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Ethanol extracts of Terminalia chebula and Terminalia arjuna were studied for the determination of phytochemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant, anticholinesterase, inhibitory, and antimicrobial activities. Results of phytochemical analysis showed that T. arjuna has significant phenolic and flavonoid contents (108.2 mg PEs/mg extract and 74.2 mg QEs/mg extract) respectively. T. chebula also showed good phenolic contents 113.4 mg PEs/mg extract and low value of flavonoids contents 8.91 QEs/mg extract correspondingly. The antioxidant activity was performed using three complementary assays, including lipid peroxidation inhibitory, metal chelating, and reducing power assays. The acetylcholinesterase assay was performed according to Ellman's method spectrophotometrically. The antibacterial and antifungal activity, however, was determined by the disc and well diffusion methods. Terminalia arjuna exhibited higher lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (IC50: 57.7 ± 3.7 μg/mL), higher reducing power (A0.5: 0.63 ± 0.4 mg/mL), and higher metal chelating activity (IC50: 115 ± 5.01 μg/mL) that Terminalia arjuna. Both Terminalia species indicated high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC50: 29.6 ± 3.9 and 29.7 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively). Promising antibacterial activity was recorded for Terminalia chebula (72.44 % and 60.0 %) against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 5.0 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Similarly, Terminalia arjuna (72.41 % and 63.33 %) revealed activity against Bacillus sp. and Staphylococcus species with MIC values of 2.5 mg/mL and 5.0 mg/mL. However, all the tested fungal strains were resistible to both species. In conclusion, Terminalia arjuna and Terminalia chebula may be significant sources of potential new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which could be utilized to treat Alzheimer's disease. The plants are also recommended for further studies to isolate antimicrobial agents and lipid peroxidation inhibitors.

Background: Pyrrole compounds having a heterocyclic structure are the most researched and biological activities such as antioxidant and anticancer activities. Objective: Herein is a first effort to study the significance of heterocyclic compounds to include pyrrole and triazolidine-3,5-dion moiety, on the pharmacokinetic, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 and MCF-12A cell lines. Method: The molecular structures of compounds I-XIV were simulated by the theoretical B3- LYP/DFT method. Pharmacokinetic studies of PhTAD-substituted heterocyclic compounds (IXIV) were analyzed to show Lipinski's rules via in-silico methods of Swiss-ADME. The drug likeness calculations were carried out in Molinspiration analyses. Some toxicity risk parameter can be quantified using Osiris. Antioxidant activities determined by DPPH, Fe+2 ions chelating and reducing. Cytotoxic activity measured by MTT and RTCA. Results: Compared with the DPPH activity, the metal chelating activity exhibited serious similar antioxidant effects by PhTAD substituted pyrrole compounds. The same compounds showed the highest activity among the two antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of the compounds are in the range of 12 and 290 μM in the MCF-7 cell line. In the MTT and RTCA assays, All compounds showed cytotoxic activity, but about half of the fourteen compounds showed high cytotoxicity. IC50 values of the compounds are in the range of 5 and 54 μM for MTT and range of 1.5 and 44 μM for RTCA. Conclusion: Data of the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of PhTAD-substituted dihydropyrrole- derived compounds in MCF-7 and MCF-12A cell lines confirmed that the compounds are biologically active compound and are notable for anti-cancer researches.

Pandanus, a traditional medicinal plant is used for the ailment of several diseases in India. The extract prepared from leaves was tested for its secondary metabolites and also to phenolics, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. Subsequently, the antioxidant activity was observed using DPPH, reducing power, FRAP, metal chelating activity and total antioxidant assays. It is evident that more secondary metabolites were present in ethyl acetate and methanol solvents enriched in free radicals scavenging ability compared with other solvents. Further, the extracts were tested and observed for potential presence of anti-diabetic activity with strong inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase which suggests that the absorption and digestion of carbohydrates would possibly reduce the blood glucose levels and hence help management of type-2 diabetes. Though the ethyl acetate and methanol extract exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis activity on human HT-29 colon cancer cell line via MTT, AO/EtBr and DAPI staining assays that inhibits cancer cell line which in turn prevents cancer.

International audience; Most lipids in our diet come under the form of triacylglycerols that are often redispersed and stabilized by surfactants in processed foods. In plant however, lipid assemblies constitute interesting sources of natural bioactive and functional ingredients. In most photosynthetic sources, polar lipids rich in ω3 fatty acids are concentrated. The objective of this review is to summarize all the knowledge about the physico-chemical composition, digestive behavior and oxidative stability of plant polar lipid assemblies to emphasize their potential as functional ingredients in human diet and their potentialities to substitute artificial surfactants/antioxidants. The specific composition of plant membrane assemblies is detailed, including plasma membranes, oil bodies, and chloroplast; emphasizing its concentration in phospholipids, galactolipids, peculiar proteins, and phenolic compounds. These molecular species are hydrolyzed by specific digestive enzymes in the human gastrointestinal tract and reduced the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and their subsequent absorption. Galactolipids specifically can activate ileal break and intrinsically present an antioxidant (AO) activity and metal chelating activity. In addition, their natural association with phenolic compounds and their physical state (Lα state of digalactosyldiacylglycerols) in membrane assemblies can enhance their stability to oxidation. All these elements make plant membrane molecules and assemblies very promising components with a wide range of potential applications to vectorize ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and equilibrate human diet.

In this study, Daphne gnidium leaves extracts were screened for their Phenolic content, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antihemolitic activities. Decoction and maceration were used to obtain the aqueous (Aq E) and the ethanolic extract (Et E), respectively. Total phenolic content was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Moreover, a disc diffusion assay and inhibition of mycelial growth test were applied to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activity. The extracts were also tested for their antioxidant effects in terms of DPPH, OH, H2O2, β-carotene, and ferrous ion chelating assays. To investigate antihemolytic activity, the 2,2,-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used to induce erythrocyte oxidative hemolysis. Results indicated that ethanolic extract (Et E) contains the highest polyphenol content (775.25 μg GAE/mg extract). The Et E inhibited the growth of bacterial strains with inhibition zone diameters from 7 to 15 mm. In contrast, no activities have been found against all fungal strains. In antihemolytic test, aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed almost the same effect with an HT50 value of 106 min. Ethanolic extract was found to be more active in DPPH and β-carotene assays (IC50: 5.76 μg/ml and 70% inhibition respectively). However, the aqueous extract showed a greater effect than the ethanolic one in metal chelating activity assay (IC50: 170 μg/ml), OH scavenging effect assay (IC50: 9.67 μg/ml) and H2O2 scavenging assay (IC50: 133.2 μg/ml).

In the present study, the synthesis, antioxidant activity, spectroscopic, electronic, and thermodynamic properties of 2-ethoxy-4-[(5-oxo-3-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-4-ylimino)-methyl]-phenyl-4-methoxybenzoate (EPM) were examined. The novel 2-ethoxy-4-[(5-oxo-3-phenyl-1,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazol-4-ylimino)-methyl]-phenyl-4-methoxybenzoate (EPM) compound was successfully synthesized with novel derived biologically important 1,2,4-triazole Schiff base. This biologically active 1,2,4-triazole Schiff base was obtained through condensation of 3-phenyl-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one with 2-ethoxy-4-formylphenyl-4-methoxybenzoate. The characterization of the obtained compound was identified utilizing FT-IR, UV–Vis, 1H-, and 13C-NMR spectroscopies. The antioxidant activities of the newly synthesized Schiff base were evaluated employing the Oyaizu, Dinis, and Blois techniques. The optimized molecular structure, vibrational frequencies, ultraviolet–visible spectrums, and nuclear magnetic resonance values of the newly synthesized Schiff base were assessed through the use of density functional theory (DFT) with standard B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level. The harmonic vibration peaks were performed via comparison of the scaled values with the experimental FT-IR spectrum. The nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift values were determined by the gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) method. The nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift values of the newly synthesized Schiff base in various solvents were examined at B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level utilizing integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM). The chemical shift values of EPM were computed and compared with experimental findings. The correlational analysis (R2) and RMSD results were evaluated to demonstrate correction and accuracy between calculated and experimental parameters. The HOMO–LUMO orbital forms and their energies were determined. The molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), Mulliken atomic charges, electronic absorption maximum wavelengths, thermodynamic characteristics (i.e., entropy, thermal capacity, and enthalpy), and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties (i.e., the first hyperpolarizability and polarizability) of the newly synthesized Schiff base were investigated. The correlational analysis results indicated a strong relationship between experimental and theoretical findings. The metal chelating activity of the newly synthesized Schiff base and standards was observed to decrease in the order of EDTA > EPM > α-tocopherol according to Dinis method. The newly synthesized Schiff base displayed such a good NLO property that it was 34 times as great as the property of urea. As a result, this chromophore could be a potential building block for nonlinear optical materials.

Luffa echinata Roxb. is one of the neglected medicinal plants. It is an important source of bioactive metabolites and used in several Ayurvedic formulations. In the present analysis, mature leaves and fruits were extracted with acetone, ethanol, acetonitrile, methanol and water. Phytochemicals like total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), tannin (TTC), alkaloid (TAC) and terpenoid (TTEC) content were analysed. Further, antioxidant (AOX) activities like 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging, metal chelating activity (MC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and phosphomolybdenum assay (PMA) were studied. Highest TPC and TFC (189.57 ± 1.9 mg TAE/g extract, 30.48 ± 0.7 mg CE/g extract, respectively) were reported from acetone extract of the leaves. Ethanolic fruit extract showed the highest TTC (13.79 ± 0.2 mg CE/g extract). Acetone and acetonitrile fruit extract revealed maximum TTEC (602.79 ± 3.5 mg UAE/g extract) and moderate TAC (19.96 ± 0.9 mg GE/g extract), respectively. In AOX, highest DPPH (50.52 ± 0.03 mg AAE/g extract) and ABTS (26.78 ± 0.03 mg TE/g extract) radical scavenging reported in methanolic extract of fruit; however, acetone extract of leaf showed highest FRAP (376.89 ± 1.95 mg Fe(II)/g extract) and PMA (326.54 ± 4.73 mg AAE/g extract). In contrast, aqueous extract of leaf and fruit revealed highest metal chelating activity (41.67 ± 0.49 mg EDTA/g extract). In anti-diabetic studies, acetonitrile extract of leaves and fruits exhibited appreciable inhibition of α-amylase (83.33%) and α-glycosidase (77.42%) enzymes. Similarly, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was highest in water (88.91%) and acetone (81.87%) extracts of leaf and fruits. Fruit extracts showed potent anticancer activity against breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines (LC50 329.36 and 385.17 µg/mL, respectively). RP-HPLC analysis revealed highest cucurbitacin B (CuB) (196.24 ± 1.4 mg/g DW), followed by cucurbitacin I (CuI) and cucurbitacin E (CuE) in the fruits (57.14 ± 4.9 and 2.03 ± 0.03 mg/g DW, respectively). RP-HPLC analysis of extracts revealed presence of gallic acid (GA), catechin (CA), vanillic acid (VA), chlorogenic acid (CHLA) and coumaric acid (COA), in which highest GA found in the fruits (1.26 ± 0.07 mg/g DW). Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed presence of bioactive compounds from various groups. Based on the present findings, it was revealed that the fruit and leaf of L. echinata can be used as potent bioresource for natural antioxidants, anti-diabetic, and anticancer drug.

Backgound A polysaccharide was purified in this paper, which was acquired from the fermentation broth of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. This article aims to investigate the structural features and bioactivity of this polysaccharide. RESULTS: The polysaccharide was purified and the main polysaccharide fraction (i.e. DOP-1) was obtained. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) revealed that the molecular weight of DOP-1 is 447.48 KDa. There are galactose, glucose and mannose in DOP-1 via monosaccharide composition analysis, and their ratio was 1:1.79:6.71. Methylation and NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated that the backbone of DOP-1 is: →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4)-α-D-Manp-(1→4,6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, its repeating units were also preliminarily established. In vitro tests proved that DOP-1 not only protects RAW264.7 macrophages from the cytotoxic effect induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but also inhibits cytokine (i.e. IL-6 and TNF-α) produced which are induced by LPS. DOP-1 demonstrated good scavenging activity in vitro toward 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals, as well as good metal chelating activity. Therefore, DOP-1 has potential applications in antioxidant. CONCLUSION: These findings strengthen that the structural characteristics of DOP-1 support its favourable biological activities and lay a strong foundation for further exploration of its structure-activity relationships and activity development and providing experimental data for the development and utilization of fermentation broth of D. officinale This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

In this study purees were prepared from the three different varieties of sweet pepper (red var. Inspiration, yellow var. Bachata and green var. Indra). The effect of storage on the chemical [water activity, pH, non-enzymatic browning (NEB) index and color], bioactive (total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and carotenoids) and microbiological (total plate count and mold yeast count) quality of the purees were observed at the interval of 15 days for 75 days. Antioxidant activity of purees was assessed in terms of DPPH, metal chelating activity and reducing power assay. The non-significant (p

Maize, sorghum, quinoa and rice are important grains which serve as the major source of carbohydrates and micronutrients in the diet. Apart from their normal color, these crops are also cultivated in different colors among diverse regions of the world. In the present study, various pigmented grains including maize, sorghum, rice and quinoa of different color were evaluated for their nutrients, anti-nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity. Resistant starch, amylose, total starch, and damaged starch contents varied significantly (p

Wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit arils with high acid content are processed into dried arils (anardana) which is used as an ingredient in various medicinal formulations and culinary preparations. The various phenols and flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity of anardana which signifies its functional benefits. The advanced packaging techniques like vacuum packaging, can retain higher antioxidant activity characteristics during storage. So, the present studies were carried out to compare the effect of packaging on total phenols, flavonoids, DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity, FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and reducing power of anardana prepared in mechanical cabinet drier. Anardana was packed in different packaging materials and stored under ambient and refrigerated temperature conditions. The overall effect of storage during 12 months revealed that there was a significant (p< 0.05) decrease in total phenols (180.95 to 161.76 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoids (40.60 to 32.66 mg QuE/100 g), DPPH antioxidant activity (61.23 to 56.13%), metal chelating activity (22.25 to 19.37%), FRAP (34.60 to 31.73 ?M Fe2+/100 g) and reducing power (0.610 to 0.521) which was observed less in anardana packed in ALPV (aluminium laminated pouches with vacuum) followed by ALP (aluminium laminated pouches) and gunny bags. Due to slower rates of degradation of various antioxidant compounds, the changes after 12 months of storage were lower under refrigerated conditions. The total phenols, flavonoids and DPPH antioxidant activity were reduced from 180.95 to 167.24 and 156.28 mg GAE/100 g, 40.60 to 34.95 and 30.37 mg QuE/100 g and 61.23 to 57.99 and 54.27 % in refrigerated and ambient temperature conditions, respectively.

Plant gums and mucilage have wide applications in pharmaceutical formulations as emulsifying agents. But these are quite costly, therefore there is always the need for cheaper alternatives. In this study, Okra mucilage from Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench pods was used to formulate Spondias mombin L. leaf extract emulsion. The emulsion was assessed for the effect of the mucilage on antioxidant activity of the extract using four standard in vitro assays. Phytochemical screenings of the mucilage as well as physico-chemical and microscopic characterization of the emulsion were also carried out. The mucilage contained carbohydrates, reducing sugars, terpenoids and unsaturated lactones. The pH of the resulting emulsion was 6.88. The size of the oil globules were small with the average size of 4. 8μm. The extract had superior 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging and ferric ion reducing capacity compared to the emulsion (p ≤ 0.05). In addition, the emulsion had a better metal chelating activity compared to the extract (p ≤ 0.05). Okra mucilage may have reduced the antioxidant activity of the extract suggesting its incongruity in this emulsion formulation. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(1): 17-25, 2021

Lucerne seeds (Medicago sativa L.) were germinated at different time-temperature regimes (24, 28, and 32 °C for 24, 48, and 72 h). The effect of germination was evaluated on physicochemical properties, techno-functional characteristics, antinutrients, bioactive constituents, antioxidant activity, and mineral profile of lucerne seeds to ascertain the best time-temperature regime for the germination. High germination capacity was observed in seeds germinated at 28 and 32 °C in comparison to 24 °C, however, lower germination losses were manifested at 28 °C. Time-temperature regime of 28 °C for 48 h was most effective for the germination of lucerne seeds. Germination at aforesaid conditions improved hydration properties, foaming capacity, and gelation ascribed to protein denaturation reflected as a change in the α-helix and β-sheets in ATR-FTIR spectra of germinated flours. Furthermore, reduction in tannins (32.91%), lectin (100%), and trypsin inhibitor activity (67.42%) were observed. Increased DPPH∙ RSA (6.90%), ABTS∙+ RSA (10.51%), metal chelating activity (14.64%), and zinc concentration were also manifested with germinated flour. The optimal balance of techno-functionality, reduced antinutrients, and high antioxidant capacity of germinated flour (28 °C for 48 h) was validated using Principle Component Analysis.

Research background. Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) is a forage legume primarily used for green manuring and animal feed. Good nutritional profile of dhaincha makes it a potential alternative legume in human nutrition. However, the presence of high amount of antinutrients poses a problem in its utilisation for food applications. The present investigation intends to germinate dhaincha seeds at different time-temperature regimes and to evaluate the process of germination to ascertain optimal conditions and improve its potential for utilisation. Experimental approach. Dhaincha seeds were germinated at 24, 28 and 32 °C for 24, 48 and 72 h. Germination characteristics and germination loss, spectral characteristics, technofunctionality, antinutrients, bioactive constituents, antioxidant capacity and mineral element content of germinated dhaincha were evaluated. Optimal balance of technobiofunctionality of germinated dhaincha seeds was validated by principal component analysis. Results and conclusions. Sprout length and germination loss increased with the higher germination temperature and prolonged germination time. Seeds showed similar germination rate at 28 and 32 °C and it was markedly higher than at 24 °C. Germination for 24 h resulted in mild conformational changes in the secondary structure of proteins, whereas germination for 48 and 72 h exhibited major conformational changes in the β-sheets, resulting in the improvement in the hydration and foaming properties. Progression of germination (72 h) caused the decrease of tannin (24.47%), phytic acid (16.38%) and saponin (24.58%) mass fractions, and of trypsin inhibitor (40.33%) and lectin activity (62.50%). Slight decrease of DPPH˙ (3.7%) and ABTS˙+ (18.5%) values was also observed, whereas total flavonoid content (36.14%) and metal chelating activity (26.76%) increased. Total phenolics, FRAP, and reducing power decreased after 24 h, followed by a gradual increase. Zinc extractability increased drastically with germination. Germination at 28 °C for 72 h resulted in higher reduction of antinutrients with optimal retention of antioxidant activity and better functional characteristics, as validated by principal component analysis. Novelty and scientific contribution. Dhaincha is an unknown crop in Europe, and even in Asia it is predominantly used as green manure and animal feed. This research demonstrated that the intervention in germination can transform dhaincha into a promising crop for food industry. Germinated dhaincha exhibited enhanced technobiofunctionality for utilisation in various food formulations., Pozadina istraživanja. Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) je krmna leguminoza koja se prvenstveno koristi za zelenu gnojidbu te kao stočna hrana. Zbog dobrih hranjivih svojstava može se koristiti u prehrani kao zamjena mahunarkama. Međutim, visok udjel antinutrijenata ograničava njezinu primjenu u hrani. Stoga je svrha ovoga rada bila ispitati klijanje sjemena sesbanije pri različitoj temperaturi i vremenu, te utvrditi optimalne uvjete klijanja za poboljšanje mogućnosti njezine primjene. Eksperimentalni pristup. Sjemenke sesbanije klijale su pri temperaturama od 24, 28 i 32 °C tijekom 24, 48 i 72 h. Ocijenjeni su sljedeći parametri: značajke klijanja i gubitak pri klijanju, spektralne značajke, tehnološka funkcionalnost, maseni udjeli antinutrijenata i biološki aktivnih spojeva, antioksidacijski kapacitet i maseni udjeli mineralnih tvari u isklijalom sjemenu. Analizom osnovnih komponenata pronađen je optimalan omjer tehnološko-funkcionalnih svojstava isklijalih sjemenki. Rezultati i zaključci. Pri višim temperaturama povećali su se dužina izdanka i gubitak pri klijanju. Pri temperaturama od 28 i 32 °C brzina se klijanja nije bitno razlikovala, ali je bila brža nego pri 24 °C. Nakon 24 h klijanja došlo je do manjih konformacijskih promjena sekundarne strukture proteina, dok su nakon 48 i 72 h bile vidljive bitne promjene u rasporedu atoma u β-nabranoj ploči, što je poboljšalo svojstvo upijanja vlage brašna dobivenog mljevenjem isklijalih sjemenki sesbanije te pjenjenje suspenzije brašna. Produljenjem vremena klijanja (72 h) smanjili su se maseni udjeli tanina (24,47 %), fitinske kiseline (16,38 %) i saponina (24,58 %), te aktivnosti inhibitora tripsina (40,33 %) i lecitina (62,50 %). Opažen je i blagi pad vrijednosti DPPH˙ (3,7 %) i ABTS˙+ (18,5 %), dok su se udjel ukupnih flavonoida (36,14 %) i aktivnost keliranja metala (26,76 %) povećali. Udjel ukupnih fenola, FRAP vrijednost i reducirajuća snaga smanjili su se u prvih 24 sata, a nakon toga su se postepeno povećavali. Analizom je osnovnih komponenata potvrđeno da je tijekom 72 h klijanja pri 28 °C uklonjeno više antinutrijenata, a zadržani su optimalna antioksidacijska aktivnost i bolje funkcionalne značajke isklijalog sjemena. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Sesbania je manje poznat usjev u Europi, a čak se i u Aziji pretežno koristi za zelenu gnojidbu te kao stočna hrana. Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo da se podešavanjem uvjeta klijanja sesbanije može dobiti namirnica prikladna za uporabu u prehrambenoj industriji. Isklijale sjemenke imale su poboljšana tehnološka i biološka svojstva, primjerena za dobivanje različitih prehrambenih proizvoda.

Impact of different processing techniques (wet heating, microwave processing, dry heating, soaking, and extrusion) on the techno-biofunctional characteristics of dhaincha ( Sesbania aculeate) was investigated to ascertain the most effective method for processing dhaincha to improve its potentiality for utilization. All the processing techniques improved the cooking quality of dhaincha seeds. Thermal processing techniques were effective in reducing antinutrients and enhancing the antioxidant activity in comparison to soaking. Microwave and extrusion processing completely inactivated lectin and trypsin inhibitor activity and reduced 13.48% and 23.68% saponins, respectively. Extrusion treatment resulted in the maximum increase in total phenols (21.94 to 28.48 GAE mg/g) and flavonoids (0.94 to 1.41 QE mg/g) with consequent highest increase in ABTS· + RSA (161.21 to 261.27 TEAC μmol/100g), FRAP (34.97 to 39.04 TEAC μmol/g), reducing power (12.18 to 17.05 AAE mg/g), and metal chelating activity (2.65 to 3.76 mmol EDTAE/100g). Furthermore, extrusion treatment improved techno-functional characteristics and exhibited improvement in the freeze and refrigeration thaw stability in comparison to other methods of processing. Extrusion processing was the most effective method to process dhaincha for improving its techno-biofunctionality.

The mangrove ecosystem of Malaysia remains yet to be fully explored for potential microbes that produce biologically active metabolites. In the present study, a mangrove-derived Streptomyces sp. strain MUSC 14 previously isolated from the state of Pahang, Malaysia Peninsula, was studied for its potential in producing antioxidant metabolites. The identity of Streptomyces sp. strain MUSC14 was consistent with the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of the Streptomyces genus. The antioxidant potential of Streptomyces sp. strain MUSC 14 was determined through screening of its methanolic extract against sets of antioxidant assays. The results were indicative of Streptomyces sp. strain MUSC 14 displaying strong antioxidant activity against ABTS, DPPH free radicals and metal chelating activity of 62.71 ± 3.30%, 24.71 ± 2.22%, and 55.82 ± 2.35%, respectively. The result of ferric reducing activity measured in terms of dose was equivalent to 2.35–2.45 μg of positive control ascorbic acid. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activities with r = 0.979, r = 0.858, and r = 0.983 representing ABTS, DPPH, and metal chelation, respectively. Overall, the present study suggests that Streptomyces sp. strain MUSC 14 from mangrove forest soil has potential to produce antioxidant metabolites that can be further exploited for therapeutic application.

Highland barley brewer's spent grain (BSG), being China's brewing industry's major by-product is the focus of current research. The aim of the present study was to scrutinize the effects of ultrasound and heat pretreatments on enzymatic hydrolysis of highland barley BSG protein hydrolysates (HBSGPH) and evaluate the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis time on the antioxidant activity of hydrolysates by Alcalase. Different ultrasonic waves (40 and 50 kHz) and heat pretreatment temperatures (50 and 100 °C) were chosen and the pretreatment time was 15, 30, and 60 min. The obtained results revealed that the ultrasound pretreatment of highland barley BSG protein at 40 and 50 kHz has significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced about 57 and 67% of oxygen radical absorption capacity of obtained hydrolysate over the untreated substrate. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhdrazl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (DRSA) 28%, metal chelating activity (MCA) 54%, superoxide radical scavenging activity (SRSA) 18%, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) 25% of HBSGPH at 50 kHz were also improved (P < 0.05) significantly. HBSGPH from heat treatment at 100 °C showed no SRSA and HRSA scavenging activities but improved significantly (P < 0.05) about 27% ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay values. In the present work, the resultant HBSGPH had stronger antioxidant properties with ultrasound pretreatment at 50 kHz and the enzymatic hydrolysis after 4 hr was facilitating the enzymatic release of antioxidant peptides from HBSGPH. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Highland barley BSG is attracting toward natural food products due to its potent natural antioxidants to overcome the risk of diseases and are beneficial for human health.

Shelf life studies play a significant role in determination of time duration for the retention of product quality after packaging. Assessment of tea shelf life in terms of antioxidant quality, a prime health benefit trait of tea would substantiate its marketing and consumption preference to the trade and end users. In shelf life analysis of tea with respect to its antioxidant potentialities, both antioxidant activity and incidences of secondary metabolites are responsible. A temporal analysis with regular intervals since 1 year of said characteristics has been carried out in four types of processed teas. To be precise, the overall initial antioxidant concentrations and activities were almost maintained up to 90–120 days and thereafter declination appeared. Beyond 180 days, rapid declination occurs and beyond 330 days, depletion recorded up to 60–75% of the initial activity. Black tea showed maximum ferrous ion chelating activity initially and white tea commenced with slight lower value but it maintained a similar trend up to 150 days while a rapid declination occurred in such activity of black and green tea after 30 days only. It is observed that total tannins or proanthocyanidins amount highest in white tea among all other three types. The preservation of metal chelating activity of white tea was observed as comparable to its stability in tannin composition (r(2) = 0.869, P ≤ 0.01) during the storage period. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-020-04300-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the fourth most important cereal crop but very little of this grain is used as a human food. However, it has attracted attention from researchers and food processors ...

To control the fruit-and-shoot borer infestation and meet the demand of booming consumer, genetically modified GM Bt eggplant-III (Noyantara) was introduced in India, Bangladesh, and the Philippines in 2013. This genetic modification could lead to changes in metabolic pathways and may result in the variation of the molecular pattern, with particular attention to antioxidant compounds. With this purview, this study was carried out to investigate the status of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of GM Bt eggplant-III and their changes upon common processing methods likely boiling. To investigate the effect of boiling, the Bt eggplant-III was boiled at 100 °C for 1, 5, 10, and 20 min, respectively. From the physicochemical analysis, it was found that the pH and water solubility index increased with increasing the boiling time, whereas ash content decreased. The present study revealed that Bt eggplant-III contains an appreciable amount of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanin, and carotenoids. However, processing by boiling caused the loss of these valuable compounds except for carotenoids. The present study evaluated the antioxidant activities of Bt eggplant-III in terms of different in vitro methods such as DPPH, metal chelating activity, and superoxide radical scavenging activity. Results showed that the ethanolic extract of Bt eggplant-III could effectively scavenge reactive oxygen species. For prolonged boiling, the IC50 values were increased which thereby indicating a decreased in antioxidant activity of Bt eggplant-III.

The objective of this study was to develop nutritionally enriched gluten-free cookies by using whey protein concentrate (WPC) and rice (var. riceberry) flour (RB). The effects of WPC and/or RB on physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity under simulated gastrointestinal (GI) transit, and sensorial acceptability of cookies were evaluated and compared to those with wheat flour-based cookies. The bioactive contents, total polyphenols and gamma amino-butyric acid, significantly increased with increasing RB (P < 0.05). The physical properties showed that colour parameters (L*, a* and b*), water activity, and hardness values of cookies significantly increased as the amount of WPC increased up to a level of 50%. Incorporation of 50% WPC showed markedly the highest antioxidant activity under GI digestion with the values of 4.72 ±0.02 mg Trolox eq./g (ABTS), 3.12 ±0.06 mg Trolox eq./g (FRAP), and 26.57 ±0.66 mg EDTA eq./g (metal chelating activity). The overall results showed that cookies with acceptable quality and improved nutrition and antioxidant activity could be produced by complete replacement of wheat flour with the WPC and/or RB. However, in order to obtain the desired cookie characteristics, the ratio of WPC to RB should be developed.

Aims: The aim of this study is to synthesize, characterize and biological evaluation of 3-ethyl 5- methyl2-(2-aminoethoxy)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivatives. Background: An efficient synthesis of two series of novel carbamate and sulfonamide derivatives of amlodipine, 3-ethyl 5-methyl 2-(2-aminoethoxy)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (amlodipine) 1 were chemical synthesized process. Materials & Methods: In this process, various chloroformates 2(a-e) and sulfonyl chlorides 4(a-e) on reaction with 1 in the presence of N,N–dimethylpiperazine as a base in THF at 50-550 oC, the corresponding title compounds 3(a-e) and 5(a-e) in high yields. Furthermore, the compounds 3(a-e) and 5(a-e) were evaluated for antioxidant activity (DPPH method), metal chelating activity, hemolytic activity, antioxidant assay (ABTS method), cytotoxicity, molecular docking and in silico ADMET properties. Result: Results revealed that 5a, 5e, 3d, 3a and 5c exhibited high antioxidant, metal chelating activities, but 5a, 5e and 3d exhibited low activity. The molecular docking studies and ADMET of suggested ligands showed the best binding energies and non-toxic properties. Conclusion: The present in silico and in vitro evaluations suggested that these dihydropyridine derivatives act as potent antioxidants and chelating agents which may be useful in treating metals induced oxidative stress associated diseases.

Ganodermaspecies have been known all over the world as highly medicinal mushrooms. Antimicrobial activity of it is an attractive approach which raises the global interests from the scientific community. In this study, the antimicrobial assay of ethanol and methanol extracts ofGanodermawere prepared by using the dried mycelial powder obtained from five different liquid media; was performed against seven plant pathogenic fungiviz., Alternaria macrospora, Aspergilus niger, A. flavus, Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum, Pestalotiopsis mangiferaeandPenicillium sp. and two plant pathogenic bacteriaXanthomonas oryzaeandRalstonia solanacearum. The extracts of mycelia obtained from Yeast Wine Media exhibited the highest inhibition percentage as compared to rest. At concentration 1000ppm, there was complete inhibition of mycelial growth forAlternaria macrospora, Aspergilus nigerandA. flavuswhile forFusarium oxysporumandPenicillum sp. complete inhibition was observed at 500ppm but forColletotrichum falcatumandPestalotiopsis mangiferae, more than 80% mycelial inhibition at concentration 1000ppm in both ethanol and methanol extracts. In the case ofXanthomonas oryzaeandRalstonia solanacearum, at concentration 1000ppm, methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zone (3.50mm, 3.75mm).Ganodermaexhibited antagonistic effect against plant pathogenic fungi could add to the interest of developingGanodermaas a successful bioagent in the near future. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and Metal chelating activity on ferrous ions. The DPPH radical scavenging effect was detected in methanol extract (Inhibition% = 27.312%) was higher than that of the ethanol extract (Inhibition% = 24.79%) and also Ferrous ion chelating ability of methanol extract (Inhibition% =22.27%) was higher than the ethanol extract (Inhibition% =12.55%). It is clearly indicated that both methanol and ethanol extract of theGanodermashow antioxidant properties andGanodermaextracts act as an effective antioxidant agents.

In this study, pyrrolidine/piperidine substituted 3-amido-9-ethylcarbazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR spectroscopic and HRMS techniques. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the compounds were determined. Also, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant effects of the compounds. In addition, the antiproliferative effect of the compounds on HT-29 and SH-SY5Y cells were assessed by the MTT assay. In addition, gel electrophoresis was utilized to determine DNA cleavage and topoisomerase II inhibition activities of 2a and 2b. Moreover, the features of the interaction between the compounds and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) were evaluated using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopic titration method. The biological activitiy demonstrated an acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative effect of the compounds on HT-29 and SH-SY5Y cells. The compounds also augmented DNA cleavage from the supercoiled form (SC, Form I) to the nicked circular form (NC, Form II), a process free of simultaneous Form III formation, which indicated the cleavage of single-strand DNA. The compounds prevented topoisomerase II functions at varying concentrations, and are connected to ct-DNA through the intercalation mode. Therefore, the compounds may be offered as anti-cancer drug candidate for use in cancer treatment. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Seseli L. is one of the largest genera of the Apiaceae family widely known for their traditional uses as herbal remedies. In the present study, the methanolic and water extracts of two Seseli species, S. gummiferum and S. transcaucasicum were evaluated for their bioactive contents and biological activities. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts ranged from 19.09 to 24.33 mg GAE/g and from 0.45 to10.09 mg RE/g, respectively. Moreover, while narcissin was detected as the most abundant component in the methanolic extract of S. transcaucasicum (261.40 µg/g), chlorogenic acid was identified as the major component in all the other extracts, although a high amount was also present in the methanolic S. transcaucasicum extract (107.48–243.12 µg/g). The total antioxidant capacity was also determined by the phosphomolybdenum assay (0.66–1.18 mM TE/g). Other antioxidant assays such as the radical scavenging assays (DPPH: 5.51–11.45 mg TE/g, ABTS: 43.46–51.91 mg TE/g), reducing assays (CUPRAC: 41.67–53.20 mg TE/g, FRAP: 31.26–34.14 mg TE/g), as well as the metal chelating activity assay (14.38–38.57 mg EDTAE/g) were conducted. All the extracts showed inhibitory potential against the enzyme’s amylase (0.12–0.78 mM ACAE/g), acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase (0.15–9.71 mg GALAE/g), while only the methanolic extracts acted as inhibitors of tyrosinase (107.15 and 109.37 mg KAE/g) and only the water extract of S. gummiferum displayed anti-glucosidase activity (0.13 mM ACAE/g). Interestingly, the methanolic extracts of both Seseli species showed lower cytotoxicity towards HaCaT cells (IC50: &gt, 500 µg/mL), compared to the water extracts (IC50: 267.8 and 321.41 µg/mL). Besides, only the methanolic extracts showed a slight wound healing effect (28.21 and 31.23%). All extracts showed antibacterial action against Staphylococcus lugdunensis (minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations: 0.025–2 mg/mL). S. gummiferum methanolic extract, which exhibited the highest antibacterial potency was found to inhibit adhesion and invasion of S. lugdunensis to HaCaT cells as well. Taken together, this study demonstrated the two Seseli species to harbour interesting bioactive components, in particular polyphenolics and to exhibit several biological properties that could be further investigated for their potential exploitation as healing agents as supported by various traditional medicinal uses.

The present work describes medicinal potential and secondary metabolic picture of the methanol extract (PP-M) of Polygonum plebeium R.Br. and its fractions; hexane (PP-H), ethyl acetate (PP-E) and water (PP-W). In total bioactive component estimation, highest contents of phenolic (89.38±0.27 mgGAE/g extract) and flavonoid (51.21±0.43 mgQE/g extract) were observed in PP-E, and the same fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant potential in DPPH (324.80±4.09 mgTE/g extract), ABTS (563.18±11.39 mgTE/g extract), CUPRAC (411.33±15.49 mgTE/g extract) and FRAC (369.54±1.70 mgTE/g extract) assays. In Phosphomolybdenum activity assay, PP-H and PP-E showed nearly similar potential, however, PP-H was the most active (13.54±0.24 mgEDTAE/g extract) in metal chelating activity assay. PP-W was the stronger inhibitor (4.03±0.05 mgGALAE/g extract) of the enzyme AChE, while PP-H was potent inhibitor of BChE (5.62±0.27 mg GALAE/g extract). Interestingly, PP-E was inactive against BChE. Against tyrosinase activity, PP-E was again the most active fraction with inhibitory value of 71.89±1.44 mg KAE/g extract, followed by the activity of PP-M and PP-W. Antidiabetic potential was almost equally distributed among PP-M, PP-H and PP-E. For mapping the chemodiversity of P. plebeium, PP-M was analyzed through UHPLC/MS, which led to the identification of more than 50 compounds. Flavonoids were the main components derived from isovitexin, kaempferol and luteolin however, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, gingerols and lyoniresinol 9'-sulfate were among important bioactive phenols. These findings prompted to conclude that Polygonum plebeium can be a significant source to offer new ingredient for nutraceuticals and functional foods.

The antioxidant capacities of rice bran protein hydrolysates (RBPH) obtained by in vitro gastro-intestinal (GI) digestion by pepsin–trypsin (P–T) system were investigated. The hydrolysates were separated by ultrafiltration into three fractions (FI: molecular weight (MW) > 10 kDa, FII: MW 3–10 kDa, and FIII: MW

4-Aminoantipirin ilebifenil karboksaldehitten yeni bir Schiff bazı olan 4-(([1,1'-bifenil]-4-ilmetilen)amino)-1,5-dimetil-2-fenil-1,2-dihidro-3H-pirazol-3-on (BiPhAAP)sentezlendi ve elementel analiz, FT-IR ve 1H ve 13C NMRspektroskopik metotları kullanılarak karakterize edildi. Spektroskopikbulgulara ek olarak, geometrik tanımlar ve bileşikteki yüzey etkileşimlerininkapsamı X-ışını kristalografik ve Moleküler Hirshfeld yüzey (MHS) analiziteknikleriyle belirlenmiştir. Deneysel ve hesaplanan FT-IR sonuçları arasındakifarklar kristal yapısında molekül içi (C-H….O tipi) hidrojen bağlarınınvarlığını kanıtlamıştır. İki Gram negatif (Escherichiacoli ve Proteus vulgaris) ve ikiGram pozitif (Bacillus subtilis ve Micrococcus luteus) bakteri suşu ve üçmaya suşuna (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger ve Candida globra) karşı çalışılan in vitro antimikrobiyal potansiyel 250,125 ve 62.5 mg/mL konsantrasyonlarda agar well difüzyon metodu kullanılarakincelenmiştir. Bu bileşiğin in vitroantioksidan aktiviteleri, beş farklı antioksidan testi (DPPH radikal süpürme,indirgeme gücü, metal şelatlama etkinliği, süperoksit temizleme ve toplam antioksidan)ile hesaplandı. Yeni bileşiğin sitotoksik aktivitesi, insan meme kanserihücrelerine (MCF-7) karşı araştırıldı. IC50 değerleri ise, MTTtestine göre belirlendi., Anovel Schiff base, 4-(([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethylene)amino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one (BiPhAAP), obtained frombiphenyl carboxaldehyde with 4-aminoantipyrine was characterized usingelemental analysis, FT-IR, and 1H and 13C NMRspectroscopic methods. In addition to the spectroscopic findings, geometricaldescriptions and the extent of surface interactions in the compound weredetermined by X-ray single crystallographic and Molecular Hirshfeld surface(MHS) analysis techniques. The distinctions between experimental and calculatedFT-IR results have proved the presence of intra-molecular (C–H….O type)hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure. The in vitro antimicrobial potential,which was studied against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Proteusvulgaris) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus) bacterial strains, andthree yeast strains (Candida albicans,Aspergillus niger and Candida globrata) was examined by usingthe agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 250, 125 and 62.5 mg/mL.The in vitro antioxidant activities of this compound were estimated by fivedifferent antioxidant assays (DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power, metalchelating activity, superoxide scavenging, and total antioxidant). Cytotoxicactivity of the new compound was sought against human breast carcinoma cells (MCF-7).The IC50 values were established with respect to the MTT test.

Protein hydrolysates were obtained from salmon frame using Alcalase or Flavourzyme at 3% (w/w protein) for 180 min. Protein hydrolysates prepared using Alcalase (HA) and Flavourzyme (HF) had DH and yield of 25.1-26.9% and 28.5-32.3 g/100 g sample, respectively. HF showed lower bitterness score (5.78) than that of HA (8.68) (P < 0.05). When HA and HF were further subjected to debittering with 2-butanol or isopropanol, the recovery of 77.88-81.60% was obtained (P < 0.05). HF and HA debittered with 2-butanol possessed less bitterness score, 3.60 and 3.77, respectively (P < 0.05). Surface hydrophobicity of 81.4 and 124.8 was attained when HF and HA were debittered with 2-butanol (P < 0.05). Selected debittered hydrolysates, produced using Flavourzyme, followed by fractionation using 2-butanol (HF-B) contained glutamic acid/glutamine (15.14 g/100 g), aspartic acid/asparagine (10.07 g/100 g) and glycine (9.30 g/100 g) as the predominant amino acids. HF-B had the decreased ABTS radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity. A(280) of peptides separated by gel filtration was lowered to some extent and coincided with the lower bitterness score and surface hydrophobicity. Thus, debittered protein hydrolysate from salmon frame could serve as a nutritive ingredient at high levels in health promoting foods.

Lagenaria siceraria is the most popular and widely used fruit vegetable due to its immense health promoting properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate phytochemicals and biological activities of the different fruit parts (epicarp, mesocarp and seeds) of wild bottle gourd extracted with acetone, ethanol, methanol and water. Present study highlighted that seeds extracted with ethanol showed significantly higher total phenolics content (TPC) and total flavonoids content (TFC) (112.58 ± 1.39 mg TAE/g extract; 12.82 ± 0.64 mg CE/g extract, respectively). However, aqueous seeds extract had slightly higher (2.27 ± 0.05 mg CE/g extract) total tannins content (TTC) than ethanolic seeds extract. In addition, total terpenoids content (TTEC) was recorded higher in acetone seed extracts (384.19 ± 19.1 mg UAE/g extract). In antioxidant evaluation, methanolic extract of seeds exhibited considerable DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities (54.08 ± 0.67 mg TE/g extract and 38.58 ± 0.36 mg EE/g extract, respectively). However, ethanol and acetone seed extracts revealed significant phosphomolybdenum and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant property) activities (285.56 ± 3.71 and 72.32 ± 0.52 mg TE/g extract, respectively). In contrast, mesocarp extracted with water showed highest (15.17 ± 0.08 mg EE/g extract) metal chelating activity. Overall, ethanolic seed extract was found to be the excellent combination for the recovery of metabolites. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed the discrimination of phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential of studied extracts and fruit parts. Ethanolic seed extracts exhibited appreciable α-amylase inhibition (28.96% at 1000 μg extract) and acetylcholine esterase inhibition (56.49% at 300 μg extract), however, α-glucosidase inhibition (71.85% at 300 μg extract) was highest in methanol extract. The bitter principle isolated from the seeds revealed potent anticancer activities against MCF-7 (GI50

Background: Origanum vulgare is used in Armenian cuisine as well as in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the peculiarities of the chemical composition of Armenian flora’s oregano essential oil (EO) and ethanol extract (EE) and to characterize mainly antioxidant and antibacterial properties in vitro. Methods: EO of plant aerial parts was extracted by the hydro-distillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas-chromatography (GC). EE was prepared using ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant, antibacterial and other biological activity of EO and EE was determined using appropriate methods. Results: The terpenes were found to be the greatest part of oregano EO (β-caryophyllene epoxide - 13.3 %; β- caryophyllene -8.2 %; ο-cymene - 5.2 %). The flavonoid content of EE was 3.9±0.7 mg g-1 catechin equivalents. Antiradical activities of EO and EE expressed with half-maximum inhibitory concentrations were 1057 µg mL-1 and 19.97 µg mL-1. The antioxidant index in the case of using extract (1000 µg mL-1) was 77.3±1.5 %. The metal chelating activity of EE was 74.5±0.2 %. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of EO, EE and arbutin were 26.5±0.3 %, 6.5±0.2 % and 50±0.1 %, respectively. Both EO and EE of oregano were able to suppress the growth of testmicroorganisms including clinical pathogen isolates, but have moderate antimicrobial activity. EO antibacterial activity against ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli was similar to the activity against non-resistant strain. EE was not active against ampicillin-resistant E. coli in contrast to non-resistant one. Conclusion: The results indicate high antioxidant and moderate antibacterial as well as high antiradical, metal chelating, tyrosinase inhibitory activity of oregano EO and EE, which can be used as a natural source of terpenes, flavonoids and other phytochemicals in medicine, pharmaceutics, cosmetics and food industry. EO has antibacterial activity also against ampicillin-resistant E. coli.

Certain variety of plants such as vegetables, spices and seaweed are abundantly being grown in high altitude cold desert region of Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Therefore, five different vegetables, spices and seaweed were taken from that particular cold region viz., finger millet, nori seaweed, pepper corn, bean and mushroom have been selected based on the higher consumption of people of Northeast (NE) India for the proximate analysis, mineral, antioxidant and vitamin contents. So far, there is no nutritional composition studies have been carried out with available vegetables, spices and seaweeds growing in NE. For this reason, this study was undertaken to determine the macro and micro nutrients and antioxidant potential of these plant foods. Different analyzed varieties were significantly different for proximate composition and mineral content, and each variety showed significant differences. Common bean showed higher percentage of protein with 35.09% and fat percentage of the finger millet is higher (9.2%) as compared to other varieties from other regions (1-1.5%). Higher crude fibre was assessed in mushroom with 47.77% followed with pepper corn (38.42%), bean with 30.987%, and finger millet (5.14%).Calcium was higher in finger millet with 225 mg per 100g whereas iron content was higher in mushroom with 652 mg followed with beans (543 mg), pepper corn (408 mg per 100g). Higher amount of polyphenols observed in finger millet with 8.716 µg (GAE)/mg and highest total flavonoids in pepper corn with 48.196 µg (RU)/ml. Likewise, highest FRAP in finger millet noticed with 72.0 µg of FeSO4 equivalent /mg and reducing power (ascorbic acid equivalent /mg) in mushroom (244.0) and pepper corn (242.0). All samples had higher metal chelating activity between 86.657- 83.383 IC50 µg. Similarly, higher amount of vit B6 was noted in pepper corn with 197.0 mg while lowest in seaweed with 1.76 mg/100gm.

Metal ions play a vital role in the aggregation of proteins by interfering with their correct folding, thereby affecting protein homeostasis and cell viability, leading to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Development of therapeutics against protein misfolding diseases has become one of the widely studied areas of research. Till date, all advances in neurodegenerative diseases' therapeutics help symptomatically but do not prevent the root cause of the disease, i.e., the aggregation of protein involved in the diseases. Recent studies show a promising potential for metal based therapy utilising metal chelators. In this regard, we aimed to study the behaviour of gallic acid, a well characterised anti-aggregation compound, towards inhibition of metal-induced aggregation of a model enzyme, the human lysozyme. Using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques we show that gallic acid inhibits metal induced aggregation. We delineate that gallic acid inhibits metal-induced aggregation by chelating the metal ions in the solvent, thereby inhibiting the aggregation of human lysozyme as demonstrated by our spectroscopic results which showed the formation of a complex between Mg2+ and gallic acid. Our studies showed retention of lysozymal activity upto 63.2% in presence of gallic acid. Our study therefore shows that gallic acid exhibits bifunctional inhibitory roles i.e., as an anti amyloidogenic and metal induced aggregation inhibitor. Due to its metal chelating activity, gallic acid can be further developed in metal based therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.