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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a collection of metabolic symptoms that arise in a person caused by an increase in blood glucose due to damage to insulin secretion or resistance to insulin or both. Diabetes mellitus medication can be either parenteral or oral which can cause side effects in long-term use such as mild diarrhea, bloating, fatigue acidosis, even hypoglycemic renal impairment. To prevent it can use alternative medicine using Dayak onion (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr.). One of the active substances contained in the Dayak onion is the flavonoids. Flavonoids have antidiabetic activity through their functions as antioxidants. The study aims to determine the activity of Dayak scallion Extract (Eleutherine palmifolia (L) Merr.) To decrease blood sugar levels (Mus muscullus), which is glucose-induced. The research was conducted with research draft pre and post test with control group design. The mice used amounted to 25 male white mice that were divided into 5 groups i.e. negative control (CMC Na 0.5%), control positive (Glibenklamid 3 mg/kgBB), Dayak onion-leaf ethanol extract at a dose of 50 mg/kgBB, 100 mg/kgBB and 200 mg/kgBB. Observations of the decrease in blood sugar levels of each test group were conducted on the same day, 30 minutes, 60 and 90 after hyperglycemia. Results showed that Dayak onion leaves ethanol extract had activity as a lowering of blood sugar levels in glucose-induced white mice

The ketogenic diet is used to treat neurological and metabolic symptoms of disease, but the extent of its influences across organ systems remains unclear. Ang et al., 2020 reveal that ketone bodies induced by the diet inhibit specific bacteria of the gut microbiota and suppress pro-inflammatory T cells in the intestine.

Objective: To examine the extent to which vacationing behavior is associated with metabolic outcomes. Specifically, we consider how total vacation episodes and total vacation days from the past 12 months relate to metabolic syndrome and metabolic symptoms.Design: Sixty-three workers eligible for paid vacation attended a lab visit during which their blood was drawn and they completed an interview assessing vacationing behavior in the past 12 months.Main outcome measures: Metabolic syndrome and metabolic symptoms are the main outcome measures.Results: Over the past 12 months, participants took approximately five vacations (M = 5.44, SD = 3.16) and used about 2 weeks of their paid vacation days (M = 13.80, SD = 7.25). Participants rated vacations positively, expressing low levels of travel-, childcare- and financial burden-related stress. As vacation episodes increased, metabolic syndrome incidence (OR = 0.76, p = 0.051) and number of metabolic symptoms met (IRR = 0.92, p = 0.035) decreased. Notably,...

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been increasing throughout the world. The cereals, as the high carbohydrate food and dominant portion of diet, have crucial impacts on glycemic control, especially for T2DM. Both components in whole cereals and processing are closely related to their glycemic response. The consumption of whole cereals is shown to reduce the risk of T2DM. The starch characteristic of cereal determines its hydrolysis rate and glycemic response. The soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, phenolic compounds, and other bioactive constituents may slow down the starch hydrolysis. Besides, they have other physiological mechanisms in regulation of T2DM, such as amelioration of lipid disorder, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and regulation of gut microbiota, which contribute to further improvement of metabolic symptoms. Cereals are subjected to processing before consumption, which is involved in mechanical force, bioprocessing, thermal treatment, and cooling. The processing induces changes in nutritional composition and physical structure compared to the raw kernels. The key influences of processing on glycemic response are the starch gelatinization and starch retrogradation. However, physical structure of cereal and interactions among starch and other compounds greatly contribute to various glycemic responses of cereal products. This review highlights recent findings on the influences of both bioactive constituents and processing on the antidiabetic effects and physiological properties of cereals.

// Huiyu Xu 1, * , Yong Han 2, * , Jiaying Lou 3 , Hongxian Zhang 4 , Yue Zhao 1 , Balazs Győrffy 5, 6 and Rong Li 1 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China 2 Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China 3 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, P.R. China 4 Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China 5 Momentum Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary 6 Second Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Rong Li, email: roseli001@sina.com Keywords: PCOS, obese, insulin-resistant, muscle, breast cancer Received: June 30, 2016 Accepted: April 26, 2017 Published: May 13, 2017 ABSTRACT To explore the key genes associated with both PCOS and breast cancer, we overlapped the synchronously differently expressed genes in two obese insulin-resistant GEO datasets in muscle tissue and genes exert essential roles in breast cancer prognosis together base on the following reasons: (1) Androgens excess is believed to contribute to the onset of both PCOS and breast cancer. (2) PCOS is usually complicated with metabolic symptoms, such as obesity and insulin-resistance. (3) Muscle is the main place where energy metabolism and material metabolism take place. Consequently, 53 genes were found, functionally enriched in pathways such as pyruvate metabolism, muscle system process and development of primary male sexual characteristics etc. We further lay our eyes on genes correlated with male sexual characteristics, which may be involved in the onset of both PCOS and breast cancer. Three genes were indicated to be associated with this process, including hydroxysteroid (17-beta) dehydrogenase 4/HSD17B4, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, alpha polypeptide/PDGFRA and high-mobility group box 2/HMGB2. Gene-drug interaction network about the three genes were then constructed. Drugs or chemicals that contribute to correcting the disorder of lipid metabolism were detected to restore the abnormal expression of the three genes in PCOS, such as simvastatin, bezafibrate, fenofibrate et al, which provide further choices for managing patients with PCOS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of different morphological features in different layers of lyophilized adipose tissue. In this work the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was adopted for investigation of lyophilized adipose tissue taken from obese patients. The adipose tissue was taken from subcutaneous (SAT), preperitoneal (PAT) and visceral (VAT) layers of adipose tissue. The obtained results of the main microstructural features provided information about morphological features of subcutaneous, preperitoneal and visceral layers in obese people. The obtained SEM results possibly could be used for the estimation of metabolic symptoms and prediction different diseases. The SEM method was never used before to investigate morphology of SAT, PAT and VAT layers of lyophilized human adipose tissue.

Recent research has associated metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity with a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors or life style. In this combination, mechanisms involving molecules like non-coding RNAs and epigenetic marks like DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modifications have been proposed to act as a molecular bridge between dietary conditions and the genome. Through these mechanisms, dietary changes can influence the genome and in some cases, leave traces that persist across life and can be passed to the progeny. This chapter describes reported cases of inter- or transgenerational transmission of metabolic symptoms resulting from compromised dietary conditions in early life or adulthood in experimental animals and humans. It proposes possible molecular ways by which metabolic signals can influence the epigenome in different cells.

This study's goal was to conduct a preliminary test of the theory that just world beliefs can buffer against negative physiological outcomes after people experience certain types of negative life events by testing associations between just world beliefs and physiological outcomes among people with different life event histories. In a sample of 247 adults (Mage = 46.01; 24.31% men; 60.78% White), this research investigated the relationship between just world beliefs and metabolic symptoms, inflammation, and sleep among people who had recently experienced an unfair event, another type of negative event, or no negative event. Stronger just world beliefs correlated with lower metabolic risk, lower inflammation, and better sleep among people who had recently experienced an unfair event, but not among those in the other two event groups. These findings suggest that people's beliefs about the world may interact with their life experiences in ways that have implications for health-relevant outcomes.

Metals have been reported for possible associations with metabolic symptoms, but existing information remains contradictory. In the present study, the association between metal exposure and the met...

With the significant global obesity epidemic and emerging strong scientific evidence that connected gut microbiota to obesity, intervening obesity by targeting gut microbiota has become a trendy strategy. Particularly the application of probiotics has become remarkably popular because of their expected association with gut microbiota modulation. Although there are many literatures on the effects of probiotics in obese animal models, most of them reported the effects of probiotic bacteria on metabolic indications with limited information on anti-obesity itself. Besides, some probiotics have been shown to reduce certain metabolic symptoms but they failed to achieve weight loss. This report reviewed the current literatures on the anti-obesity effects of next-generation probiotics in various animal obesity models and discussed the beneficial potential of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating obesity in humans. The purpose of this article is to help guide further research improve the probiotic bacteria experiments in more precise animal obesity models by standardizing the anti-obesogenesis, obesity control, and treatment assays and hopefully the evidence-based investigations on harnessing gut microbiota through next-generation probiotics or fecal microbiota transplantation will develop new interventions to promote and achieve anti-obesity.

Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) describes a group of disorders characterized by deficient biological action of GH. GH insensitivity may be of primary origin, that is, related to defects in genes coding for functional proteins essential for GH action or secondary to acquired pathology such as inflammatory or nutritional disorders. This article will describe GH insensitivity of primary origin, which in children presents as growth failure leading to adult short stature. Metabolic symptoms, such as hypoglycaemia, may also occur. Cardinal biochemical features are normal or elevated GH secretion and IGF-1 deficiency. Therapy for GH insensitivity consists of recombinant human IGF-1, which can lead to height gain resulting in catch-up growth and adult height within the normal range.

This study investigated the responses to a green algae mixture of Scenedesmus dimorphus and Schroederiella apiculata (SC) containing protein (46.1% of dry algae), insoluble fibre (19.6% of dry algae), minerals (3.7% of dry algae) and omega-3 fatty acids (2.8% of dry algae) as a dietary intervention in a high carbohydrate, high fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome model in four groups of male Wistar rats. Two groups were fed with a corn starch diet containing 68% carbohydrates as polysaccharides, while the other two groups were fed a diet high in simple carbohydrates (fructose and sucrose in food, 25% fructose in drinking water, total 68%) and fats (saturated and trans fats from beef tallow, total 24%). High carbohydrate, high fat-fed rats showed visceral obesity with hypertension, insulin resistance, cardiovascular remodelling, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. SC supplementation (5% of food) lowered total body and abdominal fat mass, increased lean mass, and attenuated hypertension, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance, endothelial dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells into heart and liver, fibrosis, increased cardiac stiffness, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats. This study suggests that the insoluble fibre or protein in SC helps reverse diet-induced metabolic syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disorder that becomes apparent during adolescence with a variety of hormonal and metabolic symptoms. Patients with PCOS can present with ovulatory dysfunction, polycystic ovaries, androgen excess, metabolic abnormalities or a combination of some or all of these problems. The cause of PCOS is unknown but studies suggest a strong genetic component that is affected by the gestational environment and lifestyle factors. Recent advances in our understanding of genetics, diet-induced inflammation, gut microbiome, epigenetics and molecular toxicology suggest that there may be multiple mechanisms that could contribute to the variety of clinical presentations observed in PCOS. Prepubertal metabolic dysfunction may be one of the first phenotypic traits observed in adolescent girls likely to develop PCOS. In the future it may be possible to identify girls at risk of developing PCOS and implement preventative measures prior to the onset of clinical signs and symptoms. PCOS can be effectively treated with a combination of lifestyle approaches including diet and exercise. There is emerging evidence that a high quality low glycaemic load (GL) diet may have an important role in improving anthropomorphic and metabolic outcomes in women with PCOS.

The association between the development of obesity and its metabolic comorbidities, and chronic consumption of high-fat diet (HFD) has been well-demonstrated. Interestingly, emerging evidence indicates that obesity is also associated with an increased risk for psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. Although HFD feeding is associated with anxiety-related behaviors, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings on the direction of this relationship. Therefore, in this study we sought to investigate the link between HFD feeding, body weight, energy states and anxiety levels in mice and specifically to determine if the duration of HFD exposure has distinct effects on anxiety-related behaviors. To disentangle the temporal dynamic effects of HFD feeding on anxiety-related behaviors, mice were fed a HFD or regular chow (RC) diet and were assayed periodically for anxiety-related behaviors by using behavioral tests (open field test; OFT) and the elevated plus maze. To determine if obesity phenotypes correlate with anxiety-related behaviors, changes in anxiety-related behaviors in OFTs were correlated with changes in both body weight and glucose sensitivity following various levels of HFD and RC exposure. Our results demonstrate a time-dependent biphasic effect of HFD feeding on anxiety-related behaviors. At 5 weeks, mice fed HFD show a reduction in anxiety-related behaviors when compared to pair-fed RC mice. At 8 weeks of HFD or RC feeding, anxiety levels were the same in both groups. Following 15 weeks of HFD and RC feeding, however, mice displaying metabolic symptoms of obesity showed increased anxiety-related behaviors relative to mice resilient to obesity phenotypes, independent of feeding conditions. Taken together our findings suggest that HFD bi-directionally effects anxiety-related behaviors such that short-term exposure to a HFD reduces anxiety levels, while longer exposure to a HFD promotes anxiety levels selectively in mice that display metabolic symptoms of obesity. Regardless of diet (HFD or RC), heavier animals display increased anxiety-like behaviors. These findings indicate diverse overlapping roles for HFD and body weight in modulating anxiety-related behaviors, and may partly resolve previous inconsistencies in studies examining the relationship between HFD feeding and anxiety.

The Snord116 gene cluster has been recognised as a critical contributor to the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), with mice lacking Snord116 displaying many classical PWS phenotypes, including low postnatal body weight, reduced bone mass and increased food intake. However, these mice do not develop obesity as a result of increased energy expenditure. To understand the physiological function of SNORD116 better and potentially rescue the altered metabolism of Snord116-/- mice, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) approach to reintroduce the product of the Snord116 gene into the hypothalamus in Snord116-/- mice at different ages. The results obtained show that mid-hypothalamic re-introduction of SNORD116 in 6-week-old Snord116-/- mice leads to significantly reduced body weight and weight gain, which is associated with elevated energy expenditure. Importantly, when the intervention targets other areas such as the anterior region of the hypothalamus or the reintroduction occurs in older mice, the positive effects on energy expenditure are diminished. These data indicate that the metabolic symptoms of PWS develop gradually and the Snord116 gene plays a critical role during this process. Furthermore, when we investigated the consequences of SNORD116 re-introduction under conditions of thermoneutrality where the mild cold stress influences are avoided, we also observed a significant increase in energy expenditure. In conclusion, the rescue of mid-hypothalamic Snord116 deficiency in young Snord116 germline deletion mice increases energy expenditure, providing fundamental information contributing to potential virus-mediated genetic therapy in PWS.

Studies on the prevalence of symptoms in the general population and its' relation to LS in the oldest-old are to our knowledge non-existent. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency and experienced severity of elderly subjects' reported symptoms and how symptoms are related to LS. The study population consisted of 681 individuals aged 78-93 years, drawn from the longitudinal population study, GÅS, part of a national survey (SNAC). Scores on the life satisfaction index were related to scores on a modified version of the Göteborg Quality of Life (GQoL) instrument, covering 32 common symptoms. Musculo-skeletal symptoms like pain were reported by 74%, 80% had depressive symptoms and 68% general fatigue. Less than 6% of men and women reported no metabolic symptoms or symptoms related to the head. In a multiple regression model it was shown that four groups of symptoms could significantly predict LS 3 years later: depression, tension, GI-symptoms and musculo-skeletal symptoms. The clinical implication of this study is that careful attention should be paid to the elderly patients' complaints concerning symptoms in the above areas since this has the potential to significantly increase the patients' satisfaction with life.

Neonatal polycythemia, defined as a venous hematocrit ≥65% (0.65), is a common problem in newborns. Infants born postterm or small for gestational age, infants of diabetic mothers, recipient twins in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, and those who have chromosomal abnormalities are at higher risk. Although the cause of polycythemia is often multifactorial, most cases can be classified as having active (increased fetal erythropoiesis) or passive (erythrocyte transfusion) polycythemia. By increasing blood viscosity, polycythemia can impair microcirculatory flow in end organs and can present with neurologic, cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and metabolic symptoms. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of polycythemia in the newborn.

Sepsis is one of the most important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. As such, it is imperative that the doctor make an early diagnosis of possible infection in a newborn baby leading to early initiation of appropriate therapy. In a low resource setting this would possibly mean a clinical diagnosis. Sepsis unfortunately has a spectrum of symptoms involving almost all systems in the body. This includes features pertaining to the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous systems as also hematological and metabolic symptoms. Respiratory distress is one of the most commonly recognized presenting features of sepsis. In order to improve the clinical diagnosis of infections, various authors have constructed prediction models using different sets of clinical features. This might improve the sensitivity in diagnosing sepsis. Other interesting aspects in the diagnosis of sepsis are newer tests like heart rate analysis on ECG or colorimetric analysis of skin colour. Though still in the experimental phase, they seem to show promise in detecting sepsis before the clinical manifestations appear. This chapter gives an overview of the various manifestations of newborn systemic infections as also some recent advances in diagnosis.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT2) deficiency is an inherited disorder associated with rhabdomyolysis. The adult form of CPT2 deficiency is usually "benign", characterized by episodes of rhabdomyolysis without extramuscular manifestations and with a good outcome, while the infantile type characteristically presents with severe metabolic symptoms such as hypoketotic hypoglycemia. We present here a case of severe rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure and hypoglycemia in an adult patient with CPT2 deficiency.

Individuals with intellectual disability frequently use antipsychotics for many years. This may have detrimental health effects, including neurological symptoms and metabolic and hormonal dysregulation, the latter possibly affecting bone metabolism. There is large variability in the degree in which antipsychotic agents lead to these health problems. In the current study we investigated potential determinants of physical symptoms and biological parameters known to be associated with use of antipsychotics in a convenience sample of 99 individuals with intellectual disability who had used antipsychotics for more than one year for behavioural symptoms. We focused on extrapyramidal symptoms; on overweight and presence of components of the metabolic syndrome; and on elevated plasma prolactin and bone turnover parameters. As predictor variables, we used patient (sex, age, genetic polymorphisms, and severity of intellectual disability) and medication use (type and dosage) characteristics. We found extrapyramidal symptoms to be present in 53%, overweight or obesity in 46%, and the metabolic syndrome in 11% of participants. Hyperprolactineaemia and one or more elevated bone turnover markers were present in 17% and 25%, respectively. Higher age and more severe intellectual disability were associated with dyskinesia and a higher dosage of the antipsychotic drug was associated with parkinsonism. Less severe intellectual disability was related to higher Body Mass Index. Use of atypical antipsychotics was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure and elevated fasting glucose. Clinicians who prescribe antipsychotics in individuals with intellectual disability should carefully balance the potential benefits of prolonged treatment against the risk of health hazards associated with the use of antipsychotics. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by obesity concomitant with other metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein levels, elevated blood pressure and raised fasting glucose levels. The precise definition of MetS, the relationships of its metabolic features, and what initiates it, are debated. However, obesity is on the rise worldwide, and its association with these metabolic symptoms increases the risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (among many other diseases). Research needs to determine the mechanisms by which obesity and MetS increase the risk of disease. In light of this growing epidemic, it is imperative to develop animal models of MetS. These models will help determine the pathophysiological basis for MetS and how MetS increases the risk for other diseases. Among the various animal models available to study MetS, mice are the most commonly used for several reasons. First, there are several spontaneously occurring obese mouse strains that have been used for decades and that are very well characterized. Second, high-fat feeding studies require only months to induce MetS. Third, it is relatively easy to study the effects of single genes by developing transgenic or gene knockouts to determine the influence of a gene on MetS. For these reasons, this review will focus on the benefits and caveats of the most common mouse models of MetS. It is our hope that the reader will be able to use this review as a guide for the selection of mouse models for their own studies.

When prescribed appropriately and taken adherently, antiretroviral therapy can consistently and durably suppress HIV replication, potentially translating into years of near normal health for HIV-infected persons. However, presently available antiretrovirals are associated with a cluster of physical and metabolic symptoms termed HIV lipodystrophy. This article reviews the state of knowledge about the pathogenesis and treatment of the various manifestations of these adverse effects.

Background: Localized fibrous mesotheliomas are rare intrathoracic tumors arising from the pleural tissue. They are mostly benign tumors, with dimensions ranging from a small nodule to a large intrathoracic tumor. Case: This paper describes the presence of giant localized fibrous mesothelioma filling the lower left pleural cavity, which developed over a 20-year period. Surgical resection of the tumor showed a large, localized fibrous mesothelioma 14 cm in diameter. Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of localized fibrous mesotheliomas are very variable. Small tumors may be asymptotic, while large tumors may cause respiratory, cardiac or metabolic symptoms. Complete surgical resection is the preferred treatment and is usually curative. Careful follow-up is indicated because recurrence may occur, even many years after the initial operation.

Studies were undertaken to determine whether the distribution of glycolytic intermediates between the blood and liver in rats would be changed upon ethanol consumption and after its withdrawal. More drastic impairment of energy metabolism appeared to occur after ethanol withdrawal than upon chronic ethanol ingestion. The major metabolic manifestations of withdrawal were severe hypoglycemia, hyperlactatemia and dramatic hypopyruvatemia. The liver/blood gradient of glucose attained a value of 4.2 after ethanol withdrawal, suggesting that glucose penetration from the liver into circulation became limited. Besides, glycogen was accumulated in the liver of withdrawn animals despite the severe hypoglycemia.

It is postulated that in the resting state insulin-dependent tissue uptake of glucose is limited by the rate of blood flow, capillary permeability, and the number of perfused capillaries in the skeletal muscles. A mathematical model, simulating these relations, is developed. According to this model, changes in the indicated parameters might cause type 2 diabetes.