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The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica along the food chain has posed a public health concern worldwide. In the current study 180 samples of sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon, and hot dog 30 of each type were chosen at random from supermarkets and butcher shops in Egypt's EL-Sharkia Governorate. The aerobic plate count (APC) mean values were 5.58±0.26, 6.28±0.35, 6.36±0.45, 6.23±0.41, 3.22±0.28 and 3.08±0.22 log10 CFU/g in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, luncheon and hot dog, respectively. The Salmonella detected in was 3/30 (10%), 5/30(16.66%), 6/30(20%), 5/30(16.66%) and 1/30(3.33%) in examined sausage, beef burger, cattle minced meat, buffalo minced meat, and luncheon respectively. The S. Typhi was the predominant among isolates (30%) followed by S. Kentucky (20%) then S. Typhimurium (15%) and finally S. Anatum (10%). The resistance was 100% for ampicillin, 80% for Kanamycin, 65% for erythromycin, 60% for amoxicillin and penicillin, and 55% for sulfamethoxazole. On the other hand, the sensitivity was 90% for gentamycin, 85% for norfloxacin, 75% for ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol. To reduce the risk of Salmonella infection in the consumer population, a food safety program should be implemented during the processing of meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked marine fish including Atherina. In some parts of Egypt, the prevalence of anisakid larvae in marine Atherina still, largely, undetermined. Moreover, the currently used procedures are insufficient to avoid human infection. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of anisakid larvae in marine Atherina and to test the effect of several treatment procedures on the viability of anisakid larvae. The infection rate of marine Atherina with anisakid larvae was 23.12 %. Anisakid larvae protein revealed molecular weights ranged from 11.5 - 118.5 Kilo Dalton (KDa.). Moreover, freezing at -20 °C for 21 hours (hrs.) as well as vinegar (5 %) treatment for 3 days were the most effective ways to inactivate the larvae. This study states the zoonotic risk of consuming raw or undercooked marine Atherina and highlights the importance of freezing and vinegar treatment in preventing human infection.

This study investigated incidence, phenotypic-genotypic antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic Salmonellae from broiler chicken and human in Egypt. Two hundred and forty samples were randomly collected from broilers including (liver, gizzard, intestine, n.= 60 of each) and from workers (hand swabs, n.= 60) at poultry outlets. Isolation, biochemical and serological identifications of Salmonella spp. were performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella serotypes was done using disc diffusion method. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serotypes was calculated. Genotypic detection of antimicrobial resistance genes [blaTEM, floR and tetA(A)] was identified in phenotypically resistant Salmonellae using PCR. The incidence of Salmonella spp. was 5% in each of liver and intestine of broilers, and 1.66% in gizzard of broilers; and 3.33% in hand swabs of workers. The serotypes of S. Typhimurium were distributed into liver of broilers (3 out of 4, 75%) and into intestine of broilers (1 out of 4, 25%). The distribution of S. Enteritidis was 33.3% (1 out of 3) in gizzard and 66.7% (2 out of 3) was distributed in intestine of broiler. Two isolates of S. Kentucky (100%) were distributed in hand swabs from workers. The peak resistance (100%) of 9 Salmonella isolates was found to each of chloramphenicol and ampicillin followed by a highest resistance (88.8%) to doxycycline The profile of each S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates from broiler chicken reached the peak resistance (100%) for ampicillin, chloramphenicol and doxycycline The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella isolates was ranged from 0.23 to 0.54 with an average of 0.34. The blaTEM, tetA(A) and floR genes were identified with similar distribution percentage of 66.7% in S. Typhimurium isolates from liver. all isolates of S. Enteritidis from gizzard, S. Typhimurium from intestine, S. Enteritidis from intestine and S. Kentucky from hand swabs harbored similar distribution percentage (100%) for each blaTEM, tetA(A) and floR gene. Further studies are required to predict biological tools such as bacteriophages during poultry production to minimize entry of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonellae from broiler chicken to human food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil carbon sequestration is a riskier long-term strategy for climate mitigation than direct emissions reduction as it plays a main role in closing carbon emission gaps. Mangrove ecosystem is a natural wetland that allocated at Red Sea and extended for 500 km at the Egyptian western coast. Five sampling sites were investigated at the north near to the city of Hurghada beginning from the Abu Monquar Island (27° 12′ 58′′N, 33° 52′ 34′′E). This work investigates the impact of the original population of Mangrove type (Avicennia marina) on the soil carbon sequestration. Obtained results of the mean values of measured soil bulk density (SBD) at the soil surface (0-30 cm) were revealed that the lowest values of the SBD was at Abu Monquar Island with 1.31± 0.02, g cm-3 and at Safaga with 1.53 ± 0.05 g cm-3 . While at El Gouna 1, 2 and at Hurghada the SBD values varied from 1.63 to 1.75 g cm-3 . In addition, the soil dry bulk density at the control site (beach without plants) was 1.75± 0.05g cm-3 . On the other hand, the highest values of the Calcium carbonate were obtained Abu Monquar island with 168.20 gKg-1, while the Calcium carbonate values were 26.60 gKg-1, 69.30 gKg-1, 58.50 gKg-1, 91.90 gKg-1 and 26.90 gKg-1 for Gouna1, Gouna2, Hurghada, Safaga, and the control, respectively. The mean values of measured soil organic carbon pool (SOCP) at the soil surface (0- 90cm) revealed that the lowest values of the SOCP was at Hurghada with 8.81± 0.12 Mgha-1 and the highest values at Abu Monquar island with 59.75 ± 0.15 Mgha-1 . While at El Gouna 1, 2 and at Safaga the SOCP values were 14.48, 12.86, and 39.98 Mgha-1, respectively. In addition, the SOCP at the control site (beach without plants) was 6.62± 0.25 Mgha-1 . Thus the Mangrove ecosystem has a great potential to sequestrate the soil organic carbon and reduce the atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been shown to be the predominant life‐threatening pathogen in Egypt. MRSA is a major cause of severe healthcare‐associated (HA) infections. During the last decades, the incidence of community‐associated (CA) MRSA infections has a complex epidemiology arising from the circulation of different strains in the general population. Moreover, livestock‐associated (LA) MRSA emerged recently becomes an emerging threat to public health. Therefore, it is important to illuminate the differences between CA‐, HA‐ and LA‐MRSA to shed light on their genetic diversity and evolution. This study presents the first data on analysing the correlation between CA‐, LA‐ and HA‐MRSA using antibiogram typing, molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes' profiles. Overall, HA‐MRSA strains tended to be multidrug resistant and less virulent than both LA‐ and CA‐MRSA strains. Importantly, CA‐MRSA strains had a high homology with each of HA‐ and LA‐MRSA. However, no similarity was observed between HA‐ and LA‐MRSA. Our findings suggest that the epidemiological changes in genetic behaviour between HA‐ and LA‐MRSA are due to the presence of CA‐MRSA confirming that CA‐MRSA has created a public health crisis worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Agronomy is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A field experiment was carried out during the two successive winter seasons of 2015 /2016 and 2016/2017 in a Vegetative Private Farm at Hehia Distract, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of lithovit as foliar application on dry weight, productivity and storability of two garlic cultivars (Balady and Sides 40). The obtained results were as follows: the interaction between Balady cultivar and spraying with lithovit at 5 g/l, increased dry weight of leaves, bulb and leaves + bulb dry weight/plant at 105 and 135 days after planting, and decreased fresh weight loss percentage in bulbs during storage period ( 180 days from storage) in both seasons. Also, the interaction between Balady cultivar and spraying with lithovit at 3 g/l, increased yield of grades 1, 2 and 3, exportable, marketable and total yield, as well as average bulb weight. On the other hand, Sides 40 cultivar without spraying with lithovit recorded the maximum values in yield of grade 4 in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study targeted isolation and characterization of phage against multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis recovered from broilers and to evaluate the lytic effect of the phage on growth of Salmonella serovars. Salmonella isolates were recovered from caecal contents, liver and breast meat of broiler chickens from retail outlets at Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Salmonella Typhimurium (n=14) and S. Enteritidis (n=11) were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities against 15 antimicrobials by disc diffusion method. Isolates of S. Typhimutium and S. Enteritidis were 100% resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. The phage was isolated from Zagazig sewage water by spot test and double over layer agar assay. The phage designated as phiSalmchick1showed an icosahedral head and contractile tail structure in electron microscopy, indicating a member of the family Myoviridae. The phage was a polyvalent infecting a wide host range of all MDR strains of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Paratyphi, E. coli serotypes O26 and O168 and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Myovirus phage had burst size of 100 plague forming unit (PFU)/cell with latent period of 60 min. The phage genome had double-stranded DNA by molecular analysis. The lytic effect of phiSalmchick1 phage was in vitro assessed on growth of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis isolates by measuring the optical density (OD) of the liquid media during Salmonella growth at 37 °C and the multiplicity of infection (MOI) was equal to 1.0. Significant reductions were observed in OD of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis treated with the phage after 24 hrs incubation compared to the controls (P<0.05). The myovirus has a high potential for phage application to control zoonotic and MDR Salmonella serovars isolated from broiler chickens in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakidosis is a zoonotic infection caused by ingestion of raw or undercooked marine fish including Atherina. In some parts of Egypt, the prevalence of anisakid larvae in marine Atherina still, largely, undetermined. Moreover, the currently used procedures are insufficient to avoid human infection. The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of anisakid larvae in marine Atherina and to test the effect of several treatment procedures on the viability of anisakid larvae. The infection rate of marine Atherina with anisakid larvae was 23.12 %. Anisakid larvae protein revealed molecular weights ranged from 11.5 - 118.5 Kilo Dalton (KDa.). Moreover, freezing at -20 °C for 21 hours (hrs.) as well as vinegar (5 %) treatment for 3 days were the most effective ways to inactivate the larvae. This study states the zoonotic risk of consuming raw or undercooked marine Atherina and highlights the importance of freezing and vinegar treatment in preventing human infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many methods have been developed for the rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in milk and other foodstuffs. This study was designed to evaluate the application of RIDA®QUICK Verotoxin/O157 Combi kit, an immuno-chromatographic detection method, for the detection of this pathogen in raw milk. RIDA®QUICK kit showed appreciable results in detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw milk, as it was able to detect as low as 100 CFU/ml of raw milk, and as low as 10 CFU/ml of sterilized milk. Raw milk's microflora negatively affected the detection sensitivity, which could be overcome through a prior antibiotics' enrichment step. Comparable results between this new method and a reference detection method were also obtained. Obtained data suggests the applicability of RIDA®QUICK kit in detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in raw milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from fast food in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, as well as to evaluate the cinnamon and oregano essential oils treatments for inoculated minced meat with E. coli serotype O157:H7. The highest incidence of E. coli was found to be 44% in smoked herring, followed by kofta (40%), shawarma (36%), sausage (32%) and fried shrimp (24%). E. coli isolates were serotyped into O157:H7 (12.5%) and O128:H2 (12.5%) from kofta samples, O125:H21(25%) from both of sausage and fried shrimp, O119:H6 (12.5%) and O86a:H3 (12.5%) from shawarma; and O158:H7 (25%) from smoked herring. Six isolates belonging to E. coli serotypes O157, O158, O119, O128, O125 and O86a showed maximum resistance (100%) to erythromycin, gentamicin, cefepime, streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Moreover, 4 E. colistrains belonging to O157, O128, O125 and O86a serotypes showed moderate resistance (66.7%) to ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim. The resistance genes including blaTEM, aadA1 and mphA were detected with a percentage of 100% in the six investigated isolates phenotypically resistant to ampicillin, gentamicin and erythromycin, respectively. The average count of E. coli serotype O157:H7 after 0.5-hour of dipping in essential oils (EOs) from oregano 2% (3.52 ±0.16) showed a significant decrease in comparison with that of the control. The average counts of E. coli serotype O157:H7 and reduction percentages after one hour of dipping in EOs from oregano 2% (3.41± 0.99, 48.4%); and in EOs from cinnamon 2% (3.74 ±0.13, 43.4%) showed a significant decrease when compared with that of the control. Our study clarified that the average counts of E. coli O157:H7 after one hour of dipping in EOs from oregano 2% and cinnamon 2% were significantly reduced when compared with those counts after dipping in EOs from oregano 1% and cinnamon 1%, respectively. The present study confirmed that cinnamon 2% and oregano 2% had powerful antibacterial activities against E. coli O175: H7 recovered from ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products and prevent food poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) is an effective non-thermal treatment to remove pathogens from a variety of food and food products. It has been extensively examined using prokaryotic organisms but has had limited study on eukaryotic organisms. Treatment using HPP has been shown to be effective in inactivating nematode larvae in food and Ascaris suum eggs. Nothing is known on the efficacy of HPP on tapeworm cysts or eggs. Eggs of important zoonotic tapeworms including Echinococcus and Taenia spp. can potentially contaminate water and food intended for human consumption. The present study examined the efficacy of HPP on the viability of Hymenolepis diminuta eggs. Efficacy of HPP treatment was measured using an egg hatch assay in two experiments. One thousand unhatched H. diminuta eggs in Hanks balanced salt solution were packaged in sealable bags and exposed to 100-600megapascals (MPa; 1MPa=10atm=147psi) for 60s in a commercial HPP unit. Positive (no HPP) and negative (No HPP but frozen/thawed) controls were examined in each experiment. None of the HPP untreated and frozen eggs (negative controls) were able to hatch or exclude trypan blue when placed in the hatching solution in experiment 1 or 2. HPP untreated and nonfrozen eggs (positive controls) hatched and excluded trypan blue; 75% were positive in experiment 1 and 80% were positive in experiment 2. No hatched eggs were observed when they were exposed to 300-600MPa for 60s. Treatment at 400MPa and above caused rupturing of the oncosphere. Results from this study indicate that HPP is a possible method to inactivate tapeworm eggs and that the susceptibility of tapeworm eggs to HPP is similar to or greater than that of nematode eggs or tissue larvae., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)