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El desenvolupament dels membres s'inicia a partir de la formació d'unes estructures mesodèrmiques envoltades per ectoderma en les quals apareixen unes estructures, com ara la cresta ectodèrmica apical, la zona de progrés, la zona d'activitat polaritzant, ... Aquestes estructures actuen com a centres senyalitzadors per la formació dels tres eixos espacials principals: El desarrollo de los miembros se inicia a partir de la formación de unas estructuras mesodérmicas rodeadas por ectodermo en las que aparecen unas estructuras, como la cresta ectodérmica apical, la zona de progreso, la zona de actividad polarizante, ... Estas estructuras actúan como centros señalizadores por la formación de los tres ejes espaciales principales: The development of the limbs begins with the formation of mesodermal structures surrounded by ectoderm in which structures appear, such as the apical ectodermal ridge, the zone of progress, the zone of polarizing activity, ... These structures act as signaling centers for the formation of the three main spatial axes

Resumen Introducción: el mesotelioma epitelioide es un tumor que se desarrolla en las capas embrionarias mesoteliales; es de etiología desconocida, pero se relaciona con la exposición al asbesto, con una presentación clínica inespecífica y con un pronóstico de sobrevida corto después del diagnóstico. Presentación del caso: hombre de profesión mecánico automotor, con tos sin expectoración, disnea, hipertermia y emaciación posterior a la extracción quirúrgica de lipomas que afectaban el tórax, quien posteriormente fue diagnosticado con mesotelioma epitelioide maligno con ubicación en la pleura del hemitórax derecho y fue tratado con toracotomía, quimioterapia con los medicamentos pemetrexed y cisplatino y sesiones de radioterapia, que mostraron un aumento en la sobrevida 3 tres años. Conclusión: este caso permitió identificar que el uso de la pleurodesis química con quimioterapia como tratamiento podría ser responsable del aumento de la esperanza de vida y la calidad de esta en los pacientes que padecen este tipo de tumor. Abstract Introduction: Epithelioid mesothelioma is a tumor that develops in the mesothelial embryonic layers; it is of an unknown etiology, but it is related to asbestos exposure with a nonspecific clinical presentation and a short survival prognosis after diagnosis. Case presentation: An automotive mechanic patient presents with cough without expectoration, dyspnea, hyperthermia, and emaciation following surgical removal of lipomas. This affected the chest and the patient was subsequently diagnosed with malignant epithelioid mesothelioma located in the pleura of the right hemithorax. The patient was treated with thoracotomy, chemotherapy with the drugs pemetrexed and cisplatin, and radiation therapy sessions which resulted in an increased survival rate at 4 years. Conclusion: This case report identifies the use of chemical pleurodesis in combination with chemotherapy as an effective treatment for increasing the life expectancy and quality of life in patients suffering from this type of tumor. Resumo Introdução: o mesotelioma epitelióide é um tumor que se desenvolve nas camadas embrionárias mesote-liais; é de causa desconhecida, mas está relacionado com a exposição ao amianto e possui uma manifestação clínica inespecífica e com prognóstico de sobrevivência curto após o diagnóstico. Apresentação do caso: o paciente é um mecânico automotivo, que apresentou tosse seca, dispneia, hipertermia e emagrecimento posterior a extração cirúrgica de lipomas que afetavam o tórax sendo posteriormente diagnosticado com mesotelioma epitelióide maligno localizado na pleura do hemitórax direito e foi tratado com toracotomia, quimioterapia com os medicamentos pemetrexed e cisplatino além de sessões de radioterapia, mostrando um aumento de expectativa de vida para 4 anos. Conclusão: este estudo de caso permite identificar que o uso da pleurodese química com quimioterapia como tratamento poderia ser a responsável pelo aumento da expectativa e qualidade de vida em pacientes acometidos por este tipo de tumor.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Neoplasias mesenquimais benignas são diagnósticos relativamente incomuns na região de cabeça e pescoço e constituem um grupo diversificado de tumores com histogênese e etiopatogenia distintos. Considerando que são limitadas as pesquisas sobre a prevalência destas lesões, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência, características demográficas e clinicopatológicas das neoplasias mesenquimais benignas, que acometem a região oral e maxilofacial, em um serviço de patologia oral. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que abrangeu um período de 66 anos. Todos os laudos histopatológicos com diagnóstico de neoplasias mesenquimais benignas, arquivados no Laboratório de Patologia Oral da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, foram recuperados. Dados demográficos (sexo, idade e cor da pele) e clínicos (lesão fundamental, localização, tamanho, coloração, consistência, sintomatologia, envolvimento ósseo, achados radiográficos, diagnóstico clínico e histopatológico) foram coletados a partir dos registros de biópsia. A análise estatística foi realizada no software SPSS. Foram revisados 38.119 registros de biópsias, revelando 1.066 (2,79%) neoplasias mesenquimais benignas, das quais 369 eram tumores fibroblásticos/miofibroblásticos, 250 adiposos, 179 vasculares, 130 neurais, 94 ósseos e cartilaginosos, 19 musculares e 2 tumores fibro-histiocíticos. Os tumores foram predominantes em pacientes do sexo feminino (62,8%), leucodermas (42,3%) e com idade média de 42 anos. A maioria das lesões eram pápulas e nódulos (42,7%) e mediam frequentemente entre 0 a 5 mm (26,4%). A língua (25,2%) foi o sítio mais afetado para neoplasias extraósseas e a mandíbula (67,0%) para os tumores intraósseos. Este é o estudo com a maior amostra de neoplasias mesenquimais benignas da região oral e maxilofacial. Estas lesões foram pouco frequentes no Laboratório estudado, sendo o fibroma de células gigantes, lipomas e hemangiomas as neoplasias mais prevalentes. Apesar de exibirem semelhanças clínicas entre si, a melhor caracterização e diferenciação entre esses tumores, abordadas neste estudo, fornece aos clínicos o conhecimento para diagnosticar com maior precisão essas lesões e conduzir uma abordagem de tratamento adequada para seus pacientes. Benign mesenchymal neoplasms are relatively uncommon diagnoses in the head and neck region and constitute a group of several tumors with distinct histogenesis and etiopathogenesis. Since researches on the prevalence of these lesions are limited, the aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, demographic and clinicopathological features of oral and maxillofacial benign mesenchymal neoplasms in an oral pathology service. This is a cross‐sectional study conducted over a 66‐year period. Archives from the Oral Pathology Service, School of Dentistry, of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais were reviewed and all histopathological reports with diagnoses of benign mesenchymal neoplasms were recovered. Demographic (sex, age and skin color) and clinical data (lesion appearance, site, size, color, symptoms, bone involvement, radiographic aspects, clinical and histopathological diagnosis) were collected from the biopsy records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. A total of 38,119 archived specimens were reviewed, revealing 1,066 (2.79%) neoplasms, of which 369 were fibroblastic/myofibroblastic, 250 adipose, 179 vascular, 130 neural, 94 osseous and cartilaginous, 19 muscle and 2 fibrohistiocytic tumors. Tumors were predominant in females (62.8%), white‐skinned (42.3%) patients, with mean age of 42 years. Most lesions were papules and nodules (42.7%), and often measure between 0–5 mm (26.4%). Tongue (25.2%) was the most commonly affected site for extraosseous neoplasms and mandible (67.0%) for intraosseous tumors. This is the study with the largest sample of benign mesenchymal neoplasms of the oral and maxillofacial region. These lesions were unusual in the Laboratory studied, with giant cell fibroma, lipomas and hemangiomas being the most prevalent neoplasms. Although they may have similar clinical features, the further characterization and differentiation among these tumors presented in this study, is important to help the clinician in the accurate diagnostic and management of its patients.

O carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP) apresenta altos índices de mortalidade e baixa taxa de sobrevida quando em estágios avançados. Esta característica está associada além das recorrências locais, às metástases loco regionais à distância e devido à falta de diagnóstico precoce. A identificação das características clínico-epidemiológicas de uma população específica facilitam o entendimento da patologia em si, favorecem o diagnóstico , prognóstico e tratamento . No Equador não existem estudos específicos destas características, tampouco do perfil de expressão das proteínas envolvidas no processo de transição epitélio mesenquimal (EMT), fator relacionado com processos de invasão e metástases e responsável pela baixa taxa de sobrevida. Para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram analisados 309 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de tumor maligno de cabeça e pescoço no período de janeiro de 2004 à junho de 2017 do Hospital SOLCA de Quito- Equador (HSQ). Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos, parâmetros clínicos, características histopatológicas e prognóstico destes pacientes. Desta população foram selecionados 148 prontuários de pacientes com o diagnóstico de CECP que cumpriram com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Destes 48,6% eram homens e 51,4% mulheres, 30,4% tinham menos de 50 anos e 69,6% tinham mais de 50 anos de idade. A análise dos dados, mostrou que o desfecho (favorável para pacientes vivos e sem recidiva e desfavorável para os pacientes com recidiva, metástases ou óbitos) tem associação significativa com: o tempo de evolução, localização das lesões, tipo de tratamento, presença de metástases à distância, metástases regionais, tamanho do tumor e com o estado civil dos pacientes. Utilizamos 22 amostras tumorais de carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço (CECP) desta população, e, correlacionamos as características clínicas e histopatológicas, os dados epidemiológicos e prognóstico com a expressão de marcadores vinculados ao processo EMT. Foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa em relação à metástase à distância, onde a ausência desta, estava associada a um melhor prognóstico, e sua presença a um pior prognóstico e verificamos ainda associação significativa entre a baixa expressão de E-CAD e o processo de EMT, assim como a alta expressão desta proteína com o processo de transição mesênquima-epitelial (MET). Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (CECP) has high rates of mortality and low survival rate. This characteristic is linked to local recurrences, distant and nodal metastases and lack of early diagnosis. The identification of the clinical and epidemiological features of a specific population facilitates the understanding of the disease, and facilitates diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. These studies have not been carried out in Ecuador, nor there are studies about the expression of proteins involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), related to invasion and metastasis and responsible for the low survival rate. In order to develop this work, a total of 309 medical records of patients with a diagnosis of malignant tumors of the head and neck from January 2004 to June 2017, from the Hospital SOLCA of Quito - Ecuador (HSQ) were analysed. Epidemiological data, clinical parameters, histopathological features and prognosis of these patients were collected. From this population, 148 medical records of patients with the diagnosis of CECP who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the study. In these patients, 48.6% were men and 51.4% women, 30.4% has less than 50 years and 69.6% were over 50 years. The data analysis showed that the outcome (favorable for living patients and without recurrence and unfavorable for patients with recurrence, metastasis or deaths) has a significant association with: time of evolution, location of lesions, type of treatment, presence of distant metastases, regional metastases, tumor size and patients' marital status. We use 22 CECP tumor samples from this population were studied, and the clinical and histopathological characteristics, epidemiological data and prognosis were correlated with the expression of EMT markers. A statistically significant relationship was observed in relation to the distant metastases, where their absence was associated with a better prognosis, and their presence with a worse prognosis and a significant association was also observed between a low expression of E-CAD and EMT, as well as the high expression of this protein with mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET).

The mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have awakened interest in regenerative medicine due to its high capability to proliferate and differentiate in multiple specialized lineages under defined conditions. The reproductive system is considered a valuable source of MSCs, which needs further investigations. Many factors have been reported as critical for these cell lineage specification and determination. In this review, we discuss the main effects of extracellular matrix or tissue environment and growth factors in the cell lineage commitment, including the reproductive stem cells. The MSCs responses to culture medium stimuli or to soluble factors probably occur through several intracellular activation pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms in which the cells respond to these mechanical or chemical perturbations remain elusive. Recent findings suggest a synergic effect of microenvironment and soluble cell culture factors affecting cell differentiation. For future applications in cell therapy, protocols of reproductive MSCs differentiation must be established.

The yolk sac (YS) represents a promising source of stem cells for research because of the hematopoietic and mesenchymal cell niches that are present in this structure during the development of the embryo. In this study, we report on the isolation and characterization of YS tissue and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bovine YSs. Our results show that the YS is macroscopically located in the exocoelomic cavity in the ventral portion of the embryo and consists of a transparent membrane formed by a central sac-like portion and two ventrally elongated projections. Immunohistochemistry analyses were positive for OCT4 , CD90, CD105, and CD44 markers in the YS of both gestational age groups. The MSCs of bovine YS were isolated using enzymatic digestion and were grown in vitro for at least 11 passages to verify their capacity to proliferate. These cells were also subjected to immunophenotypic characterization that revealed the presence of CD90, CD105, and CD79 and the absence of CD45, CD44, and CD79, which are positive and negative markers of MSCs, respectively. To prove their multipotency, the cells were induced to differentiate into three cell types, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes, which were stained with tissue-specific dyes (chondrogenic: Alcian Blue, osteogenic: Alizarin Red, and adipogenic: Oil Red O) to confirm differentiation. Gene expression analyses showed no differences in the patterns of gene expression between the groups or passages tested, with the exception of the expression of SOX2 , which was slightly different in the G1P3 group compared to the other groups. Our results suggest that YS tissue from bovines can be used as a source of MSCs, which makes YS tissue–derived cells an interesting option for cell therapy and regenerative medicine.

PURPOSE:To characterize bone marrow progenitors cells grown in vitro,using native goats from northeastern Brazil as animal model.METHODS:Ten northeastern Brazil native goats of both genders were used from the Piaui Federal University Agricultural Science Center's (UFPI) - Goat Farming Sector. Bone marrow aspirates where taken from the tibial ridge and seeded on culture plates for isolation, expansion and Flow Cytometry (expression markers - Oct-3/4, PCNA, Ck-Pan, Vimentina, Nanog).RESULTS:Progenitor cells showed colonies characterized by the presence of cell pellets with fibroblastoid morphology. Cell confluence was taken after 14 days culture and the non-adherent mononuclear cell progressive reduction. After the first passage, 94.36% cell viability was observed, starting from 4.6 x 106 cell/mL initially seeded. Cells that went through flow cytometry showed positive expression for Oct-3/4, PCNA, Ck-Pan, Vimentina, and Nanog.CONCLUSIONS:Bone marrow progenitor isolated of native goats from northeastern Brazil showed expression markers also seen in embryonic stem cells (Oct-3/4, Nanog), markers of cell proliferation (PCNA) and markers for mesenchymal cells (Vimentina and Ck-pan), which associated to morphological and culture growth features, suggest the existence of a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) population in the goat bone marrow stromal cells studied.

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent bone tumor that predominantly targets the adolescent aged between 10- 25 years. In the veterinary oncology, osteosarcoma accounts 80-95% of the bone tumors diagnosed in dogs. Humans and dogs share several similarities in regard to the physiological and molecular aspects of osteosarcoma development. For this reason dogs have been used as a homologous model to human, which have been showed promising in vitro results. Herein, from implanted tumor in nude mice we analyzed the effects of a combination of stem cells from canine bone marrow and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) on the treatment of osteosarcoma. The results showed that this combination changed the expression of markers of cell death, leading to an increase of caspase 3 expression, and decreased of Bcl-2 expression, as well as decreased in cell proliferation (Ki-67 and p53) and receptor of angiogenesis pathways (CD34, COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF). The tumor environment was modified by decreased expression of CD4 + CD25 + resulting in increased CD8 + cytotoxic. In conclusion, these data showed that the treatment using the combination of stem cells from canine bone marrow and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2) emerges as a potential therapeutic tool for the osteosarcoma treatment.

Os autores relatam o caso de uma paciente de 28 anos de idade portadora de tumor de células gigantes originário da costela. O tumor de grandes dimensões (25 × 17 cm) ocupava todo o hemitórax e causava atelectasia do pulmão esquerdo. Tratava-se de uma neoplasia mesenquimal benigna, a qual raramente acomete as costelas. Foi realizada toracotomia com ressecção em bloco da parede torácica e do tumor. O objetivo deste artigo é enfatizar que, apesar da grande dimensão do tumor, ele pôde ser completamente ressecado, e o pulmão foi reabilitado. The authors report the case of a 28-year-old female patient with a giant cell tumor originating from the rib. The tumor, measuring 25 × 17 cm, occupied the entire hemithorax and caused atelectasis of the left lung. This tumor was a benign mesenchymal neoplasm, which rarely affects the ribs. A thoracotomy involving en bloc resection of the chest wall and tumor was performed. Despite the large dimensions of the tumor, complete resection was possible, and lung function was restored.