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The first samples collected by the Perseverance rover on the Mars 2020 mission were from the Maaz formation, a lava plain that covers most of the floor of Jezero crater. Laboratory analysis of these samples back on Earth would provide important constraints on the petrologic history, aqueous processes, and timing of key events in Jezero crater. However, interpreting these samples requires a detailed understanding of the emplacement and modification history of the Maaz formation. Here we synthesize rover and orbital remote sensing data to link outcrop-scale interpretations to the broader history of the crater, including Mastcam-Z mosaics and multispectral images, SuperCam chemistry and reflectance point spectra, RIMFAX ground penetrating radar, and orbital hyperspectral reflectance and high-resolution images. We show that the Maaz formation is composed of a series of distinct members corresponding to basaltic to basaltic-andesite lava flows. The members exhibit variable spectral signatures dominated by high-Ca pyroxene, Fe-bearing feldspar, and hematite, which can be tied directly to igneous grains and altered matrix in abrasion patches. Spectral variations correlate with morphological variations, from recessive layers that produce a regolith lag in lower Maaz, to weathered polygonally fractured paleosurfaces and crater-retaining massive blocky hummocks in upper Maaz. The Maaz members were likely separated by one or more extended periods of time, and were subjected to variable erosion, burial, exhumation, weathering, and tectonic modification. The two unique samples from the Maaz formation are representative of this diversity, and together will provide an important geochronological framework for the history of Jezero crater.

A multi-instrument study of the regolith of Jezero crater floor units by the Perseverance rover has identified three types of regolith: fine-grained, coarse-grained, and mixed-type. Mastcam-Z, Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering, and SuperCam Remote Micro Imager were used to characterize the regolith texture, particle size, and roundedness where possible. Mastcam-Z multispectral and SuperCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data were used to constrain the composition of the regolith types. Fine-grained regolith is found surrounding bedrock and boulders, comprising bedforms, and accumulating on top of rocks in erosional depressions. Spectral and chemical data show it is compositionally consistent with pyroxene and a ferric-oxide phase. Coarse-grained regolith consists of 1-2 mm well-sorted gray grains that are found concentrated around the base of boulders and bedrock, and armoring bedforms. Its chemistry and spectra indicate it is olivine-bearing, and its spatial distribution and roundedness indicate it has been transported, likely by saltation-induced creep. Coarse grains share similarities with the olivine grains observed in the S & eacute;& iacute;tah formation bedrock, making that unit a possible source for these grains. Mixed-type regolith contains fine-and coarse-grained regolith components and larger rock fragments. The rock fragments are texturally and spectrally similar to bedrock within the M & aacute;az and S & eacute;& iacute;tah formations, indicating origins by erosion from those units, although they could also be a lag deposit from erosion of an overlying unit. The fine and coarse-grained types are compared to their counterparts at other landing sites to inform global, regional, and local inputs to regolith formation within Jezero crater. The regolith characterization presented here informs the regolith sampling efforts underway by Perseverance.Plain Language Summary We used multiple instruments on t

Perseverance's Mastcam-Z instrument provides high-resolution stereo and multispectral images with a unique combination of spatial resolution, spatial coverage, and wavelength coverage along the rover's traverse in Jezero crater, Mars. Images reveal rocks consistent with an igneous (including volcanic and/or volcaniclastic) and/or impactite origin and limited aqueous alteration, including polygonally fractured rocks with weathered coatings; massive boulder-forming bedrock consisting of mafic silicates, ferric oxides, and/or iron-bearing alteration minerals; and coarsely layered outcrops dominated by olivine. Pyroxene dominates the iron-bearing mineralogy in the finegrained regolith, while olivine dominates the coarse-grained regolith. Solar and atmospheric imaging observations show significant intra- and intersol variations in dust optical depth and water ice clouds, as well as unique examples of boundary layer vortex action from both natural (dust devil) and Ingenuity helicopter-induced dust lifting. High-resolution stereo imaging also provides geologic context for rover operations, other instrument observations, and sample selection, characterization, and confirmation.

The Mastcam-Z radiometric calibration targets mounted on the NASA's Perseverance rover proved to be effective in the calibration of Mastcam-Z images to reflectance (I/F) over the first 350 sols on Mars. Mastcam-Z imaged the calibration targets regularly to perform reflectance calibration on multispectral image sets of targets on the Martian surface. For each calibration target image, mean radiance values were extracted for 41 distinct regions of the targets, including patches of color and grayscale materials. Eight strong permanent magnets, placed under the primary target, attracted magnetic dust and repelled it from central surfaces, allowing the extraction of radiance values from eight regions relatively clean from dust. These radiances were combined with reflectances obtained from laboratory measurements, a one-term linear fit model was applied, and the slopes of the fits were retrieved as estimates of the solar irradiance and used to convert Mastcam-Z images from radiance to reflectance. Derived irradiance time series are smoothly varying in line with expectations based on the changing Mars-Sun distance, being only perturbed by a few significant dust events. The deposition of dust on the calibration targets was largely concentrated on the magnets, ensuring a minimal influence of dust on the calibration process. The fraction of sunlight directly hitting the calibration targets was negatively correlated with the atmospheric optical depth, as expected. Further investigation will aim at explaining the origin of a small offset observed in the fit model employed for calibration, and the causes of a yellowing effect affecting one of the calibration targets materials.

Fin dalla loro scoperta, le galassie ellittiche hanno sempre suscitato grande curiosità da parte degli astronomi, in quanto strutture dotate di dinamiche alquanto complesse. Spesso considerate meno affascinanti delle galassie a disco, esse vantano molteplici caratteristiche di carattere morfologico e radiativo; noi le osserviamo sulla Terra e fuori dall’atmosfera con ogni tipo di strumento, dato che tutto lo spettro elettromagnetico ne testimonia la presenza e, in molti casi, la piena attività nucleare. Obiettivo della presente dissertazione è fornire una panoramica generale riguardo le forme di emissione delle galassie ellittiche, approfondendo particolarmente i meccanismi principali e le modalità fisiche. Inizialmente vedremo brevemente come queste galassie vengono classificate e le leggi empiriche che ne descrivono alcuni importanti parametri osservativi; successivamente analizzeremo separatamente le tre bande (Ottica, X e Radio) in cui l’emissione è prominente, soffermandoci sui relativi meccanismi dominanti (rispettivamente: emissione di Corpo Nero, Bremsstrahlung e Sincrotrone) e le peculiarità.

Fin dalla loro scoperta, le galassie ellittiche hanno sempre suscitato grande curiosità da parte degli astronomi, in quanto strutture dotate di dinamiche alquanto complesse. Spesso considerate meno affascinanti delle galassie a disco, esse vantano molteplici caratteristiche di carattere morfologico e radiativo; noi le osserviamo sulla Terra e fuori dall’atmosfera con ogni tipo di strumento, dato che tutto lo spettro elettromagnetico ne testimonia la presenza e, in molti casi, la piena attività nucleare. Obiettivo della presente dissertazione è fornire una panoramica generale riguardo le forme di emissione delle galassie ellittiche, approfondendo particolarmente i meccanismi principali e le modalità fisiche. Inizialmente vedremo brevemente come queste galassie vengono classificate e le leggi empiriche che ne descrivono alcuni importanti parametri osservativi; successivamente analizzeremo separatamente le tre bande (Ottica, X e Radio) in cui l’emissione è prominente, soffermandoci sui relativi meccanismi dominanti (rispettivamente: emissione di Corpo Nero, Bremsstrahlung e Sincrotrone) e le peculiarità.