between 35 and 60 km with no bias greater than 5% whereas the “bright limb” measurement conditions show poor results. The High Resolution temperature shows a very interesting potential.

Published
2003

40. TransCom 3 CO$_2$ inversion intercomparison: 1. Annual mean control results and sensitivity to transport and prior flux information

Author

Lori Bruhwiler, Bernard Pak, Philippe Bousquet, Manuel Gloor, Philippe Ciais, Takashi Maki, Taro Takahashi, Eva Kowalczyk, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Peter Rayner, S. Taguchi, David Baker, A. Scott Denning, Inez Fung, Michael J. Prather, Kaz Higuchi, Yu Han Chen, Philippe Peylin, Song-Miao Fan, Martin Heimann, Kevin R. Gurney, Jasmin John, Shamil Maksyutov, Rachel M. Law, Chiu Wai Yuen, Department of Atmospheric Science [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research [Aspendale], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation INVerse pour les mesures atmosphériques et SATellitaires (SATINV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Biogeochemical Systems Department [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Department of Physics [Tokyo], Gakushuin University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of California [Berkeley], University of California, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of California [Irvine] (UCI)

Subjects
Convection, atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, atmospheric transport, Cumulus Parameterization, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Sinks, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Flux (metallurgy), Tracer, TRACER, Boundary-Layer, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Atmospheric Co2, 14. Life underwater, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General-Circulation Model, source-sink dynamics, carbon dioxide, Biosphere, Inversion (meteorology), Scale, Surface, 13. Climate action, Atmospheric chemistry, Environmental science, Spatial variability, Maxima, Simulation
Abstract

Spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations contain information about surface sources and sinks, which can be quantitatively interpreted through tracer transport inversion. Previous CO2 inversion calculations obtained differing results due to different data, methods and transport models used. To isolate the sources of uncertainty, we have conducted a set of annual mean inversion experiments in which 17 different transport models or model variants were used to calculate regional carbon sources and sinks from the same data with a standardized method. Simulated transport is a significant source of uncertainty in these calculations, particularly in the response to prescribed “background” fluxes due to fossil fuel combustion, a balanced terrestrial biosphere, and air–sea gas exchange. Individual model-estimated fluxes are often a direct reflection of their response to these background fluxes. Models that generate strong surface maxima near background exchange locations tend to require larger uptake near those locations. Models with weak surface maxima tend to have less uptake in those same regions but may infer small sources downwind. In some cases, individual model flux estimates cannot be analyzed through simple relationships to background flux responses but are likely due to local transport differences or particular responses at individual CO2 observing locations. The response to the background biosphere exchange generates the greatest variation in the estimated fluxes, particularly over land in the Northern Hemisphere. More observational data in the tropical regions may help in both lowering the uncertain tropical land flux uncertainties and constraining the northern land estimates because of compensation between these two broad regions in the inversion. More optimistically, examination of the model-mean retrieved fluxes indicates a general insensitivity to the prior fluxes and the prior flux uncertainties. Less uptake in the Southern Ocean than implied by oceanographic observations, and an evenly distributed northern land sink, remain in spite of changes in this aspect of the inversion setup.]DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00049.x

Published
2003
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41. Stratospheric profiles of nitrogen dioxide observed by Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System on the Odin satellite

Author

Jacek Stegman, Kimberly Strong, Kelly Chance, Thomas P. Kurosu, Klaus Pfeilsticker, J. C. McConnell, Ian C. McDade, Edward J. Llewellyn, Hartmut Bösch, Nicholas D. Lloyd, Wayne F. J. Evans, Christian von Savigny, Gérard Mégie, Frank Weidner, Craig S. Haley, Chris A. McLinden, Donal P. Murtagh, Urban Frisk, Christopher E. Sioris, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Peterborough], Trent University, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics [Saskatoon], University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Department of Radio and Space Science [Göteborg], Chalmers University of Technology [Göteborg], Swedish Space Corporation (SSC), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, Service d'aéronomie (SA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Soil Science, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Fraunhofer, Atmospheric radiative transfer codes, Geochemistry and Petrology, iterative onion peel, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Radiative transfer, Spectrograph, Stratosphere, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Remote sensing, Ecology, Sun-synchronous orbit, Odin-OSIRIS, Paleontology, Forestry, Middle atmosphere-composition and chemistry, Trace gas, polar-orbiting, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Radiance, Sun-synchronous, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Ring effect
Abstract

[1] Vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide in the 19–40 km altitude range are successfully retrieved over the globe from Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS) limb scatter observations in late 2001 and early 2002. The inclusion of multiple scattering in the radiative transfer model used in the inversion algorithm allows for the retrieval of NO2 down to 19 km. The slant column densities, which represent the observations in the inversion, are obtained by fitting the fine structure in normalized radiance spectra over the 435–449 nm range, where NO2 electronic absorption is readily observable because of long light paths through stratospheric layers rich in this constituent. Details of the spectral fitting and inversion algorithm are discussed, including the discovery of a pseudo-absorber associated with pixelated detectors and a new method to verify altitude registration. Comparisons are made with spatially and temporally coincident profile measurements of this photochemically active trace gas. Better than 20% agreement is obtained with all correlative measurements over the common retrieval altitude range, confirming the validity of OSIRIS NO2 profiles. Systematic biases in the number densities are not observed at any altitude. A ‘‘snapshot’’ meridional cross section between 40� N and 70� S is shown from observations during a fraction of an orbit. INDEX TERMS: 0340 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Middle atmosphere—composition and chemistry; 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0394 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Instruments and techniques; 3334 Meteorology and Atmospheric Dynamics: Middle atmosphere dynamics (0341, 0342); KEYWORDS: optical, Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting, Fraunhofer, Ring effect, iterative onion peel

Published
2003
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42. Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada

Author

A. Gaudenzi, Jeffrey R. Brook, Sangeeta Sharma, Judith C. Chow, Hélène Cachier, G. Lu, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie Atmosphérique Expérimentale (CAE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Desert Research Institute (DRI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, Mineralogy, 010501 environmental sciences, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Aethalometer, medicine.disease_cause, black carbon, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Geochemistry and Petrology, law, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), medicine, optical measurements, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Ecology, Attenuation, Paleontology, Forestry, Carbon black, Photometer, Soot, Aerosol, Geophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Attenuation coefficient, specific attenuation coefficient, Environmental science, urban-rural-remote
Abstract

[1] A study was conducted to determine the relationship between light absorption measurements from an aethalometer and a particle soot absorption photometer (PSAP) and black carbon mass concentrations across Canadian environments ranging from urban to remote areas. To achieve this, filter samples were collected for thermal analysis of black carbon simultaneously with light absorption measurements at several locations in Canada. Previously, it has been shown that the k relating particle light absorption to black carbon measured with an aethalometer changes with age, type, and composition of the aerosol, which varies with time and by space [Liousse et al., 1993; Petzold and Niessner, 1995; Lavanchy et al., 1999; Ruellan and Cachier, 2000]. Consequently, to convert light absorption measurements to the black carbon mass, the standard values used for k of 19 m2 g−1 for aethalometer and 10 m2 g−1 for PSAP, respectively, need to be fine-tuned to fit the conditions at the site of interest to obtain the site-specific attenuation, referred to as k(S.S.). Our results also indicate that k(S.S.) varies; on a broad scale, from remote continental to rural, suburban, and urban locations and from winter to summer and, on a small scale, within an urban area and from measurement to measurement at a single location. The range of median k(S.S) values observed was from 6.4 m2 g−1 to 20.1 m2 g−1. We suggest that the variability is connected to the distribution of sources and processes contributing to the carbonaceous aerosols at the sites.

Published
2002
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43. Doppler temperatures from O(1D) airglow in the daytime thermosphere as observed by the Wind Imaging Interferometer (WINDII) on the UARS satellite

Author

Lathuillère, C., Gault, W. A., Lamballais, B., Rochon, Y. J., Solheim, B. H., EGU, Publication, Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science [Toronto] (CRESS), York University [Toronto], Meteorological Service of Canada, and Environment and Climate Change Canada

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:Geophysics. Cosmic physics, [SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, lcsh:QC801-809, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, lcsh:Science, lcsh:Physics, lcsh:QC1-999
Abstract

From 1992 to 1997, the WINDII interferometer on board the UARS satellite acquired a large set of thermospheric data from the O(1D) and O(1S) airglows. We report here for the first time on daytime O(1D) Doppler temperatures obtained with version 5.11 of the WINDII data processing software. Using a statistical analysis of the temperatures independently measured by the two WINDII fields of view, we estimate that the temperature variations larger than 40 K can be considered as geophysical. Comparisons of WINDII temperatures measured during magnetically quiet days with temperatures obtained by the MSIS-90 and DTM-94 thermospheric models show a 100 K bias. We demonstrate, however, that the modeled temperature variations represent very well the mean temperature variation observed by WINDII over 4 years. We also show that the observed latitudinal/local time variation is in very good agreement with the two empirical models. Finally, the temperature variations during a magnetically disturbed day are found to be qualitatively well represented in form by the models, but largely underestimated. The presence of non-thermal atoms and instrument related issues are discussed as possible explanations for the 100 K bias between the WINDII Doppler temperatures and the empirical models.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (air-glow and aurora; pressure, density and temperature; instruments and techniques)

44. The study of the mercury cycle in polar regions: An international study in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

Author

Christophe Ferrari, Pierre-Alexis Gauchard, Olivier Magand, Katrine Aspmo, Christian Temme, Alexandra Steffen, Torunn Berg, Johan Strom, Aurelien Dommergue, Enno Bahlmann, Frédéric Planchon, Ralf Ebinghaus, Cathy Banic, Sonia Nagorski, Patrick Baussand, Pierre Amato, Xavier Fain, Raphaelle Hennebelle, Delort, A. M., Martine Sancelme, Warren Cairns, Carlo Barbante, Paolo Cescon, Lars Kaleschke, Claude Boutron, Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), GKSS-Research Center, Institute for Coastal Research, Air Quality Research Branch, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Institute of Applied Environmental Research (ITM), Stockholm University, Environmental Sciences Department, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Groupe de Recherche sur l'Environnement et la Chimie Atmosphérique (GRECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), SEESIB, Laboratoire de météorologie physique (LaMP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Synthèse et étude de systèmes à intêret biologique (SEESIB), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Applied Environmental Research [Stockholm] (ITM), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)

Subjects
[SDU.STU.GL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Glaciology, human activities
Abstract

International audience; Mercury (Hg) is a toxic pollutant and it can be strongly accumulated in the food chain, especially in Polar Regions. This paper presents a part of the work that has been on-going for 3-4 years in Ny-Alesund, Svalbard within the frame of an international collaboration. In Ny-Alesund in spring 2003, the atmospheric chemistry of mercury has been studied so as to better understand the formation of oxidized mercury species in the atmosphere that could be deposited onto snow surfaces. The role of snow as a potential source of mercury to the atmosphere or as a sink has also been approached to better understand the behavior of this metal. Chemical and biological processes seem to play a major role in Hg storage in snow. When melting, snow could be a major source of Hg into the various ecosystems and this toxin could therefore be accumulated into the food chain.

45. Comparison of different numerical approaches to the 1D sea-ice thermodynamics problem

Author

Martin Vancoppenolle, Louis-Bruno Tremblay, Hendrik Huwald, Frédéric Dupont, Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), Environment and Climate Change Canada, Processus de couplage à Petite Echelle, Ecosystèmes et Prédateurs Supérieurs (PEPS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, geography, 1D sea-ice thermodynamics, geography.geographical_feature_category, Mode comparison, Sigma, Thermodynamics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Oceanography, Enthalpy conserving numerical schemes, Transformation (function), 13. Climate action, Simple (abstract algebra), Vertical direction, Convergence (routing), Computer Science (miscellaneous), Sea ice, Climate model, Sigma vertical coordinate, Diffusion (business), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics
Abstract

The vertical one-dimensional sea-ice thermodynamic problem using the principle of conservation of enthalpy is revisited here using (1) the Bitz and Lipscomb (1999) finite-difference approach (FD), (2) a reformulation of the sigma-level transformation of Huwald et al. (2005b) (FV) and (3) a Finite Element approach also in sigma coordinates (FE). These three formulations are compared in terms of physics, numerics, and performance, in order to identify the best choice for large-scale climate models. The BL99 formulation sequentially treats the diffusion of heat and the changes in the vertical position of the ice-snow layers. In contrast, the FV sigma-level transformation elegantly treats both simultaneously. The original FV formulation suffers however from slow convergence. The convergence can nonetheless be improved significantly with a few simple modifications to the original code. The three formulations are compared following the experimental protocol of the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project for ice thermodynamics (SIMIP2). It is found that all formulations converge to the same solution. The FD approach, however, suffers from the added cost of the remapping step at large number of ice layers we include in the appendix an optimized version of the FD code–written by one of the reviewer–that resolves this issue. Finally the FE formulation results in a sub-surface temperature over-estimation at low resolution, a problem which disappears at high resolution. Hence, only FD and FV are found suitable for climate models.

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46. MIPAS ozone validation by stratospheric balloon and aircraft measurements

Author

Cortesi, U., Blom, C. E., Camy-Peyret, C., Kelly Chance, Davies, J., Goutail, F., Kuttippurath, J., Mcelroy, C. T., Mencaraglia, F., Oelhaf, H., Petritoli, A., Pirre, M., Pommereau, J. P., Ravegnani, F., Renard, J. B., Strong, K., Istituto di Fisica Applicata 'Nello Carrara' (IFAC), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Laboratoire de Physique Moleculaire pour l'Atmosphere et l'Astrophysique (LPMAA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Environmental Physics [Bremen] (IUP), University of Bremen, Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Toronto], University of Toronto, ESA-ESRIN, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [Roma] (CNR), Smithsonian Institution-Harvard University [Cambridge], Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Francois, Francoise

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], remote sensing, chimica dell'atmosfera, spettroscopia di Fourier, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], ozono
Abstract

International audience; A number of in situ and remote sensing techniques for the measurement of upper tropospheric and stratospheric O3 content was employed during dedicated experiments of the ESABC programme, aiming at the validation of the ENVISAT chemistry payload. In this paper, we will be focusing on the validation of MIPAS off-line products, by presenting the results of the intercomparison between MIP AS O3 vertical profiles and aircraft and balloon correlative measurements.First priority is given to the validation of processor v4.61 data, but individual results of 2002 and 2003 balloon observations are also compared with MIPAS O3 non operational data. Some general remarks are finally expressed, along with specific recommendation to fully exploit the available ESABC validation dataset.

47. Historical datasets (1950-2022) of monthly water balance components for the Laurentian Great Lakes.

Author

O'Brien NL, Seglenieks F, Fry LM, Fielder D, Temgoua AGT, Bruxer J, Fortin V, Durnford D, and Gronewold AD

Abstract

This study develops a 73-year dataset of water balance components from 1950 to 2022 for the Laurentian Great Lakes Basins. This is carried out using the Large Lakes Statistical Water Balance Model (L2SWBM), which provides a Bayesian statistical framework that assimilates binational input datasets sourced from the United States and Canada. The L2SWBM infers feasible water balance component estimates through this Bayesian framework by constraining the output with a standard water balance equation. The result is value-added time series, including expressions of uncertainty, that ultimately close the water balance across the interconnected Great Lakes system. Therefore, the L2SWBM facilitates the understanding of discrepancies in datasets and hydroclimate parameters. This enhanced reliability stemming from coordinated data, with an understanding and quantification of uncertainty, could significantly boost confidence in decision support tools for water resources practitioners and policymakers. This joint effort advances scientific understanding and strengthens strategies and policies designed to bolster resilience in Great Lakes communities and its ecosystem in the face of a shifting climate., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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48. EDARA: An ERA5-based Dataset for Atmospheric River Analysis.

Author

Mo R

Abstract

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) are long and narrow bands of strong horizontal water vapour transport concentrated in the lower troposphere. ARs play an important role in producing some high-impact weather events such as extreme precipitation and flooding, damaging winds, and temperature anomalies. To facilitate various studies on the short- and long-term variability of ARs and their impacts, I compiled a multi-decade global dataset containing 12 relevant meteorological variables for AR analysis. These variables were derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis version 5 (ERA5). They are available at 6-hour intervals from 1940 to present. Also included in the dataset is an interactive web browser-based graphical tool for visualising the AR evolution on regional (North America) and global scales. This ERA5-based Dataset for Atmospheric River Analysis (EDARA) may serve as a valuable resource for many AR-related research and applications., (© 2024. Crown.)

Published
2024
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49. Attribution of fine particulate matter and ozone health impacts in Canada to domestic and US emission sources.

Author

Pappin AJ, Charman N, Egyed M, Blagden P, Duhamel A, Miville J, Popadic I, Manseau PM, Marcotte G, Mashayekhi R, Racine J, Rittmaster R, Edwards B, Kipusi W, and Smith-Doiron M

Subjects
United States, Particulate Matter analysis, Environmental Exposure, Canada, Ozone adverse effects, Ozone analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution
Abstract

Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects such as respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular events, and premature mortality. Canada and the United States (US) have worked collaboratively for decades to address transboundary air pollution and its impacts across their shared border. To inform transboundary air quality considerations, we conducted modelling to attribute health impacts from ambient PM 2.5 and O 3 exposure in Canada to Canadian and US emission sources. We employed emissions, chemical transport, and health impacts modelling for 2015, 2025, and 2035 using a brute-force modelling approach whereby anthropogenic domestic and US emissions were reduced separately by 20 % or 100 %, and the resulting changes in health impacts were estimated across Canada. We find that transboundary PM 2.5 and O 3 related health impacts vary widely by region, with >80 % of impacts occurring in Central Canada, and most health impacts occurring within 200-300 km of the Canada-US border. The relative contribution of US sources to O 3 in Canada is larger than for PM 2.5 , yet we find that the health impacts from transboundary PM 2.5 exceeded those from transboundary O 3 . Nationally, we estimate that roughly one in five PM 2.5 deaths in Canada is attributable to US sources (2000 deaths in 2015) and more than one in two O 3 deaths are attributable to US sources (roughly 800 to 1200 deaths in 2015). We project health impacts from domestic and US sources to increase from 2025 to 2035 in Canada. Our results suggest that there are substantial benefits to be gained by domestic and international strategies to reduce PM 2.5 in the Canada-US transboundary region., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Published
2024
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50. Future temperature-related excess mortality under climate change and population aging scenarios in Canada.

Author

Hebbern C, Gosselin P, Chen K, Chen H, Cakmak S, MacDonald M, Chagnon J, Dion P, Martel L, and Lavigne E

Subjects
Humans, Temperature, Climate Change, Hot Temperature, Aging, Canada epidemiology, Mortality, Greenhouse Gases
Abstract

Objective: Climate change is expected to increase global temperatures. How temperature-related mortality risk will change is not completely understood, and how future demographic changes will affect temperature-related mortality needs to be clarified. We evaluate temperature-related mortality across Canada until 2099, accounting for age groups and scenarios of population growth., Methods: We used daily counts of non-accidental mortality for 2000 to 2015 for all 111 health regions across Canada, incorporating in the study both urban and rural areas. A two-part time series analysis was used to estimate associations between mean daily temperatures and mortality. First, current and future daily mean temperature time series simulations were developed from Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensembles from past and projected climate change scenarios under Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Next, excess mortality due to heat and cold and the net difference were projected to 2099, also accounting for different regional and population aging scenarios., Results: For 2000 to 2015, we identified 3,343,311 non-accidental deaths. On average, a net increase of 17.31% (95% eCI: 13.99, 20.62) in temperature-related excess mortality under a higher greenhouse gas emission scenario is expected for Canada in 2090-2099, which represents a greater burden than a scenario that assumed strong levels of greenhouse gas mitigation policies (net increase of 3.29%; 95% eCI: 1.41, 5.17). The highest net increase was observed among people aged 65 and over, and the largest increases in both net and heat- and cold-related mortality were observed in population scenarios that incorporated the highest rates of aging., Conclusion: Canada may expect net increases in temperature-related mortality under a higher emissions climate change scenario, compared to one assuming sustainable development. Urgent action is needed to mitigate future climate change impacts., (© 2023. Crown.)

Published
2023
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