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4. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the little ice age: A spatially explicit database

Author

Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., Ficetola G. F., Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Marta S., Azzoni R. S., Fugazza D., Tielidze L., Chand P., Sieron K., Almond P., Ambrosini R., Anthelme F., Alviz Gazitua P., Bhambri R., Bonin A., Caccianiga M., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Lievano J. L. C., Clague J., Rapre J. A. C., Dangles O., Deline P., Eger A., Encarnacion R. C., Erokhin S., Franzetti A., Gielly L., Gili F., Gobbi M., Guerrieri A., Hagvar S., Khedim N., Kinyanjui R., Messager E., Morales-Martinez M. A., Peyre G., Pittino F., Poulenard J., Seppi R., Sharma M. C., Urseitova N., Weissling B., Yang Y., Zaginaev V., Zimmer A., Diolaiuti G. A., Rabatel A., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8).

Published
2021

5. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world

Author

Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., Ficetola G. F., Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Khedim N., Cecillon L., Poulenard J., Barre P., Baudin F., Marta S., Rabatel A., Dentant C., Cauvy-Fraunie S., Anthelme F., Gielly L., Ambrosini R., Franzetti A., Azzoni R. S., Caccianiga M. S., Compostella C., Clague J., Tielidze L., Messager E., Choler P., and Ficetola G. F.

Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice-cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build-up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic (13C, 15N) and carbon functional groups (C-H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build-up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contributio

Published
2021

11. Timing of Millet Diffusion in the Alps from Miliacin Occurrence in Lake Sediments

Author

Jacob, J., primary, Simonneau, A., additional, Renaud, F., additional, Bajard, M., additional, Messager, E., additional, Poulenard, J., additional, Giguet-Covex, C., additional, Arnaud, F., additional, Doyen, E., additional, Sabatier, P., additional, Etienne, D., additional, Malet, E., additional, Fanget, B., additional, and Le Milbeau, C., additional

Published
2019
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12. Le site du Carreau du Temple (Paris) entre ' marais ' et ' marécages ' : indices géoarchéologiques et paléo-environnementaux

Author

Brenot, J, Caillot, I, Messager, E, Nicosia, C, and Emery-Barbier, A

Subjects
Moyen Âge, Paris, Géoarchéologie, enclos du Temple, lcsh:Archaeology, Middle Ages, geoarchaeology, lcsh:CC1-960, vegetable gardens, maraîchage, géoarchéologie
Abstract

Les fouilles du “ Carreau du Temple ”, effectuées en 2011, ont permis d’étudier une séquence pédo-sédimentaire préservée sous les vestiges d’une occupation qui débute au xiie s. avec le développement de l’Enclos du Temple. L’emplacement du site correspond à un domaine de transition géomorphologique entre une montille à faible relief (le quartier du Marais) et un paléochenal de la Seine qui ceinture la rive droite. La séquence de sol, qui correspond à un horizon organique homogène à l’échelle du site, a fait l’objet d’une étude paléo-environnementale (sédimentologie, micromorphologie, paléobotanique) afin de déterminer son origine et son mode de mise en place. Les principaux résultats indiquent que le site est dépourvu de marqueurs de milieu palustre, tandis que la séquence présente tous les indices d’une anthropisation intense liée à une activité agricole du Moyen Âge, d’abord céréalière puis essentiellement maraîchère. Ce résultat s’accorde avec les vestiges identifiés sur le site et confirme les observations pédo-sédimentaires faites en plusieurs endroits de la rive droite et en particulier dans le quartier du Marais. L’absence de marqueurs palustres relativise fortement l’image d’une rive droite insalubre et marécageuse, associée à une toponymie qui semble essentiellement hériter d’une occupation céréalière et maraîchère de ses sols. The excavations of the Carreau du Temple, Paris, France, undertaken in 2011, provided the opportunity to study a pedo-sedimentary sequence preserved in the ruins of an occupation that began in the twelfth century with the development of the “Enclos du Temple”. The site is located in an area of geomorphological transition between a relief characterised by shallow ancient dunes (the “Marais”, “swamp” in French) and a paleochannel of the right bank of the river Seine. The sediment sequence, which corresponds to a homogeneous organic horizon extending across the site, was the subject of a paleo-environmental study (sedimentology, micromorphology, paleobotany) aimed at determining both its origin and evolution. The principal results found no markers indicating a wetland environment; however, extensive evidence of intensive human activity related to agricultural practices from the Middle Ages was identified, including evidence for both cereal and more specifically, vegetable production. This result agrees with the archaeological remains identified at the site and confirms the pedo-sedimentary observations made in several places along the paleo-channel, and in particular in the Marais. The absence of wetland markers that would normally indicate a marshy right river bank calls into question the toponymy of the place - the Marais - which is a name usually associated with unsanitary, swampy conditions; the evidence found, in fact indicates that this was a zone of varied agricultural production.

Published
2013

13. Addendum

Author

Nomade, S., Scao, V., Guillou, H., Messager, E., Mgeladze, A., Voinchet, P., Renne, P.R., Courtin-Nomade, A., Bardintzeff, J.M., Ferring, R., Lordkipanidze, D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Georgian National Museum, Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Berkeley Geochronology Center (BGC), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine, University of North Texas (UNT), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), and University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)

Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010506 paleontology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016
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14. ADDENDUM : New Ar-40/Ar-39, unspiked K/ar and geochemical constraints on the Pleistocene magmatism of the Samtskhe-Javakheti highlands (Republic of Georgia)

Author

Nomade, S., Scao, Vincent, Guillou, Hervé, Messager, E., Mgeladze, Ana, Voinchet, P., Renne, P.R, Courtin-Nomade, Alexandra, Bardintzeff, J.-M., Ferring, C. R., Lordkipanidze, D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paléocéanographie (PALEOCEAN), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Georgian National Museum, Department of geochronology, Berkeley Geochronology Center (BGC), Department of Earth and Planetary Science [UC Berkeley] (EPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol, Environnement (GRESE), Université de Limoges (UNILIM), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of North Texas (UNT), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), University of California [Berkeley], and University of California-University of California

Subjects
[SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Panoply
Abstract

International audience

Published
2016

15. The gardens of Villa A at Olpontis through pollen and phytolith analysis of soil samples

Author

RUSSO ERMOLLI, ELDA, Messager E., Clarke, John R. and Nayla K. Muntasser, RUSSO ERMOLLI, Elda, and Messager, E.

Abstract

Pollen analysis of a soil sample from room 20 in Villa A at Oplontis revealed the presence of a garden with peculiar characters with respect to the other gardens of the Pompeian region, all dated to the A.D. 79. The age of the soil level analyzed in this study is still under determination but it is certainly older that the A.D. 79. At that time, the garden of room 20 was characterized by the significant presence of myrtle and lemon while the analysis of the A.D. 79 levels of room 93 in the same Villa as well as those of the other Pompeian villas, revealed the constant occurrence of olive trees and vines. This fact could indicate either the change in composition of gardens from the I century B.C. (presumed age of the analyzed sample) to the I century A.D. or the occurrence of contamination of more modern pollen grains in the soils of room 20. However, it cannot be excluded that, being olive and vine insect-pollinated, their pollen did not reach room 20, which is a rather restricted room within Villa A. The presence of probably cultivated vegetables (cabbage) indicates the vicinity of vegetable gardens. This is in agreement with the traditional way of Roman land use and management where small vegetable gardens were cultivated close or within gardens or orchards. Phytolith analysis was performed for the first time in a garden of Roman age. The most interesting result consists in the abundance of bulliform cells which could indicate either dry summer conditions or exceptional water availability related to irrigation in the garden.

Published
2013

16. Early Neolithisation process in southwestern Ukraine: a view from the charcoal analysis

Author

SALAVERT, A., GOURIVEAU, E., LEBRETON, V., Messager, E., KIOSAK, D., Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2015

17. Migration post-dépositionelle des marqueurs botaniques (pollen, spores, phytolithes, charbons et microcharbons) à travers les sédiments

Author

Vincent Lebreton, Messager, E., Delhon, C., Jouffroy-Bapicot, I., Puaud, S., Thery-Parisot, I., Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2015

18. Comportements alimentaires humains et exploitation des plantes dans le Sud Caucase au Bronze ancien : approches anthropologique, isotopique et archéobotanique du site de Chobareti (1615 m, Géorgie)

Author

Poulmarc’h, M., Martin, L., Herrscher, E., Messager, E., Delhon, C., Kvavadze, E., Martkoplishvili, I., Kakhiani, K., Bedianashvili, G., Bitadze, L., Sagona, A., Lordkipanidze, D., Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Culture et Environnements, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA), Gestion des ressources naturelles , environnements et sociétés (GReNES), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Institute of Zoology, Ilia State University [Tbilisi], and Georgian National Museum

Subjects
anthropologique, isotopique, Géorgie, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Caucase, humains, dans, plantes, Bronze, Comportements, site, Chobareti, approches, alimentaires, archéobotanique, exploitation, ancien
Abstract

International audience; Comportements alimentaires humains et exploitation des plantes dans le Sud Caucase au Bronze ancien : approches anthropologique, isotopique et archéobotanique du site de Chobareti (1615 m, Géorgie).

Published
2014

20. Lower and middle Pleistocene human settlements in the Middle Loire River Basin, Centre Region, France

Author

Despriee, J., Voinchet, P., Tissoux, H., Moncel, M. H., Arzarello, Marta, Robin, S., Sala, R., Bahain, J. J., Falgueres, C., Courcimault, G., Depont, J., Gageoonet, R., Marquer, L., Messager, E., Abdessadok, S., and Puaud, S.

Subjects
geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Pleistocene, Drainage basin, Fluvial, Structural basin, Archaeology, Paleontology, Tributary, Period (geology), Alluvium, Quaternary, Geology, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract

Evidence of earliest human settlements observed in the alluvial formations of the Middle Loire Basin during systematic surveys organised since 1981. Many stepped fluvial terraces deposited during the successive interglacial–glacial Quaternary cycles have been identified in three tributary valleys of the Loire River: the Creuse, Cher and Loir Valleys. These alluvial remnants were systematically dated by the Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) method applied on optically bleached quartz, in order to construct a chronostratigraphical framework for the fluvial systems and the associated archaeological localities. Four localities containing Early Palaeolithic industries with Mode 1 technology, occupied during the Lower Pleistocene, and ten sites characterized by assemblages with handaxes, discovered in the Middle Pleistocene alluvial formations, are described in this paper. These two sets of localities are characterized by lithic industries with many differences in supply of raw materials and in technical behaviours. The results indicate that this area was reached by two separate phases of human settlement (one in relation to Mode 1, the other to Mode 2) with an interval around 400 ka, at the end of the Lower Pleistocene, during a period characterized by major climatic degradations.

Published
2010

21. L'expansion des hominidés plio-pléistocènes hors d'Afrique : synthèse, hypothèses et discussions

Author

Prat, Sandrine, Messager, E., Moullé, Pierre-Elie, Dynamique de l'évolution humaine : individus, populations, espèces [Paris] (DEHIPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Musée de Préhistoire Régionale de Menton

Subjects
[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2008

23. 40Ar/39Ar constraints on some French landmark Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene large mammalian paleofaunas: Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications.

Author

Nomade, S., Pastre, J.F., Guillou, H., Faure, M., Guérin, C., Delson, E., Debard, E., Voinchet, P., and Messager, E.

Subjects
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL studies, PALEOECOLOGY, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PLEISTOCENE Epoch, PLIOCENE Epoch, NEOGENE Period
Abstract

To improve the French Plio-Pleistocene biostratigraphy scheme based on mammal biozone boundaries or “Mammal Neogene/Quaternary Zones” (MNQ) we collected volcanic material that could be dated using the 40Ar/39Ar method in five exceptional mammalian paleofauna sites located in the Massif Central (France). We present 40Ar/39Ar ages that we obtained for Perrier-Les Etouaires, Roca-Neyra, Chilhac, Senèze and le Creux de Peyrolles. We show that the overall stratigraphic position of these sites based on faunal assemblages is valid from the relative point of view. However, we greatly improve both the accuracy and precision of the age of these mammalian paleofaunas. We obtained 40Ar/39Ar ages varying between 2.78 ± 0.01 Ma (1σ external) for Les Etouaires (Lower MNQ 16b) and 1.47 ± 0.01 Ma for the Creux de Peyrolles site (MNQ 19). Based on these new dates we estimate the duration of several biozones including MNQ 16b, 17a and 17b. We suggest that the first Late Villafranchian biozone (MNQ 18) starts as early as the Reunion subchron or just after. The first occurrence of Equus stenonis in Roca-Neyra (i.e. 2.60 ± 0.02 Ma) is close to or synchronous with the Gauss–Matuyama transition (i.e. 2.59 Ma) and the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. The chronological framework we build shows the very rapid increase of the large grazers community in French faunal assemblages at the beginning of MNQ 17 (i.e. 2.6 to 2.4 Ma). This rapid faunal turnover is probably associated with a general decrease of woodland habitat in the Massif Central contemporaneous with the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciations. The faunal assemblages in France, Spain, and Italy covering the period between 2.1 and 2.0 Ma suggest that favorable conditions for early hominin settlement (mainly savannah prairies, grassland with open forest patches) existed in southwestern Europe at least 200 ka before the first traces of Homo in Eurasia. This period also shows the arrival of taxa originating in Asia and Africa, suggesting dispersal events within southwestern Europe well before the Olduvai subchron and with no indication (as yet) of Homo as a “fellow traveler”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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25. The Retreat of Mountain Glaciers since the Little Ice Age: A Spatially Explicit Database

Author

Marta, Silvio, Azzoni, Roberto, Fugazza, Davide, Tielidze, Levan, Chand, Pritam, Sieron, Katrin, Almond, Peter, Ambrosini, Roberto, Anthelme, Fabien, Alviz Gazitúa, Pablo, Bhambri, Rakesh, Bonin, Aurélie, Caccianiga, Marco, Cauvy-Fraunié, Sophie, Ceballos Lievano, Jorge, Clague, John, Cochachín Rapre, Justiniano, Dangles, Olivier, Deline, Philip, Eger, Andre, Cruz Encarnación, Rolando, Erokhin, Sergey, Franzetti, Andrea, Gielly, Ludovic, Gili, Fabrizio, Gobbi, Mauro, Guerrieri, Alessia, Hågvar, Sigmund, Khedim, Norine, Kinyanjui, Rahab, Messager, Erwan, Morales-Martínez, Marco, Peyre, Gwendolyn, Pittino, Francesca, Poulenard, Jerome, Seppi, Roberto, Chand Sharma, Milap, Urseitova, Nurai, Weissling, Blake, Yang, Yan, Zaginaev, Vitalii, Zimmer, Anaïs, Diolaiuti, Guglielmina, Rabatel, Antoine, Ficetola, Gentile, Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Victoria University of Wellington, University of Central Punjab, Universidad Veracruzana, Lincoln University, New Zealand, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad de los Lagos (Chile), Heidelberg University, Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Universidad de los Andes [Bogota] (UNIANDES), University of Pavia, National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Marta, S, Azzoni, R, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, P, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitua, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Lievano, J, Clague, J, Rapre, J, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnacion, R, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hagvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martinez, M, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, M, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, G, Rabatel, A, Ficetola, G, Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )

Subjects
climate change, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, global scale, little ice age, pre-satellite era, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Glacier retreat, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, glacier retreat, Bibliography. Library science. Information resources
Abstract

International audience; Most of the world’s mountain glaciers have been retreating for more than a century in response to climate change. Glacier retreat is evident on all continents, and the rate of retreat has accelerated during recent decades. Accurate, spatially explicit information on the position of glacier margins over time is useful for analyzing patterns of glacier retreat and measuring reductions in glacier surface area. This information is also essential for evaluating how mountain ecosystems are evolving due to climate warming and the attendant glacier retreat. Here, we present a non-comprehensive spatially explicit dataset showing multiple positions of glacier fronts since the Little Ice Age (LIA) maxima, including many data from the pre-satellite era. The dataset is based on multiple historical archival records including topographical maps; repeated photographs, paintings, and aerial or satellite images with a supplement of geochronology; and own field data. We provide ESRI shapefiles showing 728 past positions of 94 glacier fronts from all continents, except Antarctica, covering the period between the Little Ice Age maxima and the present. On average, the time series span the past 190 years. From 2 to 46 past positions per glacier are depicted (on average: 7.8)

Published
2021
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26. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world

Author

Khedim, Norine, Cécillon, Lauric, Poulenard, Jérôme, Barré, Pierre, Baudin, François, Marta, Silvio, Rabatel, Antoine, Dentant, Cédric, Cauvy‐Fraunié, Sophie, Anthelme, Fabien, Gielly, Ludovic, Ambrosini, Roberto, Franzetti, Andrea, Azzoni, Roberto Sergio, Caccianiga, Marco Stefano, Compostella, Chiara, Clague, John, Tielidze, Levan, Messager, Erwan, Choler, Philippe, Ficetola, Gentile Francesco, Khedim, N, Cecillon, L, Poulenard, J, Barre, P, Baudin, F, Marta, S, Rabatel, A, Dentant, C, Cauvy-Fraunie, S, Anthelme, F, Gielly, L, Ambrosini, R, Franzetti, A, Azzoni, R, Caccianiga, M, Compostella, C, Clague, J, Tielidze, L, Messager, E, Choler, P, Ficetola, G, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne (EDYTEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Étude et compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris (iSTeP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), University of Milan, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Parc national des Ecrins, Riverly (Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Simon Fraser University (SFU.ca), Victoria University of Wellington, Emergence(s) Programme Ville de Paris-European Community Horizon 2020 Programme : 772284-LabEx OSUG@2020 : ANR10 LABX56, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de Montagne (EDYTEM), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP ), and RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy)

Subjects
Nitrogen, Temperature, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Primary Research Articles, Carbon, chronosequence, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, soil organic matter, climate sensitivity, Primary Research Article, Ice Cover, topsoil development, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, carbon stability
Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice‐cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build‐up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic (13C, 15N) and carbon functional groups (C‐H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build‐up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contribution of carbon inputs from plants., In glacier forelands all over the world, the organic matter build‐up during the initial stages of topsoil development is strongly modulated by climate: a warmer climate accelerates accumulation of organic matter. We also detected a decreasing thermal stability of soil organic matter along the chronosequences. The observed changes in soil organic matter elemental stoichiometry, aromaticity and stable isotope signature with soil organic matter accumulation suggest an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin during the first centuries of topsoil development.

Published
2021
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27. The retreat of mountain glaciers since the Little Ice Age: A spatially explicit database

Author

Marta, S, Azzoni, RS, Fugazza, D, Tielidze, L, Chand, P, Sieron, K, Almond, Peter, Ambrosini, R, Anthelme, F, Alviz Gazitúa, P, Bhambri, R, Bonin, A, Caccianiga, M, Cauvy-Fraunié, S, Lievano, JLC, Clague, J, Rapre, JAC, Dangles, O, Deline, P, Eger, A, Encarnación, RC, Erokhin, S, Franzetti, A, Gielly, L, Gili, F, Gobbi, M, Guerrieri, A, Hågvar, S, Khedim, N, Kinyanjui, R, Messager, E, Morales-Martínez, MA, Peyre, G, Pittino, F, Poulenard, J, Seppi, R, Sharma, MC, Urseitova, N, Weissling, B, Yang, Y, Zaginaev, V, Zimmer, A, Diolaiuti, GA, Rabatel, A, and Ficetola, GF

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28. Palaeoenvironments of early hominins in temperate and Mediterranean Eurasia: new palaeobotanical data from Palaeolithic key-sites and synchronous natural sequences

Author

Josette Renault-Miskovsky, Carlo Peretto, Marta Arzarello, Jackie Despriée, Laurent Marquer, Ronan Orain, David Lordkipanidze, Vincent Lebreton, Elda Russo-Ermolli, Erwan Messager, Messager, E., Lebreton, V., Marquer, L., RUSSO ERMOLLI, Elda, Orain, R., Renault Miskovsky, J., Lordkipanidze, D., Despriée, J., Peretto, C., Arzarello, M., Centre d'Études Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen-Age (CEPAM), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse (DiSTAR), Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, L'Homme préhistorique : son évolution, son milieu, ses activités, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Georgian National Museum, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici [Ferrare], Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, and Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE)

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, 010506 paleontology, Archeology, Early Pleistocene, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Hominin dispersal, Subtropics, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Temperate climate, paleolitich, phitoliths, Paleonvironment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Global and Planetary Change, mediterraneo, palaeoenvironment, Ecology, Geology, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Pleistocene, Taxon, Geography, pollen, Biological dispersal, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Chronology
Abstract

The present study focuses on new palaeobotanical data (pollen, phytoliths and fruits) from three of the oldest Early Palaeolithic sites in Eurasia (Dmanisi in Georgia, Ca’ Belvedere di Monte Poggiolo in Italy and Pont-de-Lavaud in France). The main aim is to examine the ecological factors associated with the first human dispersals out of Africa into Eurasia. The palaeoecological data are discussed with regards to chronology and geographical location of the settlements. The vegetation pattern of each site consists of temperate Eurasian and Mediterranean taxa, subtropical trees being more or less recorded depending on climatic and geographic features. The new palaeobotanical data show that different vegetation structures occurred between the first human dispersal in Caucasus and the later dispersals in western Eurasia. However, in all cases hominins seemed to be adapted to temperate ecosystems. In Caucasus, human occupation took place at 1.7 Ma in a forest-steppe environment, while at ca 1 Ma human populations occupied various settings such as open landscapes or dense forests. These data suggest that during the Early Pleistocene, human populations evolved and dispersed in western Eurasia, gradually increasing their degree of adaptation to diversified environments.

Published
2011
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29. Human-triggered magnification of erosion rates in European Alps since the Bronze Age.

Author

Rapuc W, Giguet-Covex C, Bouchez J, Sabatier P, Gaillardet J, Jacq K, Genuite K, Poulenard J, Messager E, and Arnaud F

Abstract

A major feature of the Anthropocene is the drastic increase in global soil erosion. Soil erosion is threatening Earth habitability not only as soils are an essential component of the Earth system but also because societies depend on soils. However, proper quantification of the impact of human activities on erosion over thousands of years is still lacking. This is particularly crucial in mountainous areas, where the highest erosion rates are recorded. Here we use the Lake Bourget catchment, one of the largest in the European Alps, to estimate quantitatively the impact of human activities on erosion. Based on a multi-proxy, source-to-sink approach relying on isotopic geochemistry, we discriminate the effects of climate fluctuations from those of human activities on erosion over the last 10,000 years. We demonstrate that until 3800 years ago, climate is the only driver of erosion. From that time on, climate alone cannot explain the measured rates of erosion. Thanks to an unprecedented regional paleoenvironmental reconstruction, we highlight that the development of pastoralism at high altitudes from the Bronze Age onwards and the extension of agriculture starting in the Middle Ages were key factors in the drastic increase in erosion observed in the Alps., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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30. The place of millet in food globalization during Late Prehistory as evidenced by new bioarchaeological data from the Caucasus.

Author

Martin L, Messager E, Bedianashvili G, Rusishvili N, Lebedeva E, Longford C, Hovsepyan R, Bitadze L, Chkadua M, Vanishvili N, Le Mort F, Kakhiani K, Abramishvili M, Gogochuri G, Murvanidze B, Giunashvili G, Licheli V, Salavert A, Andre G, and Herrscher E

Abstract

Two millets, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, were domesticated in northern China, around 6000 BC. Although its oldest evidence is in Asia, possible independent domestication of these species in the Caucasus has often been proposed. To verify this hypothesis, a multiproxy research program (Orimil) was designed to detect the first evidence of millet in this region. It included a critical review of the occurrence of archaeological millet in the Caucasus, up to Antiquity; isotopic analyses of human and animal bones and charred grains; and radiocarbon dating of millet grains from archaeological contexts dated from the Early Bronze Age (3500-2500 BC) to the 1 st Century BC. The results show that these two cereals were cultivated during the Middle Bronze Age (MBA), around 2000-1800 BC, especially Setaria italica which is the most ancient millet found in Georgia. Isotopic analyses also show a significant enrichment in 13 C in human and animal tissues, indicating an increasing C 4 plants consumption at the same period. More broadly, our results assert that millet was not present in the Caucasus in the Neolithic period. Its arrival in the region, based on existing data in Eurasia, was from the south, without excluding a possible local domestication of Setaria italica.

Published
2021
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31. Topsoil organic matter build-up in glacier forelands around the world.

Author

Khedim N, Cécillon L, Poulenard J, Barré P, Baudin F, Marta S, Rabatel A, Dentant C, Cauvy-Fraunié S, Anthelme F, Gielly L, Ambrosini R, Franzetti A, Azzoni RS, Caccianiga MS, Compostella C, Clague J, Tielidze L, Messager E, Choler P, and Ficetola GF

Subjects
Carbon, Nitrogen, Temperature, Ice Cover, Soil
Abstract

Since the last glacial maximum, soil formation related to ice-cover shrinkage has been one major sink of carbon accumulating as soil organic matter (SOM), a phenomenon accelerated by the ongoing global warming. In recently deglacierized forelands, processes of SOM accumulation, including those that control carbon and nitrogen sequestration rates and biogeochemical stability of newly sequestered carbon, remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the build-up of SOM during the initial stages (up to 410 years) of topsoil development in 10 glacier forelands distributed on four continents. We test whether the net accumulation of SOM on glacier forelands (i) depends on the time since deglacierization and local climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation); (ii) is accompanied by a decrease in its stability and (iii) is mostly due to an increasing contribution of organic matter from plant origin. We measured total SOM concentration (carbon, nitrogen), its relative hydrogen/oxygen enrichment, stable isotopic ( 13 C, 15 N) and carbon functional groups (C-H, C=O, C=C) compositions, and its distribution in carbon pools of different thermal stability. We show that SOM content increases with time and is faster on forelands experiencing warmer climates. The build-up of SOM pools shows consistent trends across the studied soil chronosequences. During the first decades of soil development, the low amount of SOM is dominated by a thermally stable carbon pool with a small and highly thermolabile pool. The stability of SOM decreases with soil age at all sites, indicating that SOM storage is dominated by the accumulation of labile SOM during the first centuries of soil development, and suggesting plant carbon inputs to soil (SOM depleted in nitrogen, enriched in hydrogen and in aromatic carbon). Our findings highlight the potential vulnerability of SOM stocks from proglacial areas to decomposition and suggest that their durability largely depends on the relative contribution of carbon inputs from plants., (© 2020 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Published
2021
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32. DNA from lake sediments reveals long-term ecosystem changes after a biological invasion.

Author

Ficetola GF, Poulenard J, Sabatier P, Messager E, Gielly L, Leloup A, Etienne D, Bakke J, Malet E, Fanget B, Støren E, Reyss JL, Taberlet P, and Arnaud F

Subjects
Animals, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Mammals classification, Mammals genetics, Plants classification, Plants genetics, DNA, Ecosystem, Geologic Sediments chemistry, Introduced Species, Lakes
Abstract

What are the long-term consequences of invasive species? After invasion, how long do ecosystems require to reach a new equilibrium? Answering these questions requires long-term, high-resolution data that are vanishingly rare. We combined the analysis of environmental DNA extracted from a lake sediment core, coprophilous fungi, and sedimentological analyses to reconstruct 600 years of ecosystem dynamics on a sub-Antarctic island and to identify the impact of invasive rabbits. Plant communities remained stable from AD 1400 until the 1940s, when the DNA of invasive rabbits was detected in sediments. Rabbit detection corresponded to abrupt changes of plant communities, with a continuous decline of a dominant plant species. Furthermore, erosion rate abruptly increased with rabbit abundance. Rabbit impacts were very fast and were stronger than the effects of climate change during the 20th century. Lake sediments can allow an integrated temporal analysis of ecosystems, revealing the impact of invasive species over time and improving our understanding of underlying mechanisms.

Published
2018
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33. ["We do not hear with the same ear..."].

Author

Melchior B and Messager E

Subjects
Attitude of Health Personnel, Attitude to Health, Humans, Public Health, Sign Language, Students, Nursing psychology, Curriculum, Deafness nursing, Deafness psychology, Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate organization & administration
Published
2001

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