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While scale is often used as a heuristic to understand heterogeneity among landlords, research demonstrates that broad differences in landlord size are often mediated by, confounded by, and conceal variation in factors that more directly shape how landlords operate. In this article, we draw on existing landlord research to identify legal, organizational, and economic factors that vary at the landlord level and shape landlord practices. Legal factors include the liability protections through which landlords own properties and the varying regulatory scrutiny different landlords face. Organizational characteristics refer to the subjective logics, decision-making processes, and social relationships through which landlords manage properties. Finally, economic factors refer to their sources of capital and income-generating strategies. These factors can be independently studied as vectors affecting landlord behaviors or as building blocks when developing landlord typologies. We conclude by pointing to new possibilities for research enabled by a multifactorial approach and argue that this also provides a targeted framework for regulation of property owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oclacitinib is a novel Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that potently inhibits JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy, inflammation, and pruritus (IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐13, and IL‐31). Oclacitinib (Apoquel®, Zoetis Inc, Parsippany, NJ) is approved for the treatment/control of pruritus associated with allergic dermatitis and treatment/control of clinical manifestations of atopic dermatitis in dogs at least 12 months of age. To evaluate the effectiveness of oclacitinib in dogs with flea allergy dermatitis, the JAK1 selective inhibitor was tested in a placebo‐controlled, masked, single‐dose (0.4 mg/kg) or repeat‐dose (0.4 mg/kg, twice daily for 2 weeks) study. Pruritic behaviors were quantitated by video recording, and erythema and skin lesions were assessed using a 10‐cm visual analog scale (VAS). Results showed that oclacitinib reduced pruritus by 61% as early as 1.5 h after a single oral dose compared to placebo, with an average reduction (compared to placebo) of 85% 1–5 h after dosing (0.4 mg/kg; p <.0001). Oclacitinib also significantly reduced erythema (p <.0001) and skin lesion (p <.0005) VAS scores on Day 14 compared to placebo in a repeat dose study. No adverse events were noted during the conduct of these studies. IL‐31 concentrations were elevated in the majority of dogs after flea infestation, suggesting JAK1‐dependent cytokines may drive clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis. These findings show that oclacitinib, an inhibitor of JAK1‐dependent cytokines involved in allergy and inflammation can rapidly reduce clinical signs associated with flea allergic dermatitis in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Lateral ankle ligament sprains occur frequently in both general and athletic populations. Most patients recover from their injury without complication, however, some experience persistent pain and instability following lateral ankle injury, which requires treatment with surgical stabilization. The purpose of this study is to determine the utilization and associated costs of non-operative treatment modalities, such as physical therapy (PT), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and ankle bracing, as well the incidence of lateral ankle sprains that receive surgical treatment and the costs incurred by surgical treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability. Methods: Data was collected using the Pearl Diver Humana dataset using ICD-9, ICD-10, and CPT codes pertaining to ankle sprain, ankle ligament repair or reconstruction, physical therapy, ankle brace ordering, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (NSAID) ordering. Patients diagnosed with an ankle sprain were sub-divided into three categories: non-operative treatment, surgical ligament repair, and surgical ligament reconstruction. Incidence, cost, and PT usage was compared between patient groups. Cost analysis was performed per group using associated ICD/CPT cost and physical therapy cost. NSAID use and ankle bracing use was also examined. Results: Of patients who sustained lateral ankle injury, 64% were female and 36% were male. 306,180 (98.8%) patients successfully completed non-operative management. 2,774 (1.2%) patients underwent surgical intervention. 63,276 (20.7%) non- operative patients received physical therapy, whereas 1,536 (55.4%) surgically treated patients received PT after surgery. Only 725 (26.1%) surgical patients received pre-operative PT. Median time for total PT treatment of surgical patients was 21.8 weeks, while non-operative patients received treatment for a median time of 58.7 weeks. On average non-operative patients generated 11 billed days in PT while surgical patients received 8 days of PT before surgery and 11 days in PT after surgery. Average total cost per patient was $923.32 for non-operative patients, $3,384.63 for surgical ligament repair, and $3,659.98 for surgical ligament reconstruction. Conclusion: The vast majority of patients with lateral ankle ligament sprains do not progress to surgical treatment. Patients treated non-operatively used fewer physical therapy visits per patient and generated less cost compared to surgically treated patients. Only 20% of non-operative patients received physical therapy. Additionally, a higher proportion of surgically treated patients participated in PT compared to patients treated non-operatively.

Canada has had a long tradition of tours by members of the royal family, beginning with the 1860 visit of the Prince of Wales. But George VI’s 1939 royal tour of Canada was the first by a reigning British monarch, and its real significance can only be fully understood in context. World events, most notably the looming threat from Hitler’s Germany, made Canada’s attachment to the Commonwealth vitally important. Canada’s Prime Minister Mackenzie King revered the Crown but was a prickly Canadian nationalist who was loath to make any defence commitments to the mother country. The institution of the Crown had weathered a series of crises in the period preceding the visit: the 1931 Statute of Westminster marked a fundamental change in the Crown’s relationship to the dominion governments, and the 1936 abdication sullied the sovereign’s image. The 1939 visit also raised the practical issue of how the duties of the Crown ought to be fulfilled when both the king and his dominion representative were present in the dominion. The 1939 visit represented a vital test of the institution of the Crown, and the true import of the five-week tour must be assessed in light of its political, foreign policy, and constitutional significance.

Review of Ted Powell, King Edward VIII: An American Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).