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Background: When the first piercing is failed to function, repeated puncturing imposes pain, complications, and delays the timeliness of pediatric care. In spite of the above challenges, incidence and predictors of first attempt peripheral intravenous cannulation failure are under-investigated in the study area and the nation at large.Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of first attempt peripheral intravenous cannulation failure and its predictors among children.Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted, and a total of 422 children were included in the study.The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by direct observation and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Stata version 14 was used for analysis, and finally, the association was declared using AOR at a 95% confidence level at p≤0.05.Results: The incidence of first attempt peripheral intravenous cannulation failure rate was found to be 34.83% (132). Besides, self-payment funding, vein visibility with a tourniquet, forearm site, vein scope use, and child age of 24-59 months old were significantly associated with first attempt peripheral intravenous cannulation failure.Conclusion: Generally, self-payment funding, vein visibility with a tourniquet, forearm site, vein scope use, and child age of 24-59 months old were independent predictors of first attempt peripheral intravenous cannulation failure. Keywords: Peripheral IV cannulation; predictors; cross-sectional study

Sisay Getu,1 Tegenaw Tiruneh,1 Henok Andualem,2 Wasihun Hailemichael,2 Teklehayimanot Kiros,3 Demeke Mesfin Belay,4 Mulugeta Kiros3 1Hematology and Immuno-hematology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Immunology and Molecular Biology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 3Microbiology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 4Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Sisay GetuHematology and Immuno-hematology, Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaEmail sis.gtu@gmail.comAbstract: COVID-19 disease has led to an extraordinary inclusive health crisis globally. Elevation of D-dimer is the major remarkable abnormal coagulation test in seriously ill COVID-19 patients. In nearly 50% of COVID-19 patients, the value of D-dimer was significantly enhancing. Recent literature indicated that COVID-19 patients were at higher risk of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are some of the factors leading to these conditions. The majority of COVID-19 patients showed a higher profile of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe clinical conditions. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukins (ILs) elevated in COVID-19 infected patients. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 are major cytokines vital for the inhibition of intrinsic anticoagulant pathways. COVID-19 becomes a higher complication with a significant effect on blood cell production and hemostasis cascades. Deep vein thrombosis and arterial thrombosis are common complications. Changes in hematological parameters are also frequently observed in COVID-19 patients. Especially, thrombocytopenia is an indicator for poor prognosis of the disease and is highly expected and aggravates the likelihood of death of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals. Thrombopoiesis reduction in COVID-19 patients might be due to viral abuse of the bone marrow/the viral load may affect thrombopoietin production and function. In other ways, immune-inflammation-mediated destruction and increased consumption of platelets are also the possible proposed mechanisms for thrombocytopenia. Therefore, the counting of platelet cells is an easily accessible biomarker for disease monitoring. All SARS-CoV-2 infected patients should be admitted and identifying potential higher-risk patients. It is also obligatory to provide appropriate treatments with intensive care and strict follow-up. In addition, considerations of chronic diseases are essential for better prognosis and recovery. The current review discusses coagulopathy among SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and its complication for the management of the disease.Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coagulopathy, DIC