Author: "Merrick BA" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

140 results on '"Merrick BA"'

1. Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Author: Brown, P, Tan, A-C, El-Esawi, MA, Liehr, T, Blanck, O, Gladue, DP, Almeida, GMF, Cernava, T, Sorzano, CO, Yeung, AWK, Engel, MS, Chandrasekaran, AR, Muth, T, Staege, MS, Daulatabad, SV, Widera, D, Zhang, J, Meule, A, Honjo, K, Pourret, O, Yin, C-C, Zhang, Z, Cascella, M, Flegel, WA, Goodyear, CS, van Raaij, MJ, Bukowy-Bieryllo, Z, Campana, LG, Kurniawan, NA, Lalaouna, D, Huttner, FJ, Ammerman, BA, Ehret, F, Cobine, PA, Tan, E-C, Han, H, Xia, W, McCrum, C, Dings, RPM, Marinello, F, Nilsson, H, Nixon, B, Voskarides, K, Yang, L, Costa, VD, Bengtsson-Palme, J, Bradshaw, W, Grimm, DG, Kumar, N, Martis, E, Prieto, D, Sabnis, SC, Amer, SEDR, Liew, AWC, Perco, P, Rahimi, F, Riva, G, Zhang, C, Devkota, HP, Ogami, K, Basharat, Z, Fierz, W, Siebers, R, Tan, K-H, Boehme, KA, Brenneisen, P, Brown, JAL, Dalrymple, BP, Harvey, DJ, Ng, G, Werten, S, Bleackley, M, Dai, Z, Dhariwal, R, Gelfer, Y, Hartmann, MD, Miotla, P, Tamaian, R, Govender, P, Gurney-Champion, OJ, Kauppila, JH, Zhang, X, Echeverria, N, Subhash, S, Sallmon, H, Tofani, M, Bae, T, Bosch, O, Cuiv, PO, Danchin, A, Diouf, B, Eerola, T, Evangelou, E, Filipp, FV, Klump, H, Kurgan, L, Smith, SS, Terrier, O, Tuttle, N, Ascher, DB, Janga, SC, Schulte, LN, Becker, D, Browngardt, C, Bush, SJ, Gaullier, G, Ide, K, Meseko, C, Werner, GDA, Zaucha, J, Al-Farha, AA, Greenwald, NF, Popoola, SI, Rahman, MS, Xu, J, Yang, SY, Hiroi, N, Alper, OM, Baker, CI, Bitzer, M, Chacko, G, Debrabant, B, Dixon, R, Forano, E, Gilliham, M, Kelly, S, Klempnauer, K-H, Lidbury, BA, Lin, MZ, Lynch, I, Ma, W, Maibach, EW, Mather, DE, Nandakumar, KS, Ohgami, RS, Parchi, P, Tressoldi, P, Xue, Y, Armitage, C, Barraud, P, Chatzitheochari, S, Coelho, LP, Diao, J, Doxey, AC, Gobet, A, Hu, P, Kaiser, S, Mitchell, KM, Salama, MF, Shabalin, IG, Song, H, Stevanovic, D, Yadollahpour, A, Zeng, E, Zinke, K, Alimba, CG, Beyene, TJ, Cao, Z, Chan, SS, Gatchell, M, Kleppe, A, Piotrowski, M, Torga, G, Woldesemayat, AA, Cosacak, MI, Haston, S, Ross, SA, Williams, R, Wong, A, Abramowitz, MK, Effiong, A, Lee, S, Abid, MB, Agarabi, C, Alaux, C, Albrecht, DR, Atkins, GJ, Beck, CR, Bonvin, AMJJ, Bourke, E, Brand, T, Braun, RJ, Bull, JA, Cardoso, P, Carter, D, Delahay, RM, Ducommun, B, Duijf, PHG, Epp, T, Eskelinen, E-L, Fallah, M, Farber, DB, Fernandez-Triana, J, Feyerabend, F, Florio, T, Friebe, M, Furuta, S, Gabrielsen, M, Gruber, J, Grybos, M, Han, Q, Heinrich, M, Helantera, H, Huber, M, Jeltsch, A, Jiang, F, Josse, C, Jurman, G, Kamiya, H, de Keersmaecker, K, Kristiansson, E, de Leeuw, F-E, Li, J, Liang, S, Lopez-Escamez, JA, Lopez-Ruiz, FJ, Marchbank, KJ, Marschalek, R, Martin, CS, Miele, AE, Montagutelli, X, Morcillo, E, Nicoletti, R, Niehof, M, O'Toole, R, Ohtomo, T, Oster, H, Palma, J-A, Paterson, R, Peifer, M, Portilla, M, Portillo, MC, Pritchard, AL, Pusch, S, Raghava, GPS, Roberts, NJ, Ross, K, Schuele, B, Sergeant, K, Shen, J, Stella, A, Sukocheva, O, Uversky, VN, Vanneste, S, Villet, MH, Viveiros, M, Vorholt, JA, Weinstock, C, Yamato, M, Zabetakis, I, Zhao, X, Ziegler, A, Aizat, WM, Atlas, L, Bridges, KM, Chakraborty, S, Deschodt, M, Domingues, HS, Esfahlani, SS, Falk, S, Guisado, JL, Kane, NC, Kueberuwa, G, Lau, CL, Liang, D, Liu, E, Luu, AM, Ma, C, Ma, L, Moyer, R, Norris, AD, Panthee, S, Parsons, JR, Peng, Y, Pinto, IM, Reschke, CR, Sillanpaa, E, Stewart, CJ, Uhle, F, Yang, H, Zhou, K, Zhu, S, Ashry, M, Bergsland, N, Berthold, M, Chen, C-E, Colella, V, Cuypers, M, Eskew, EA, Fan, X, Gajda, M, Gonzalezlez-Prendes, R, Goodin, A, Graham, EB, Groen, EJN, Gutierrez-Sacristan, A, Habes, M, Heffler, E, Higginbottom, DB, Janzen, T, Jayaraman, J, Jibb, LA, Jongen, S, Kinyanjui, T, Koleva-Kolarova, RG, Li, Z, Liu, Y-P, Lund, BA, Lussier, AA, Mier, P, Moore, MD, Nagler, K, Orme, MW, Pearson, JA, Prajapati, AS, Saito, Y, Troder, SE, Uchendu, F, Verloh, N, Voutchkova, DD, Abu-Zaid, A, Bakkach, J, Baumert, P, Dono, M, Hanson, J, Herbelet, S, Hobbs, E, Kulkarni, A, Liu, S, Loft, ND, Reddan, T, Senghore, T, Vindin, H, Xu, H, Bannon, R, Chen, B, Cheung, JTK, Cooper, J, Esnakul, AK, Feghali, KA, Ghelardi, E, Gnasso, A, Horbar, J, Lai, HM, Ma, R, Pan, Z, Peres, MA, Pranata, R, Seow, E, Sydes, M, Testoni, I, Westermair, AL, Yang, Y, Afnan, M, Albiol, J, Albuquerque, LG, Amiya, E, Amorim, RM, An, Q, Andersen, SU, Aplin, JD, Argyropoulos, C, Asmann, YW, Assaeed, AM, Atanasov, AG, Atchison, DA, Avery, SV, Avillach, P, Baade, PD, Backman, L, Badie, C, Baldi, A, Ball, E, Bardot, O, Barnett, AG, Basner, M, Batra, J, Bazanova, OM, Beale, A, Beddoe, T, Bell, ML, Berezikov, E, Berners-Price, S, Bernhardt, P, Berry, E, Bessa, TB, Billington, C, Birch, J, Blakely, RD, Blaskovich, MAT, Blum, R, Boelaert, M, Bogdanos, D, Bosch, C, Bourgoin, T, Bouvard, D, Boykin, LM, Bradley, G, Braun, D, Brownlie, J, Bruhl, A, Burt, A, Butler, LM, Byrareddy, SN, Byrne, HJ, Cabantous, S, Calatayud, S, Candal, E, Carlson, K, Casillas, S, Castelvetro, V, Caswell, PT, Cavalli, G, Cerovsky, V, Chagoyen, M, Chen, C-S, Chen, DF, Chen, H, Chen, J-T, Chen, Y, Cheng, C, Cheng, J, Chinapaw, M, Chinopoulos, C, Cho, WCS, Chong, L, Chowdhury, D, Chwalibog, A, Ciresi, A, Cockcroft, S, Conesa, A, Cook, PA, Cooper, DN, Coqueret, O, Corea, EM, Costa, E, Coupland, C, Crawford, SY, Cruz, AD, Cui, H, Cui, Q, Culver, DC, D'Angiulli, A, Dahms, TES, Daigle, F, Dalgleish, R, Danielsen, HE, Darras, S, Davidson, SM, Day, DA, Degirmenci, V, Demaison, L, Devriendt, K, Ding, J, Dogan, Y, Dong, XC, Donner, CF, Dressick, W, Drevon, CA, Duan, H, Ducho, C, Dumaz, N, Dwarakanath, BS, Ebell, MH, Eisenhardt, S, Elkum, N, Engel, N, Erickson, TB, Fairhead, M, Faville, MJ, Fejzo, MS, Festa, F, Feteira, A, Flood-Page, P, Forsayeth, J, Fox, SA, Franks, SJ, Frentiu, FD, Frilander, MJ, Fu, X, Fujita, S, Galea, I, Galluzzi, L, Gani, F, Ganpule, AP, Garcia-Alix, A, Gedye, K, Giordano, M, Giunta, C, Gleeson, PA, Goarant, C, Gong, H, Gora, D, Gough, MJ, Goyal, R, Graham, KE, Grande-Perez, A, Graves, PM, Greidanus, H, Grice, D, Grunau, C, Gumulya, Y, Guo, Y, Gurevich, VV, Gusev, O, Hacker, E, Hage, SR, Hagen, G, Hahn, S, Haller, DM, Hammerschmidt, S, Han, J, Han, R, Handfield, M, Hapuarachchi, HC, Harder, T, Hardingham, JE, Heck, M, Heers, M, Hew, KF, Higuchi, Y, St Hilaire, C, Hilton, R, Hodzic, E, Hone, A, Hongoh, Y, Hu, G, Huber, HP, Hueso, LE, Huirne, J, Hurt, L, Idborg, H, Ikeo, K, Ingley, E, Jakeman, PM, Jensen, A, Jia, H, Jia, S, Jiang, J, Jiang, X, Jin, Y, Jo, D, Johnson, AM, Johnston, M, Jonscher, KR, Jorens, PG, Jorgensen, JOL, Joubert, JW, Jung, S-H, Junior, AM, Kahan, T, Kamboj, SK, Kang, Y-K, Karamanos, Y, Karp, NA, Kelly, R, Kenna, R, Kennedy, J, Kersten, B, Khalaf, RA, Khalid, JM, Khatlani, T, Khider, T, Kijanka, GS, King, SRB, Kluz, T, Knox, P, Kobayashi, T, Koch, K-W, Kohonen-Corish, MRJ, Kong, X, Konkle-Parker, D, Korpela, KM, Kostrikis, LG, Kraiczy, P, Kratz, H, Krause, G, Krebsbach, PH, Kristensen, SR, Kumari, P, Kunimatsu, A, Kurdak, H, Kwon, YD, Lachat, C, Lagisz, M, Laky, B, Lammerding, J, Lange, M, Larrosa, M, Laslett, AL, LeClair, EE, Lee, K-W, Lee, M-Y, Lee, M-S, Li, G, Lieb, K, Lim, YY, Lindsey, ML, Line, P-D, Liu, D, Liu, F, Liu, H, Lloyd, VK, Lo, T-W, Locci, E, Loidl, J, Lorenzen, J, Lorkowski, S, Lovell, NH, Lu, H, Lu, W, Lu, Z, Luengo, GS, Lundh, L-G, Lysy, PA, Mabb, A, Mack, HG, Mackey, DA, Mahdavi, SR, Maher, P, Maher, T, Maity, SN, Malgrange, B, Mamoulakis, C, Mangoni, AA, Manke, T, Manstead, ASR, Mantalaris, A, Marsal, J, Marschall, H-U, Martin, FL, Martinez-Raga, J, Martinez-Salas, E, Mathieu, D, Matsui, Y, Maza, E, McCutcheon, JE, Mckay, GJ, McMillan, B, McMillan, N, Meads, C, Medina, L, Merrick, BA, Metzger, DW, Meunier, FA, Michaelis, M, Micheau, O, Mihara, H, Mintz, EM, Mizukami, T, Moalic, Y, Mohapatra, DP, Monteiro, A, Montes, M, Moran, JV, Morozov, SY, Mort, M, Murai, N, Murphy, DJ, Murphy, SK, Murray, SA, Naganawa, S, Nammi, S, Nasios, G, Natoli, RM, Nguyen, F, Nicol, C, van Nieuwerburgh, F, Nilsen, EB, Nobile, CJ, O'Mahony, M, Ohlsson, S, Olatunbosun, O, Olofsson, P, Ortiz, A, Ostrikov, K, Otto, S, Outeiro, TF, Ouyang, S, Paganoni, S, Page, A, Palm, C, Paradies, Y, Parsons, MH, Parsons, N, Pascal, P, Paul, E, Peckham, M, Pedemonte, N, Pellizzon, MA, Petrelli, M, Pichugin, A, Pinto, CJC, Plevris, JN, Pollesello, P, Polz, M, Ponti, G, Porcelli, P, Prince, M, Quinn, GP, Quinn, TJ, Ramula, S, Rappsilber, J, Rehfeldt, F, Reiling, JH, Remacle, C, Rezaei, M, Riddick, EW, Ritter, U, Roach, NW, Roberts, DD, Robles, G, Rodrigues, T, Rodriguez, C, Roislien, J, Roobol, MJ, Rowe, JA, Ruepp, A, van Ruitenbeek, J, Rust, P, Saad, S, Sack, GH, Santos, M, Saudemont, A, Sava, G, Schrading, S, Schramm, A, Schreiber, M, Schuler, S, Schymkowitz, J, Sczyrba, A, Seib, KL, Shi, H-P, Shimada, T, Shin, J-S, Shortt, C, Silveyra, P, Skinner, D, Small, I, Smeets, PAM, So, P-W, Solano, F, Sonenshine, DE, Song, J, Southall, T, Speakman, JR, Srinivasan, MV, Stabile, LP, Stasiak, A, Steadman, KJ, Stein, N, Stephens, AW, Stewart, DI, Stine, K, Storlazzi, C, Stoynova, NV, Strzalka, W, Suarez, OM, Sultana, T, Sumant, AV, Summers, MJ, Sun, G, Tacon, P, Tanaka, K, Tang, H, Tanino, Y, Targett-Adams, P, Tayebi, M, Tayyem, R, Tebbe, CC, Telfer, EE, Tempel, W, Teodorczyk-Injeyan, JA, Thijs, G, Thorne, S, Thrift, AG, Tiffon, C, Tinnefeld, P, Tjahjono, DH, Tolle, F, Toth, E, del Tredici, AL, Tsapas, A, Tsirigotis, K, Turak, A, Tzotzos, G, Udo, EE, Utsumi, T, Vaidyanathan, S, Vaillant, M, Valsesia, A, Vandenbroucke, RE, Veiga, FH, Vendrell, M, Vesk, PA, Vickers, P, Victor, VM, Villemur, R, Vohl, M-C, Voolstra, CR, Vuillemin, A, Wakelin, S, Waldron, L, Walsh, LJ, Wang, AY, Wang, F, Wang, Y, Watanabe, Y, Weigert, A, Wen, J-C, Wham, C, White, EP, Wiener, J, Wilharm, G, Wilkinson, S, Willmann, R, Wilson, C, Wirth, B, Wojan, TR, Wolff, M, Wong, BM, Wu, T-W, Wuerbel, H, Xiao, X, Xu, D, Xu, JW, Xue, B, Yalcin, S, Yan, H, Yang, E-C, Yang, S, Yang, W, Ye, Y, Ye, Z-Q, Yli-Kauhaluoma, J, Yoneyama, H, Yu, Y, Yuan, G-C, Yuh, C-H, Zaccolo, M, Zeng, C, Zevnik, B, Zhang, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z-Y, Zhao, Y, Zhou, M, Zuberbier, T, Aanei, CM, Ahmad, R, Al-Lawama, M, Alanio, A, Allardyce, J, Alonso-Caneiro, D, Atack, JM, Baier, D, Bansal, A, Benezeth, Y, Berbesque, C, Berrevoet, F, Biedermann, PHW, Bijleveld, E, Bittner, F, Blombach, F, Van den Bos, W, Boudreau, SA, Bramoweth, AD, Braubach, O, Cai, Y, Campbell, M, Catry, T, Chen, X, Cheng, S, Chung, H-J, Chavez-Fumagalli, MA, Conway, A, Costa, BM, Cyr, N, Dean, LT, Denzel, MS, Dlamini, SV, Dudley, KJ, Dufies, M, Ecke, T, Eckweiler, D, Eixarch, E, El-Adawy, H, Emmrich, JV, Eustace, AJ, Falter-Wagner, CM, Fuss, J, Gao, J, Gill, MR, Gloyn, L, Goggs, R, Govinden, U, Greene, G, Greiff, V, Grundle, DS, Gruneberg, P, Gumede, N, Haore, G, Harrison, P, Hoenner, X, Hojsgaard, D, Hori, H, Ikonomopoulou, MP, Jeurissen, P, Johnson, DM, Kabra, D, Kamagata, K, Karmakar, C, Kasian, O, Kaye, LK, Khan, MM, Kim, Y-M, Kish, JK, Kobold, S, Kohanbash, G, Kohls, G, Kugler, J-M, Kumar, G, Lacy-Colson, J, Latif, A, Lauschke, VM, Li, B, Lim, CJ, Liu, X, Lu, J-J, Lu, Q, Mahavadi, P, Marzocchi, U, McGarrigle, CA, van Meerten, T, Min, R, Moal, I, Molari, M, Molleman, L, Mondal, SR, Van de Mortel, T, Moss, WN, Moultos, OA, Mukherjee, M, Nakayama, K, Narayan, E, Navaratnarajah, Neumann, P-A, Nie, J, Nie, Y, Niemeyer, F, Fiona, Nwaiwu, O, Oldenmenger, WH, Olumayede, E, Ou, J, Pallebage-Gamarallage, M, Pearce, SP, Pelkonen, T, Pelleri, MC, Pereira, JL, Pheko, M, Pinto, KA, Piovesan, A, Pluess, M, Podolsky, IM, Prescott, J, Qi, D, Qi, X, Raikou, VD, Ranft, A, Rhodes, J, Rotge, J-Y, Rowe, AD, Saggar, M, Schuon, RA, Shahid, S, Shalchyan, V, Shirvalkar, P, Shiryayev, O, Singh, J, Smout, MJ, Soares, A, Song, C, Srivastava, K, Srivastava, RK, Sun, J, Szabo, A, Szymanski, W, Tai, CNP, Takeuchi, H, Tanadini-Lang, S, Tang, F, Tao, W, Theron, G, Tian, CF, Tian, Y-S, Tuttle, LM, Valenti, A, Verlot, P, Walker, M, Wang, J, Welter, D, Winslade, M, Wu, D, Wu, Y-R, Xiao, H, Xu, B, Xu, Z, Yang, D, Yang, M, Yankilevich, P, You, Y, Yu, C, Zhan, J, Zhang, G, Zhang, K, Zhang, T, Zhao, G, Zhao, J, Zhou, X, Zhu, Z, Ajani, PA, Anazodo, UC, Bagloee, SA, Bail, K, Bar, I, Bathelt, J, Benkeser, D, Bernier, ML, Blanchard, AM, Boakye, DW, Bonatsos, V, Boon, MH, Bouboulis, G, Bromfield, E, Brown, J, Bul, KCM, Burton, KJ, Butkowski, EG, Carroll, G, Chao, F, Charrier, EE, Chen, Y-C, Chenguang, Choi, JR, Christoffersen, T, Comel, JC, Cosse, C, Cui, Y, van Dessel, P, Dhaval, Diodato, D, Duffey, M, Dutt, A, Egea, LG, El-Said, M, Faye, M, Fernandez-Fernandez, B, Foley, KG, Founou, LL, Fu, F, Gadelkareem, RA, Galimov, E, Garip, G, Gemmill, A, Gouil, Q, Grey, J, Gridneva, Z, Grothe, MJ, Grebert, T, Guerrero, F, Guignard, L, Haenssgen, MJ, Hasler, D, Holgate, JY, Huang, A, Hulse-Kemp, AM, Jean-Quartier, C, Jeon, S-M, Jia, Y, Jutzeler, C, Kalatzis, P, Karim, M, Karsay, K, Keitel, A, Kempe, A, Keown, JR, Khoo, CM, Khwaja, N, Kievit, RA, Kosanic, A, Koutoukidis, DA, Kramer, P, Kumar, D, Kirag, N, Lanza, G, Le, TD, Leem, JW, Leightley, D, Leite, A, Lercher, L, Li, Y, Lim, R, Lima, LRA, Lin, L, Ling, T, Liu, Y, Liu, Z, Lu, Y, Lum, FM, Luo, H, Machhi, J, Macleod, A, Macwan, I, Madala, HR, Madani, N, de Maio, N, Makowiecki, K, Mallinson, DJ, Margelyte, R, Maria, C, Markonis, Y, Marsili, L, Mavoa, S, McWilliams, L, Megersa, M, Mendes, CSM, Menichetti, J, Mercieca-Bebber, R, Miller, JJ, Minde, D-PM, Minges, A, Mishra, E, Mishra, VR, Moores, C, Morrice, N, Moskalensky, AE, Navarin, N, Negera, E, Nolet, P, Nordberg, A, Norden, R, Nowicki, JP, Olova, N, Olszewski, P, Onzima, R, Pan, C-L, Park, C, Park, DI, Park, S, Patil, CD, Pedro, SA, Perry, SR, Peter, J, Peterson, BM, Pezzuolo, A, Pozdnyakov, I, Qian, S, Qin, L, Rafe, A, Raote, I, Raza, A, Rebl, H, Refai, O, Regan, T, Richa, T, Richardson, MF, Robinson, KR, Rossoni, L, Rouet, R, Safaei, S, Schneeberger, PHH, Schwotzer, D, Sebastian, A, Selinski, J, Seltmann, S, Sha, F, Shalev, N, Shang, J-L, Singer, J, Singh, M, Smith, T, Solomon-Moore, E, Song, L, Soraggi, S, Stanley, R, Steckhan, N, Strobl, F, Subissi, L, Supriyanto, I, Surve, CR, Suzuki, T, Syme, C, Sorelius, K, Tang, Y, Tantawy, M, Tennakoon, S, Teseo, S, Toelzer, C, Tomov, N, Tovar, M, Tran, L, Tripathi, S, Tuladhar, AM, Ukubuiwe, AC, Ung, COL, Valgepea, K, Vatanparast, H, Vidal, A, Wang, Q, Watari, R, Webster, R, Wei, J, Wibowo, D, Wingenbach, TSH, Xavier, RM, Xiao, S, Xiong, P, Xu, S, Yao, R, Yao, W, Yin, Q, Zaitsu, M, Zeineb, Z, Zhan, X-Y, Zhang, R, Zhang, W, Zheng, S, Zhou, B, Ahmad, H, Akinwumi, SA, Albery, GF, Alhowimel, A, Ali, J, Alshehri, M, Alsuhaibani, M, Anikin, A, Azubuike, SO, Bach-Mortensen, A, Baltiansky, L, Bartas, M, Belachew, KY, Bhardwaj, V, Binder, K, Bland, NS, Boah, M, Bullen, B, Calabro, GE, Callahan, TJ, Cao, B, Chalmers, K, Chang, W, Che, Z, Chen, ATY, Chen, Z, Choi, Y, Chowdhury, MAK, Christensen, MR, Cooke, RSC, Cottini, M, Covington, NV, Cunningham, C, Delarocque, J, Devos, L, Dhar, AR, Ding, K-F, Dong, K, Dong, Z, Dreyer, N, Ekstrand, C, Fardet, T, Feleke, BE, Feurer, T, Freitas, 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Strobl, F, Subissi, L, Supriyanto, I, Surve, CR, Suzuki, T, Syme, C, Sorelius, K, Tang, Y, Tantawy, M, Tennakoon, S, Teseo, S, Toelzer, C, Tomov, N, Tovar, M, Tran, L, Tripathi, S, Tuladhar, AM, Ukubuiwe, AC, Ung, COL, Valgepea, K, Vatanparast, H, Vidal, A, Wang, Q, Watari, R, Webster, R, Wei, J, Wibowo, D, Wingenbach, TSH, Xavier, RM, Xiao, S, Xiong, P, Xu, S, Yao, R, Yao, W, Yin, Q, Zaitsu, M, Zeineb, Z, Zhan, X-Y, Zhang, R, Zhang, W, Zheng, S, Zhou, B, Ahmad, H, Akinwumi, SA, Albery, GF, Alhowimel, A, Ali, J, Alshehri, M, Alsuhaibani, M, Anikin, A, Azubuike, SO, Bach-Mortensen, A, Baltiansky, L, Bartas, M, Belachew, KY, Bhardwaj, V, Binder, K, Bland, NS, Boah, M, Bullen, B, Calabro, GE, Callahan, TJ, Cao, B, Chalmers, K, Chang, W, Che, Z, Chen, ATY, Chen, Z, Choi, Y, Chowdhury, MAK, Christensen, MR, Cooke, RSC, Cottini, M, Covington, NV, Cunningham, C, Delarocque, J, Devos, L, Dhar, AR, Ding, K-F, Dong, K, Dong, Z, Dreyer, N, Ekstrand, C, Fardet, T, Feleke, BE, Feurer, T, Freitas, A, Gao, T, Asefa, NG, Giganti, F, Grabowski, P, Guerra-Mora, JR, Guo, C, Guo, X, Gupta, H, He, S, Heijne, M, Heinemann, S, Hogrebe, A, Huang, Z, Iskander-Rizk, S, Iyer, LM, Jahan, Y, James, AS, Joel, E, Joffroy, B, Jegousse, C, Kambondo, G, Karnati, P, Kaya, C, Ke, A, Kelly, D, Kickert, R, Kidibule, PE, Kieselmann, JP, Kim, HJ, Kitazawa, T, Lamberts, A, Liang, H, Linn, SN, Litfin, T, Liusuo, W, Lygirou, V, Mahato, AK, Mai, Z-M, Major, RW, Mali, S, Mallis, P, Mao, W, Marvin-Dowle, K, Mason, LD, Merideth, B, Merino-Plaza, MJ, Merlaen, B, Messina, R, Mishra, AK, Muhammad, J, Musinguzi, C, Nanou, A, Naqash, A, Nguyen, JT, Nguyen, TTH, Ni, D, Nida, Notcovich, S, Ohst, B, Ollivier, QR, Osses, DF, Peng, X, Plantinga, A, Pulia, M, Rafiq, M, Raman, A, Raucher-Chene, D, Rawski, R, Ray, A, Razak, LA, Rudolf, K, Rusch, P, Sadoine, ML, Schmidt, A, Schurr, R, Searles, S, Sharma, S, Sheehan, B, Shi, C, Shohayeb, B, Sommerlad, A, Strehlow, J, Sun, X, Sundar, R, Taherzadeh, G, Tahir, NDM, Tang, J, Testa, J, Tian, Z, Tingting, Q, Verheijen, GP, Vickstrom, C, Wang, T, Wang, X, Wang, Z, Wei, P, Wilson, A, Wyart, Yassine, A-A, Yousefzadeh, A, Zare, A, Zeng, Z, Zhang, H, Zhou, J, Zhu, D, Adamo, V, Adeyemo, AA, Aggelidou, M, Al-Owaifeer, AM, Al-Riyami, AZ, Alzghari, SK, Andersen, V, Angus, K, Asaduzzaman, M, Asady, H, Ato, D, Bai, X, Baines, RL, Ballantyne, M, Ban, B, Beck, J, Ben-Nafa, W, Black, E, Blancher, A, Blankstein, R, Bodagh, N, Borges, PAV, Brooks, A, Brox-Ponce, J, Brunetti, A, Canham, CD, Carninci, P, Carvajal, R, Chang, SC, Chao, J, Chatterjee, P, Chhatriwalla, AK, Chikowe, I, Chuang, T-J, Collevatti, RG, Valera-Cornejo, DA, Cuenda, A, Dao, M, Dauga, D, Deng, Z, Devkota, K, Doan, LV, Elewa, YHA, Fan, D, Faruk, M, Feifei, S, Ferguson, TS, Fleres, F, Foster, EJ, Foster, CS, Furer, T, Gao, Y, Garcia-Rivera, EJ, Gazdar, A, George, RB, Ghosh, S, Gianchecchi, E, Gleason, JM, Hackshaw, A, Hall, A, Hall, R, Harper, P, Hogg, WE, Huang, G, Hunter, KE, IJzerman, AP, Jesus, C, Jian, G, Lewis, JS, Kanj, SS, Kaur, H, Kheir, F, Kichatova, VS, Kiyani, M, Klein, R, Kovesi, T, Kraschnewski, JL, Kumar, AP, Labutin, D, Lazo-Langner, A, Leclercq, G, Li, M, Li, Q, Li, T, Liao, W-T, Liao, Z-Y, Lin, J, Lizer, J, Lobreglio, G, Lowies, C, Lu, C, Majeed, H, Martin, A, Martinez-Sobrido, L, Meresh, E, Middelveen, M, Mohebbi, A, Mota, J, Mozaheb, Z, Muyaya, L, Nandhakumar, A, Ng, SHX, Obeidat, M, Oh, D-H, Owais, M, Pace-Asciak, P, Panwar, A, Patterson, C, Penagos-Tabaree, F, Pianosi, PT, Pinzi, V, Pridans, C, Psaroulaki, A, Pujala, RK, Pulido-Arjona, L, Qi, P-F, Rahman, P, Rai, NK, Rassaf, T, Refardt, J, Ricciardi, W, Riess, O, Rovas, A, Sacks, FM, Saleh, S, Sampson, C, Schmutz, A, Sepanski, R, Sharma, N, Spearman, P, Subramaniapillai, M, Swali, R, Tan, CM, Tellechea, JI, Thomas, L-M, Tong, X, Veys, R, Vitriol, V, Wang, H-D, Waugh, J, Webb, SA, Williams, BA, Workman, AD, Xiang, T, Xie, L-X, Xu, T, Yang, C, Yoon, JG, Yuan, CM, Zaritsky, A, Zhao, H, Zuckerman, H, Lyu, R, Pullan, W, and Zhou, Y
Published: 2019

2. HSP binding and mitochondrial localization of p53 protein in human HT1080 and mouse C3H10T1/2 cell lines

Author: Reid Jj, Rachel M. Patterson, He C, Selkirk Jk, Pence-Pawlowski Pm, L. L. Witcher, and Merrick Ba
Subjects: Cytoplasm, Protein Conformation, HSC70 Heat-Shock Proteins, Immunoprecipitation, Fibrosarcoma, Molecular Sequence Data, Biophysics, Plasma protein binding, Biology, Biochemistry, Mice, Structural Biology, medicine, Animals, Humans, HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins, Amino Acid Sequence, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP, Molecular Biology, Heat-Shock Proteins, Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Nucleus, Membrane Proteins, Fibroblasts, Hsp90, Mitochondria, Molecular Weight, Cell nucleus, medicine.anatomical_structure, Membrane protein, Chaperone (protein), biology.protein, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Carrier Proteins, Molecular Chaperones, Protein Binding
Abstract: In normal cells, the tumor suppressor actions of p53 protein are mediated by specific DNA binding and protein-protein interactions within the nucleus. Mutant p53 proteins, however, often assume an aberrant conformation devoid of tumor suppressor activity and newly capable of binding to the cognate or inducible HSP70. Recent reports from our laboratory and others show that additional unknown proteins may also complex with mutant p53. In this study, we characterize p53:HSP complexes and their subcellular location in the transformed cell lines, human HT1080 and murine C3H10T1/2, which both contain aberrant p53 conformers. Immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE of p53 from whole cell lysates revealed the additional presence of a broad 70 kDa band and a 90 kDa band in both lines, while p53 isolated from nuclear lysates was free from other proteins. 2D-PAGE was used to isolate and identify HSP members from cytoplasmic and nuclear lysates by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and protein sequencing. Anti-p53 immune complexes from cytoplasmic lysates contained not only HSC70 but also GRP75, GRP78 and a weakly basic 90 kDa protein, which may be related to HSP90. The inducible form of HSP70 was not complexed to p53 protein, even though expressed in these cells. Analysis of anti-HSP70, anti-GRP75 and anti-HSP90 immune complexes suggests that HSP members exist as performed complexes in the cytoplasm, but not the nucleus. The presence of the mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticular chaperones, GRP75 and GRP78, in p53:HSP complexes suggested that p53 might be found in these cytoplasmic organelles which was confirmed in mitochondria by biochemical and immunoelectron microscopic evidence. These studies suggest that newly identified members of p53:HSP complexes represent components of a chaperone program which affects the subcellular distribution of p53 protein in these transformed lines.
Published: 1996

3. Tumor suppressor p53 gene forms multiple isoforms: Evidence for single lucus origin and cytoplasmic complex formation with heat shock proteins

Author: Merrick Ba, Selkirk Jk, Rachel M. Patterson, and He C
Subjects: Gene isoform, Cytoplasm, Macromolecular Substances, Clinical Biochemistry, Breast Neoplasms, Biology, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Retinoblastoma-like protein 1, HSPA4, Mice, Heat shock protein, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Animals, Humans, Point Mutation, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins, Phosphorylation, Mice, Knockout, HSPA12A, Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast, Cell Cycle, Biological Transport, Genes, p53, Phosphoproteins, Hsp90, Molecular biology, Neoplasm Proteins, Hsp70, Pleural Effusion, biology.protein, Female, Tumor Suppressor Protein p53, Protein Processing, Post-Translational
Abstract: The tumor suppressor protein p53 is a major cell cycle control factor, and mutations in p53 are the most common genetic lesion found in human tumors, resulting in loss of function and contributing to malignant transformation. This report reviews several studies which show that p53 protein appears as at least eleven isoforms having the same amino acid backbone but varying in charge by level of phosphorylation. All isoforms are derived from a single locus, which indicates that p53 activity is modulated by post-translational modification. In addition, mutant p53 forms hetero-oligomers with two families of proteins: HSP70 and a 90 kDa group similar to HSP90. Cytoplasmic complexes are most likely formed to protect p53 from proteolysis and are probably involved in translocation of activated p53 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus for transactivation of other cell cycle control genes.
Published: 1996

4. Baculovirus and insect cell gene expression: review of baculovirus biotechnology

Author: Selkirk Jk, Merrick Ba, and Rachel M. Patterson
Subjects: Protein function, Human health, Insect cell, business.industry, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Fda approval, Gene expression, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biology, ENCODE, business, Biotechnology
Abstract: The BEVS continues to evolve as a powerful, flexible tool for molecular biology, protein function, and biomedical research. Future developments offer the promise of replacement of hazardous chemical insecticides with environmentally safe biopesticides, construction of baculovirus vectors which encode genes for specific post-translational modifications, and establishment of efficient, stably transformed insect cell lines. FDA approval of BEVS-produced products offer the prospect of new biopharmaceuticals, in particular human therapeutics and vaccines, to improve human health and increase the quality of life for millions of people.
Published: 1995

5. Phenotypic change and altered protein expression in X-ray and methylcholanthrene-transformed C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts

Author: Merrick Ba, Selkirk Jk, He C, D. R. Daluge, Rachel M. Patterson, and L. L. Witcher
Subjects: Plating efficiency, Clinical Biochemistry, Cell, Biology, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Antigens, Neoplasm, Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, medicine, Animals, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Cell Line, Transformed, X-Rays, Fibroblasts, Precipitin Tests, Molecular biology, Phenotype, Neoplasm Proteins, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Cell biology, Agar, Transformation (genetics), medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Cell culture, Methylcholanthrene, biology.protein, Cell Division
Abstract: The morphology, growth properties and cellular protein patterns from parent and two transformed C3H10T1/2 cell lines were analyzed to associated the phenotypic and protein differences with cell transformation. Transformed 10T1/2 cells were obtained by colony isolation after exposure of parent 10T1/2 cells to methylcholanthrene (MCA-1 cell line) or X-ray irradiation (XR-III cell line). Compared to parent 10T1/2 and MCA-1 cells, XR-III cells were much smaller in size and exhibited the highest growth rate, greatest cell saturation density, increased plating efficiency and greater expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. MCA-1 cells showed intermediate characteristics between parent and XR-III cells. Among the three cell lines, only XR-III cells showed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. When [35S]methionine-labeled whole cell lysate proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, computer comparison algorithms revealed a 97% similarity in protein profiles among almost 800 proteins detected from each cell line. However, comparison of proteins patterns of the transformed cell lines to that of parent 10T1/2 cells showed that 30 and 20 proteins were induced or repressed in XR-III cells and MCA-1 cells, respectively. Similarly, 81 and 24 proteins showed significant quantitative changes (threefold or greater) in XR-III and MCA-1 cells, respectively, as compared with parent 10T1/2 cell proteins. The ahchorage-independent growth and increased proliferation properties of XR-III cells suggest a later stage of transformation compared to MCA-1 cells. Overall, these data suggest that gradational morphologic and phenotypic aberrancy in MCA-1 and XR-III cell lines from parent cells is accompanied by an increased diversity in protein expression in a limited set of proteins, some of which may play important roles in the multistep transformation process.
Published: 1994

6. Fungal Endophthalmitis on Ocular Ultrasound: A Case Report

Author: Kimberly Fender, Merrick Bautista, Hiten Patel, Benjamin Ostro, and Creagh Boulger
Subjects: Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract: Introduction: Endophthalmitis is a rare intraocular infection caused by numerous organisms from several possible sources. Fungal endophthalmitis is a rare subset of this pathology with limited diagnostics available. One of the few options to make this diagnosis is vitreous sampling, which is invasive, and results are not immediately available. Case Report: This case report describes the successful use of point-of-care ultrasound to visualize an intraocular fungal mass in a 60-year-old male who presented to the emergency department (ED) with two weeks of left eye pain and erythema approximately two months postoperative from a cataract extraction surgery. Conclusion: Fungal endophthalmitis is a rare and challenging diagnosis. Methods of diagnosing this pathology are not readily available in the ED. Point-of-care ultrasound may be a useful adjunct for the prompt diagnosis of fungal endophthalmitis.
Published: 2022
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7. Gel electrophoretic analysis of cellular and secreted proteins from resting and activated rat alveolar macrophages treated with pentamidine isethionate

Author: Selkirk Jk, Merrick Ba, and He C
Subjects: Antifungal Agents, Pentamidine Isethionate, Lipopolysaccharide, Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Macrophages, Alveolar, medicine, Macrophage, Animals, Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional, Cells, Cultured, Pentamidine, Gel electrophoresis, Chromatography, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Proteins, General Medicine, Molecular biology, Rats, Inbred F344, Rats, Secretory protein, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spectrometry, Fluorescence, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Female, Pulmonary alveolus, medicine.drug
Abstract: Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia, which is a major cause of death among patients suffering from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has often been treated successfully with pentamidine isethionate. This study examines pentamidine effects on cellular and secreted proteins from rat alveolar macrophages by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and computerized image analysis. Over 100 secreted proteins were detected by fluorography. Fluorography showed pentamidine diminished tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 release along with other proteins. Effects of combined bacterial lipopolysaccharide and pentamidine were more pronounced on secreted versus cellular proteins in protein amount and pattern difference. Thus pentamidine exhibited a general repressive effect on cellular and secreted protein expression in resting and activated macrophages.
Published: 1995

8. The Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) and Environmental Health

Author: Merrick, BA
Subjects: Article
Published: 2003

9. p53 Is a Negative Regulator of Pulmonary Innate Immunity.

Author: Merrick, BA, primary, Madenspacher, JH, additional, DeGraff, LM, additional, and Fessler, MF, additional
Published: 2009
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10. Chemical reactivity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity of chloropropanones*1

Author: Smallwood Cl, Meier, McKean Dl, Merrick Ba, Lyman W. Condie, and William H. Kaylor
Subjects: Pharmacology, endocrine system, Salmonella, biology, fungi, food and beverages, Glutathione, Toxicology, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, In vitro, chemistry.chemical_compound, Sodium phosphate buffer, Biochemistry, chemistry, Toxicity, medicine, Cytotoxic T cell, Cytotoxicity, Bacteria
Abstract: Studies were conducted to assess the in vitro toxicity of three chloropropanones: monochloropropanone (MCP), 1,1-dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP), and 1,3-dichloropropanone (1,3-DCP). Chloropropanones reacted directly with reduced glutathione (GSH) in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. All chloropropanones were cytotoxic to suspensions of male rat hepatocytes in a concentration range of 0.5–10 m M . Cytotoxicity was preceded by rapid decline in cellular GSH levels. Mutagenic potencies among the chloropropanones in Salmonella typhimurium bacteria differed greatly. 1,3-DCP was mutagenic in the nanomole range, 1,1-DCP was weakly mutagenic in the micromole range, and MCP was not mutagenic. Mutagenicity of the dichloropropanones was evident without metabolic activation. These results suggest that the three chloropropanones may, in part, be directly cytotoxic but only 1,3-DCP and 1,1-DCP are directly mutagenic.
Published: 1987

11. Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search

Author: Zeineb, Zian, Brown, Peter, Tan, Aik-Choon, El-Esawi, Mohamed A., Liehr, Thomas, Blanck, Oliver, Gladue, Douglas P., Almeida, Gabriel M. F., Cernava, Tomislav, Sorzano, Carlos O., Yeung, Andy W. K., Engel, Michael S., Chandrasekaran, Arun Richard, Muth, Thilo, Staege, Martin S., Daulatabad, Swapna V., Widera, Darius, Zhang, Junpeng, Meule, Adrian, Honjo, Ken, Pourret, Olivier, Yin, Cong-Cong, Zhang, Zhongheng, Cascella, Marco, Flegel, Willy A., Goodyear, Carl S., Raaij, Mark J. van, Bukowy-Bieryllo, Zuzanna, Campana, Luca G., Kurniawan, Nicholas A., Lalaouna, David, Hüttner, Felix J., Ammerman, Brooke A., Ehret, Felix, Cobine, Paul A., Tan, Ene-Choo, Han, Hyemin, Xia, Wenfeng, McCrum, Christopher, Dings, Ruud P. M., Marinello, Francesco, Nilsson, Henrik, Nixon, Brett, Voskarides, Konstantinos, Yang, Long, Costa, Vincent D., Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, Bradshaw, William, Grimm, Dominik G., Kumar, Nitin, Martis, Elvis, Prieto, Daniel, Sabnis, Sandeep C., Amer, Said E. D. R., Liew, Alan W. C., Perco, Paul, Rahimi, Farid, Riva, Giuseppe, Zhang, Chongxing, Devkota, Hari P., Ogami, Koichi, Basharat, Zarrin, Fierz, Walter, Siebers, Robert, Tan, Kok-Hian, Boehme, Karen A., Brenneisen, Peter, Brown, James A. L., Dalrymple, Brian P., Harvey, David J., Ng, Grace, Werten, Sebastiaan, Bleackley, Mark, Dai, Zhanwu, Dhariwal, Raman, Gelfer, Yael, Hartmann, Marcus D., Miotla, Pawel, Tamaian, Radu, Govender, Pragashnie, Gurney-Champion, Oliver J., Kauppila, Joonas H., Zhang, Xiaolei, Echeverría, Natalia, Subhash, Santhilal, Sallmon, Hannes, Tofani, Marco, Bae, Taeok, Bosch, Oliver, Cuív, Páraic O., Danchin, Antoine, Diouf, Barthelemy, Eerola, Tuomas, Evangelou, Evangelos, Filipp, Fabian V., Klump, Hannes, Kurgan, Lukasz, Smith, Simon S., Terrier, Olivier, Tuttle, Neil, Ascher, David B., Janga, Sarath C., Schulte, Leon N., Becker, Daniel, Browngardt, Christopher, Bush, Stephen J., Gaullier, Guillaume, Ide, Kazuki, Meseko, Clement, Werner, Gijsbert D. A., Zaucha, Jan, Al-Farha, Abd A., Greenwald, Noah F., Popoola, Segun I., Rahman, Md Shaifur, Xu, Jialin, Yang, Sunny Y., Hiroi, Noboru, Alper, Ozgul M., Baker, Chris I., Bitzer, Michael, Chacko, George, Debrabant, Birgit, Dixon, Ray, Forano, Evelyne, Gilliham, Matthew, Kelly, Sarah, Klempnauer, Karl-Heinz, Lidbury, Brett A., Lin, Michael Z., Lynch, Iseult, Ma, Wujun, Maibach, Edward W., Mather, Diane E., Nandakumar, Kutty S., Ohgami, Robert S., Parchi, Piero, Tressoldi, Patrizio, Xue, Yu, Armitage, Charles, Barraud, Pierre, Chatzitheochari, Stella, Coelho, Luis P., Diao, Jiajie, Doxey, Andrew C., Hu, Pingzhao, Kaiser, Stefan, Mitchell, Kate M., Salama, Mohamed F., Shabalin, Ivan G., Song, Haijun, Stevanovic, Dejan, Yadollahpour, Ali, Zeng, Erliang, Zinke, Katharina, Alimba, C. G., Beyene, Tariku J., Cao, Zehong, Chan, Sherwin S., Gatchell, Michael, Kleppe, Andreas, Piotrowski, Marcin, Torga, Gonzalo, Woldesemayat, Adugna A., Cosacak, Mehmet I., Haston, Scott, Ross, Stephanie A., Williams, Richard, Wong, Alvin, Abramowitz, Matthew K., Effiong, Andem, Lee, Senhong, Abid, Muhammad Bilal, Agarabi, Cyrus, Alaux, Cedric, Albrecht, Dirk R., Atkins, Gerald J., Beck, Charles R., Bonvin, A. M. J. J., Bourke, Emer, Brand, Thomas, Braun, Ralf J., Bull, James A., Cardoso, Pedro, Carter, Dee, Delahay, Robin M., Ducommun, Bernard, Duijf, Pascal H. G., Epp, Trevor, Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa, Fallah, Mazyar, Farber, Debora B., Fernandez-Triana, Jose, Feyerabend, Frank, Florio, Tullio, Friebe, Michael, Furuta, Saori, Gabrielsen, Mads, Gruber, Jens, Grybos, Malgorzata, Han, Qian, Heinrich, Michael, Helanterä, Heikki, Huber, Michael, Jeltsch, Albert, Jiang, Fan, Josse, Claire, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kamiya, Haruyuki, Keersmaecker, Kim de, Kristiansson, Erik, Leeuw, Frank-Erik de, Li, Jiuyong, Liang, Shide, Lopez-Escamez, Jose A., Lopez-Ruiz, Francisco J., Marchbank, Kevin J., Marschalek, Rolf, Martín, Carmen S., Miele, Adriana E., Montagutelli, Xavier, Morcillo, Esteban, Nicoletti, Rosario, Niehof, Monika, O’Toole, Ronan, Ohtomo, Toshihiko, Oster, Henrik, Palma, Jose-Alberto, Paterson, Russell, Peifer, Mark, Portilla, Maribel, Portillo, M. C., Pritchard, Antonia L., Pusch, Stefan, Raghava, Gajendra P. S., Roberts, Nicola J., Ross, Kehinde, Schuele, Birgitt, Sergeant, Kjell, Shen, Jun, Stella, Alessandro, Sukocheva, Olga, Uversky, Vladimir N., Vanneste, Sven, Villet, Martin H., Viveiros, Miguel, Vorholt, Julia A., Weinstock, Christof, Yamato, Masayuki, Zabetakis, Ioannis, Zhao, Xin, Ziegler, Andreas, Aizat, Wan M., Atlas, Lauren, Bridges, Kristina M., Chakraborty, Sayan, Deschodt, Mieke, Domingues, Helena S., Esfahlani, Shabnam S., Falk, Sebastian, Guisado, J. 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N., Gutiérrez-Sacristán, Alba, Habes, Mohamad, Heffler, Enrico, Higginbottom, Daniel B., Janzen, Thijs, Jayaraman, Jayakumar, Jibb, Lindsay A., Jongen, Stefan, Kinyanjui, Timothy, Koleva-Kolarova, Rositsa G., Li, Zhixiu, Liu, Yu-Peng, Lund, Bjarte A., Lussier, Alexandre A., Ma, Liping, Mier, Pablo, Moore, Matthew D., Nagler, Katja, Orme, Mark W., Pearson, James A., Prajapati, Anilkumar S., Saito, Yu, Tröder, Simon E., Uchendu, Florence, Verloh, Niklas, Voutchkova, Denitza D., Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Bakkach, Joaira, Baumert, Philipp, Dono, Marcos, Hanson, Jack, Herbelet, Sandrine, Hobbs, Emma, Kulkarni, Ameya, Kumar, Narendra, Liu, Siqi, Loft, Nikolai D., Reddan, Tristan, Senghore, Thomas, Vindin, Howard, Xu, Haotian, Bannon, Ross, Chen, Branson, Cheung, Johnny T. 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Subjects: Technology and Engineering, SCIENTIFIC SEARCH, Expert-curated database, Biokemia, solu- ja molekyylibiologia - Biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, Databases, RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium, Medicine and Health Sciences, Biomedical research, benchmarking, Biology, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Settore MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, database, Computer. Automation, Science & Technology, 0804 Data Format, relisch, Scientific research in health sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, litearture search, relisch , database, biomedical research, Biomedical literature, Original Article, RELISH, Mathematical & Computational Biology, RECOMMENDER-SYSTEMS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Mathematics, 0807 Library and Information Studies
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T01:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-29 Griffith University Gowonda HPC Cluster Queensland Cyber Infrastructure Foundation Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research. 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Univ Ioannina, Med Sch, Dept Hyg & Epidemiol, Ioannina, Greece Tech Univ Munich, Sch Life Sci Weihenstephan, Maximus von Imhof Forum 3, D-85354 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany Univ Hosp Essen, Inst Transfus Med, Essen, Germany Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Comp Sci, Richmond, VA USA Univ Queensland, Inst Social Sci Res, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Lyon, Ctr Int Rech Infectiol, Lyon, France Griffith Univ, Sch Allied Hlth Sci, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Univ Melbourne, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Parkville, Vic, Australia Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biohlth Informat, Sch Informat & Comp, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA Philipps Univ Marburg, Inst Lung Res, Marburg, Germany Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN USA Univ Florida, Oral Biol, Gainesville, FL USA Univ Colorado, Dept Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Kyoto Univ, Ctr Promot Interdisciplinary Educ & Res, Kyoto, Japan Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Virus Diagnost, Greifswald, Germany Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford, England Tech Univ 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Spain Council Agr Res & Econ, Res Ctr Olive Citrus & Tree Fruit, Caserta, Italy Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med ITEM, Preclin Pharmacol & Vitro Toxicol, Hannover, Germany Univ Tasmania, Sch Med, Hobart, Tas, Australia Chugai Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Oncol Lifecycle Management Dept, Tokyo, Japan Univ Lubeck, Inst Neurobiol, Lubeck, Germany NYU, Sch Med, Neurol, New York, NY USA Univ Putra Malaysia, Dept Plant Pathol, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia Univ N Carolina, Biol, Chapel Hill, NC 27515 USA Univ Southampton, Fac Hlth Sci, Southampton, Hants, England Univ Highlands & Islands, Genet & Immunol Res Grp, Inverness, Scotland Heidelberg Univ, Inst Pathol, Heidelberg, Germany Indraprastha Inst Informat Technol, Dept Computat Biol, New Delhi, India Glasgow Caledonian Univ, Sch Hlth & Life Sci, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland Liverpool John Moores Univ, Pharm & Biomol Sci, Liverpool, Merseyside, England Parkinsons Inst & Clin Ctr, Basic Res, Sunnyvale, CA USA Luxembourg Inst Sci & Technol, Environm Res & Innovat, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Univ Wollongong, Sch Comp & Informat Technol, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Univ Bari Aldo Moro, Dept Biomed Sci & Human Oncol, Bari, Italy Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Nursing & Hlth Sci, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ S Florida, Mol Med, Tampa, FL USA Univ Texas Dallas, Behav & Brain Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA Rhodes Univ, Zool & Entomol, Grahamstown, South Africa Univ Nova Lisboa, Inst Higiene & Med Trop, Lisbon, Portugal Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Inst Microbiol, Zurich, Switzerland Inst Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Serv, Immunohaematol, Ulm, Germany Tokyo Womens Med Univ, Inst Adv Biomed Engn & Sci, Tokyo, Japan Univ Limerick, Biol Sci, Limerick, Ireland McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Montreal, PQ, Canada StatSol, Lubeck, Germany Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Math Stat & Comp Sci, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa Univ Kebangsaan Malaysia, Inst Syst Biol INBIOSIS, Bangi, Malaysia NIH, Natl Ctr Complementary & Integrat Hlth, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Family Med Res Div, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA ASTAR, Inst Mol & Cell Biol, Multimodal Mol Biol, Singapore, Singapore Univ Leuven, Dept Chron Dis Metab & Ageing, Leuven, Belgium Int Iberian Nanotechnol Lab INL, Braga, Portugal Anglia Ruskin, Comp & Technol, Cambridge, England Max Planck Inst Biochem, Struct Cell Biol, Planegg, Germany Univ Seville, Dept Comp Architecture & Technol, Seville, Spain Univ Colorado, EBIO, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Manchester, Canc Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Populat Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia Singapore MIT Alliance Res & Technol, Biosyst, Singapore, Singapore Australian Catholic Univ, Mary MacKillop Inst Hlth Res, Musculoskeletal Hlth & Ageing Res Program, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Ruhr Univ Bochum, Gen Surg, St Josef Hosp, Bochum, Germany Northwest A&F Univ, Coll Life Sci, Xianyang, Shaanxi, Peoples R China Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol, Div Plant Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia Battelle Mem Inst, Clin & Nonclin Res, Columbus, OH USA Southern Methodist Univ, Biol Sci, Dallas, TX 75275 USA Teikyo Univ, Inst Med Mycol, Tokyo, Japan Tempus Labs, Bioinformat, Chicago, IL USA Hunan Univ, Coll Biol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China Inst Cochin, Dept Infect Immun & Inflammat, Paris, France Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, FutureNeuro Res Ctr Physiol & Med Phys, Dublin, Ireland Univ Jyvaskyla, Gerontol Res Ctr, Jyvaskyla, Finland Heidelberg Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, Heidelberg, Germany Penn State Univ, Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, State Key Lab Microbial Resources, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Sch Life Sci, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples R China Michigan State Univ, Anim Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA SUNY Buffalo, Jacobs Sch Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Neurol, Buffalo Neuroimaging Anal Ctr, New York, NY USA Univ Rostock, Inst Biol Sci, Rostock, Germany South China Normal Univ, Sch Environm, Environm Res Inst, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Bari, Dept Vet Med, Bari, Italy Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Ctr, Primary & Community Care, Nijmegen, Netherlands EcoHlth Alliance, New York, NY USA Mayo Clin, Cardiovasc Dept, Rochester, MN USA Med Univ Silesia, Sch Med Katowice, Dept Epidemiol, Katowice, Poland Univ Lleida, Anim Sci, Lleida, Spain Univ Florida, Coll Pharm, Pharmaceut Outcomes & Policy, Gainesville, FL USA Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Earth & Biol Sci Directorate, Richland, WA 99352 USA Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Discovery Brain Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Harvard Med Sch, Dept Biomed Informat, Boston, MA 02115 USA Univ Penn, Radiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Humanitas Univ & Res Hosp, Asthma & Allergy Unit, Biomed Sci Personalized Med, Rozzano, Italy Australian Natl Univ, Dept Quantum Sci, Canberra, ACT, Australia Carl von Ossietzky Univ Oldenburg, Ecol Genom, Oldenburg, Germany Int Med Univ, Paediat Dent & Orthodont, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Univ Ottawa, Sch Nursing, Ottawa, ON, Canada Maastricht Univ, Dept Educ Support, Maastricht, Netherlands Univ Manchester, Math, Manchester, Lancs, England Kings Coll London, Fac Life Sci & Med, Sch Populat Hlth Sci, London, England Queensland Univ Technol, Inst Hlth & Biomed Innovat, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Harbin Med Univ, Publ Hlth Sch, Epidemiol, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Dept Chem, Tromso, Norway Cornell Univ, Biol Stat & Computat Biol, Ithaca, NY USA East China Normal Univ, Sch Ecol & Environm Sci, Shanghai Key Lab Urban Ecol Proc & Ecorestorat, Shanghai, Peoples R China Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Fac Biol, Mainz, Germany Univ Massachusetts, Food Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA Max Planck Inst Terr Microbiol, Complex Adapt Traits Res Grp, Marburg, Germany NIHR Biomed Res Ctr Resp, Ctr Exercise & Rehabil Sci, Leicester, Leics, England Yale Univ, Dept Internal Med, Sect Endocrinol, New Haven, CT USA Sardar Patel Univ, Dept Biosci, Anand, Gujarat, India Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo, Japan Univ Cologne, Vivo Res Facil ivRF, Cologne Excellence Cluster Cellular Stress Respon, Cologne, Germany Natl Open Univ Nigeria, Dept Publ Hlth Sci, Lagos, Nigeria Univ Hosp Regensburg, Dept Radiol, Regensburg, Germany Natl Univ Singapore, Geog, Singapore, Singapore Alfaisal Univ, Coll Med, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abdelmalek Essaadi Univ, Fac Sci & Techn Tangier, Biomed Genom & Oncogenet Res Lab, Tetouan, Morocco Tech Univ Munich, Fac Sport & Hlth Sci, Exercise Biol Grp, Munich, Germany Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept Psicoloxia Social Basica & Metodoloxia, Galiza, Spain Griffith Univ, Signal Proc Lab, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Ghent, Dept Neurol, Ghent, Belgium Ghent Univ Hosp, Ghent, Belgium Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Merelbeke, Belgium Albert Einstein Coll Med, Inst Clin & Translat Res, New York, NY USA Anglia Ruskin Univ, Fac Med Sci, Cambridge, England Peking Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Herlev & Gentofte Hosp, Dept Dermatol & Allergy, Hellerup, Denmark Lady Cilento Childrens Hosp, Med Imaging & Nucl Med, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Gambia, Sch Med & Allied Hlth Sci, Nursing & Reprod Hlth, Brikama, Gambia Univ Sydney, Woolcock Inst Med Res, Sydney, NSW, Australia Wayne State Univ, Comp Sci, Detroit, MI USA Aberdeen Royal Infirm, Otolaryngol, Aberdeen, Scotland Univ Toronto, Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Inst Ageing, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Emergency Med, Omaha, NE USA Univ Florida, Coll Med, Pathol, Gainesville, FL USA Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Radiat Oncol, Houston, TX 77030 USA Univ Pisa, Translat Res NTMS, Pisa, Italy Magna Grecia Univ, Clin & Expt Med, Catanzaro, Italy Univ Vermont, Larner Coll Med, Pediat, Burlington, VT USA Sun Yat Sen Univ, Canc Ctr, Diagnost & Intervent Ultrasound, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Fudan Univ, Inst Brain Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China Shanxi Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Jinzhong, Shanxi, Peoples R China Univ Toronto, Inst Med Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Adelaide, ARCPOH, Adelaide, SA, Australia Pelita Harapan Univ, Fac Med, Cardiol & Vasc Med, Tangerang, Indonesia Inst Mental Hlth, Res Div, Singapore, Singapore UCL, MRC Clin Trials Unit, London, England Univ Padua, Dept Philosophy Sociol Educ & Appl Psychol FISPPA, Padua, Italy Univ Lubeck, Dept Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Lubeck, Germany Dalian Univ Technol, Ctr Mol Med, Dalian, Liaoning, Peoples R China Tianjin United Family Healthcare, Reprod Med, Tianjin, Peoples R China Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Engn Quim Biol & Ambiental, Barcelona, Spain Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Anim Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Inst Computat Biol, Canc Syst Biol, Ingolstadter Land Str 1, D-85764 Munich, Germany Univ Tokyo, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Tokyo, Japan Sao Paulo State Univ, Vet Clin, Sao Paulo, Brazil Zhejiang Univ, Inst Biotechnol, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China Aarhus Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Genet, Aarhus, Denmark Univ Manchester, St Marys Hosp, Maternal & Fetal Hlth, Manchester, Lancs, England Univ New Mexico, Internal Med, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA Mayo Clin, Div Biomed Stat & Informat, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA King Saud Univ, Plant Prod, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Polish Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Anim Breeding, Dept Mol Biol, Warsaw, Poland Queensland Univ Technol, Optometry & Vis Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Nottingham, Sch Life Sci, Nottingham, England Canc Council Queensland, Canc Res Ctr, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Umea Univ, Dept Chem, Umea, Sweden Publ Hlth England, Ctr Radiat Chem & Environm Hazards, Bristol, Avon, England Univ Campania L Vanvitelli, DISTABIF, Caserta, Italy Bartshealth, Obstet & Gyanecol, London, England Univ Clermont Auvergne, GReD Lab, Clermont Ferrand, France INRA Abeilles & Environm, Avignon, France Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Publ Hlth & Social Work, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Penn, Psychiat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Novosibirsk State Univ, Res Inst Physiol & Basic Med, Novosibirsk, Russia UCL, Dept Chem, London, England La Trobe Univ, Anim Plant & Soil Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Univ Arizona, Epidemiol & Biostat, Tucson, AZ USA Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, ERIBA, Groningen, Netherlands Univ Gothenburg, Inst Clin Sci, Dept Radiat Phys, Gothenburg, Sweden SUNY Upstate Med Univ, Biochem & Mol Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Ctr Pesquisas Goncalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Inst Environm Sci & Res ESR, Food Water & Environm Microbiol, Christchurch, New Zealand Univ Otago, Food Sci, Dunedin, New Zealand Florida Atlantic Univ, Biomed Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA Univ Queensland, Inst Mol Biosci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Hosp Wurzburg, Inst Clin Neurobiol, Wurzburg, Germany Inst Trop Med, Publ Hlth, Antwerp, Belgium Univ Thessaly, Sch Hlth Sci, Fac Med, Dept Rheumatol & Clin Immunol, Larisa, Greece Univ Basel, UZB Univ Ctr Dent Med, Dept Orthodont & Pediat Dent, Basel, Switzerland Sorbonne Univ, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Inst Systemat Evolut Biodiversite ISYEB, MNHN,CNRS,UMR 7205,EPHE, Paris, France CNRS, Inst Adv Biosci, Paris, France Univ Western Australia, Sch Mol Sci, Perth, WA, Australia Univ Ft Hare, Biochem & Microbiol, Alice, South Africa Univ Tubingen, Phys, Tubingen, Germany Griffith Univ, Sch Environm & Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Philosoph Theol Hsch Vallendar, Stat & Standardised Methods, Vallendar, Germany Imperial Coll London, Life Sci, London, England Univ Adelaide, Adelaide Med Sch, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Dept Pharmacol & Expt Neurosci, Omaha, NE USA Technol Univ Dublin, FOCAS Res Inst, Dublin, Ireland INSERM, Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, Canc Res Ctr Toulouse, Paris, France Univ Santiago de Compostela, Dept Bioloxia Func, Grp BRAINSHARK, Galiza, Spain Univ Nebraska, Biol, Kearney, NE USA Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Barcelona, Spain Univ Pisa, Chem & Ind Chem, Pisa, Italy Univ Manchester, Wellcome Trust Ctr Cell Matrix Res, Manchester, Lancs, England Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Inst Human Genet, Montpellier, France Czech Acad Sci, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Prague, Czech Republic CSIC, Natl Ctr Biotechnol CNB, Computat Syst Biol Grp, Madrid, Spain Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Tainan, Taiwan Harvard Med Sch, Schepens Eye Res Inst, Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02115 USA Lanzhou Univ, Hosp 2, Dept Gen Surg, Lanzhou, Gansu, Peoples R China Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Life Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia JT Chen Clin, Gynecol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Western Australia, Sch Agr & Environm, Perth, WA, Australia Beijing Normal Univ, Fac Geog Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Missouri, Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Columbia, MO USA Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Amsterdam Publ Hlth Res Inst, Dept Publ & Occupat Hlth, Amsterdam, Netherlands Semmelweis Univ, Med Biochem, Budapest, Hungary Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Dept Clin Oncol, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Pittsburgh, Chem, Pittsburgh, PA USA GB Pant Inst Post Grad Med Educ & Res, Neurol, New Delhi, India Univ Copenhagen, Vet & Anim Sci, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Palermo, Biomed Dept Internal & Specialist Med DIBIMIS, Sect Endocrinol, Palermo, Italy UCL, NPP, London, England Univ Florida, Microbiol & Cell Sci, Gainesville, FL USA Univ Salford, Sch Hlth Sci, Manchester, Lancs, England Cardiff Univ, Inst Med Genet, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales INSERM, ICO Canc Ctr, Angers, France Univ Colombo, Fac Med, Microbiol, Colombo, Sri Lanka Beijing Univ Chinese Med, Sch Chinese Mat Med, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Porto, Fac Pharm, Porto, Portugal Univ Nottingham, Div Primary Care, Nottingham, England Univ Illinois, Pharm Syst Outcomes & Policy, Chicago, IL USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Goias, Escola Ciencias Agr & Biol, Goiania, Go, Brazil China Japan Friendship Hosp, Dept Oncol, Beijing, Peoples R China Boston Univ, Chem, Boston, MA 02215 USA Amer Univ, Environm Sci, Washington, DC 20016 USA Carleton Univ, Neurosci, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Regina, Chem & Biochem, Regina, SK, Canada Univ Montreal, 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Univ Georgia, Epidemiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA Univ Freiburg, Med Ctr, Dept Plast & Hand Surg, Freiburg, Germany Sidra Med, Res, Doha, Qatar Rostock Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Oral Maxillofacial & Plast Surg, Rostock, Germany Harvard Med Sch, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Emergency Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA AgResearch, Forage Sci, Palmerston North, New Zealand Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med, Los Angeles, CA USA Arizona State Univ, Biodesign Inst, Virginia G Piper Ctr Personalized Diagnost, Tempe, AZ USA Sheffield Hallam Univ, Res Inst, Mat & Engn, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England Aneurin Bevan Univ Healthboard, Resp Med, Newport, Shrops, England Univ Calif San Francisco, Neurol Surg, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA Univ Western Australia, UWA Dent Sch, Perth, WA, Australia Fordham Univ, Biol Sci, Bronx, NY 10458 USA Univ Helsinki, Inst Biotechnol, Helsinki, Finland Fujian Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Fuzhou, Fujian, Peoples R China Univ Fukui, Dept Frontier Fiber Technol & Sci, Fukui, Japan Univ Southampton, Fac Med, Clin & Expt Sci, Southampton, Hants, England Univ Urbino, Dept Biomol Sci, Urbino, Italy Osped San Luigi, Allergol Unit, Turin, Italy Muljibhai Patel Urol Hosp, Dept Urol, Nadiad, Gujarat, India Univ Granada, Stratig & Paleontol, Granada, Spain Massey Univ, Sch Vet Sci, Auckland, New Zealand CNR, High Performance Comp & Networking Inst, Naples, Italy Univ Childrens Hosp Zurich, Div Metab, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Childrens Hosp Zurich, Childrens Res Ctr, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Melbourne, Biochem & Mol Biol, Parkville, Vic, Australia Inst Pasteur, Leptospirosis Res & Expertise Unit, Noumea, New Caledonia Tsinghua Univ, Sch Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Cheikh Anta Diop Univ UCAD, Sci Fac, Biol Anim Dept, Dakar, Senegal Providence Portland Med Ctr, Earle A Chiles Res Inst, Portland, OR USA Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lacombe Res & Dev Ctr, Lacombe, AB, Canada Alberta Innovates, Performance Management & Evaluat, Edmonton, AB, Canada Univ Malaga, CSIC, Inst Hortofruticultura Subtrop Mediterranea La Ma, IHSM,UMA, Malaga, Spain James Cook Univ, Coll Publ Hlth Med & Vet Sci, Cairns, Qld, Australia European Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France CSIRO, Floreat, WA, Australia Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sun Yat Sen Mem Hosp, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Vanderbilt Univ, Pharmacol, 221 Kirkland Hall, Nashville, TN 37235 USA RIKEN, KFU RIKEN Translat Genom Unit, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Univ Tubingen, Neurobiol Vocal Commun, Tubingen, Germany Univ Colorado, UCCS Ctr Biofrontiers Inst, Colorado Springs, CO 80907 USA Fred Hutchinson Canc Ctr, Div Basic Sci, Seattle, WA USA Univ Geneva, Fac Med, Primary Care Unit, Geneva, Switzerland Ernst Moritz Arndt Univ Greifswald, Dept Mol Genet & Infect Biol, Greifswald, Germany East China Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Fine Chem, Shanghai, Peoples R China Ohio State Univ, Surg, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Oragenics, R&D, Tampa, FL USA Natl Environm Agcy, Environm Hlth Inst, Singapore, Singapore Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Diagnost Virol, Greifswald, Germany Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Oncol, Woodville, SA, Australia USDA, Emerging Pests & Pathogens Res Unit, Ithaca, NY USA Univ Freiburg, Med Ctr, Dept Neurosurg, Epilepsy Ctr, Freiburg, Germany Univ Hong Kong, Fac Educ, Informat & Technol Studies, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & life Sci, Agr & Environm Biol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Med, Pittsburgh Heart Lung & Blood Vasc Med Inst, Pittsburgh, PA USA Guys & St Thomas NHS Fdn Trust, Directorate Transplant Renal & Urol, London, England Univ Sarajevo, Clin Ctr, Clin Heart Blood Vessel & Rheumat Dis, Sarajevo, Bosnia & Herceg Univ Kent, Sch Math Stat & Actuarial Sci, Canterbury, Kent, England Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Life Sci & Technol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Appl Sci Munich, Laser Ctr Dept Appl Sci & Mechatron, Munich, Germany CIC NanoGUNE, Nanodevices, San Sebastian, Spain Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Gynaecol, Amsterdam, Netherlands Cardiff Univ, Med Sch, Div Populat Med, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Karolinska Inst, Dept Med, Solna, Sweden Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan Murdoch Univ, Harry Perkins Inst Med Res, Perth, WA, Australia Univ Limerick, Phys Educ & Sport Sci, Limerick, Ireland Ruhr Univ Bochum, Campus Clin Gynecol, Univ Str, Bochum, Germany Southwest Med Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Epidemiol & Biostat, Luzhou, Sichuan, Peoples R China Beijing Canc Hosp, Minist Educ Beijing, Key Lab Carcinogenesis & Translat Res, Ctr Mol Diagnost, Beijing, Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci, Chengdu Inst Biol, Herpetol Dept, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China Key Lab Nano Biol Effects & Safety, Beijing, Peoples R China NIBR, PK Sci, Basel, Switzerland Daejeon St Marys Hosp, Pain Ctr, Daejeon, South Korea Univ Western Ontario, Sch Hlth Studies, London, ON, Canada Univ Aberdeen, Hlth Psychol Grp, Aberdeen, Scotland Univ Colorado, Anesthesiol, Anschutz Med Campus, Boulder, CO 80309 USA Univ Antwerp, UZA Antwerp Univ Hosp, Crit Care Med, Edegem, Belgium Aarhus Univ Hosp, Endocrinol, Aarhus, Denmark Univ Pretoria, Ctr Transport Dev, Ind & Syst Engn, Pretoria, South Africa Duke Univ, Dept Biostat & Bioinformat, Durham, NC USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Goias, Med Pharmaceut & Biomed Sci Sch, Goiania, Go, Brazil Karolinska Inst, Danderyd Hosp, Dept Clin Sci, Div Cardiovasc Med, Stockholm, Sweden UCL, Clin Educ & Hlth Psychol, London, England KRIBB, Dev & Differentiat Res Ctr, Daejeon, South Korea Univ dArtois, Lab Barriere Hematoencephal, Arras, France AstraZeneca, IMED Biotech Unit, Discovery Sci, Quantitat Biol, Cambridge, England Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Environm Mol Sci Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA Coventry Univ, Appl Maths Res Ctr, Stat Phys Grp, Coventry, W Midlands, England Wilton Ctr, Invista Performance Technol, Cleveland, England Thunen Inst Forest Genet, Genome Res, Grosshansdorf, Germany Lebanese Amer Univ, Nat Sci, Byblos, Lebanon Takeda, Evidence & Value Generat, Osaka, Japan King Abdullah Int Med 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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Dent, Sect Periodont, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA Aalborg Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Biochem, Aalborg, Denmark Manipal Acad Higher Educ, Pharm Practice, Manipal, Karnataka, India Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Dept Radiol, Tokyo, Japan Cukurova Univ, Family Med, Fac Med, Adana, Turkey Catholic Univ Korea, Coll Med, Dept Humanities & Social Med, Seoul, South Korea Univ Ghent, Food Technol Safety & Hlth, Ghent, Belgium UNSW Sydney, Sch Biol Earth & Environm Sci BEES, Sydney, NSW, Australia St Vincent Shoulder & Sports Clin, Res Unit, Vienna, Austria Cornell Univ, Biomed Engn, Ithaca, NY USA Leibniz Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res IPK, Res Grp Bioinformat & Informat Technol, Gatersleben, Germany Univ Europea Madrid, Sch Doctoral Studies, Madrid, Spain CSIRO Mfg, Biomed Mfg, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Depaul Univ, Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60604 USA Konkuk Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Technol, Seoul, South Korea Chang Gung Univ, Grad Inst Med Mechatron, Taoyuan, Taiwan Korea Univ, 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Germany Cardiff Univ, Sch Psychol, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Imperial Coll London, Chem Engn, London, England Lund Univ, Skane Univ Hosp, Clin Sci, Malmo, Sweden Sahlgrens Acad, Inst Clin Sci, Dept Mol & Clin Med, Gothenburg, Sweden Univ Cent Lancashire, Sch Pharm & Biomed Sci, Preston, Lancs, England Hosp Univ Doctor Peset, Psychiat & Clin Psychol, Valencia, Spain Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, Genome Dynam & Funct, Madrid, Spain Unvivers Hosp Lille, Dept Intens Care, Lille, France Kansai Med Univ, Surg, Osaka, Japan Univ Toulouse, Inst Natl Polytech Toulouse, Ecole Natl Super Agron Toulouse, Lab Genom & Biotechnol Fruit, Toulouse, France UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Inst Psychol, Tromsto, Norway Queens Univ, Ctr Publ Hlth, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland Univ Manchester, Ctr Primary Care & Hlth Serv Res, Manchester, Lancs, England Griffith Univ, Menzies Hlth Inst, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Anglia Ruskin Univ, FHSCE, Cambridge, England Univ Lleida, Dept Expt Med, Lleida, Spain NIEHS, Biomol Screening Branch, Div Natl Toxicol Program, POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA Albany Med Coll, Immunol & Microbial Dis, Albany, NY 12208 USA Univ Queensland, Queensland Brain Inst, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Kent, Sch Biosci, Canterbury, Kent, England Univ Bourgogne Franche Comte, INSERM, LNC, UMR 1231, Besancon, France Ritsumeikan Univ, Coll Life Sci, Dept Biotechnol, Shiga, Japan Kent State Univ, Biol Sci, Kent, OH 44242 USA Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Safety Res Blood & Biol Prod, Tokyo, Japan European Inst Marine Studies, Lab Microbiol Extreme Environm, Plouzane, France Univ Iowa, Dept Pharmacol, Roy J & Lucille A Carver Coll Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA Natl Univ Singapore, Biol Sci, Singapore, Singapore Conservatoire Natl Arts & Metiers, Lab GBA, EA4627, Paris, France Univ Michigan, Dept Human Genet, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Lomonosov Moscow State Univ, Belozersky Inst Physicochem Biol, Moscow, Russia Jikei Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol, Tokyo, Japan Univ South Wales, Genom & Computat Biol, Treforest, Wales Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Obstet & Gynecol, Durham, NC USA Univ Technol Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Sydney, NSW, Australia Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Western Sydney Univ, Sch Sci & Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia TEI Epirus, Dept Speech & Language Therapy, Ioannina, Greece Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Orthopaed Surg, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA Oniris, Vet Pathol, Nantes, France Royal Vet Coll, Pathobiol & Populat Sci, Hatfield, Herts, England Univ Ghent, Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, Ghent, Belgium Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Terr Ecol, Trondheim, Norway Univ Calif Merced, Mol & Cell Biol, Merced, CA USA Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Engn, Ctr Transport Res, Dublin, Ireland Lund Univ, Inst Clin Sci, Nephrol, Malmo, Sweden Univ Birmingham, Mech Engn, Birmingham, W Midlands, England Lund Univ, Inst Clin Sci, OB GYN, Lund, Sweden Fdn Jimenez Diaz Hosp, Nephrol & Hypertens, Madrid, Spain Queensland Univ Technol, Sch Chem Phys & Mech Engn, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Otto von Guericke Univ, Psychol, Magdeburg, Germany Univ Med Ctr Gottingen, Dept Expt Neurodegenerat, Gottingen, Germany Harvard Med Sch, Spaulding Rehabil Hosp, Phys Med & Rehabil, Boston, MA 02115 USA Quadram Inst Biosci, Sci Operat, Norwich, Norfolk, England Ostbayer Tech Hsch Regensburg OTH Regensburg, Regensburg Med Image Comp ReMIC, Regensburg, Germany Deakin Univ, Fac Arts & Educ, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Univ Warwick, Warwick Med Sch, Coventry, W Midlands, England INSERM, Natl Inst Hlth & Med Res, Biochem & Mol Biol, Paris, France Univ Liege, Tax Inst, Liege, Belgium Univ Leeds, Sch Mol & Cellular Biol, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England IRCCS Ist Giannina Gaslini, UOC Genet Med, Genoa, Italy Res Diets Inc, Sci, New Brunswick, NJ USA Univ Perugia, Dept Phys & Geol, Perugia, Italy Walter Reed Natl Mil Med Ctr, Cellular Immunol, Bethesda, MD USA Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Biol Sci Ctr, Microbiol Immunol & Parasitol Dept, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Univ Edinburgh, Royal Infirm, Ctr Liver & Digest Disorders, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Orion Pharma, Crit Care Proprietary Prod Div, Espoo, Finland MIT, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Univ Turin, Dept Vet Sci, Turin, Italy Univ G dAnnunzio, Dept Psychol Hlth & Territorial Sci, Chieti, Italy NYU, Sch Med, OB GYN, New York, NY USA Univ Glasgow, Inst Cardiovasc & Med Sci, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland Univ Turku, Dept Biol, Turku, Finland Tech Univ Berlin, Bioanalyt, Berlin, Germany Univ Goettingen, Inst Phys Biophys 3, Gottingen, Germany Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Inst Appl Canc Sci, Translat Res Adv Therapeut & Innovat Oncol TRACTI, Houston, TX 77030 USA Univ Liege, Life Sci, Liege, Belgium Tarbiat Modares Univ, Fac Med Sci, Dept Toxicol, Tehran, Iran ARS, USDA, Stoneville, MS USA Univ Regensburg, RCI Regensburg Ctr Intervent Immunol, Regensburg, Germany Univ Nottingham, Sch Psychol, Nottingham, England NIH, Pathol Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Univ Carlos III Madrid, Elect Engn, Madrid, Spain Inst Med Mol, Chem Biol, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Costa Rica, CIET, San Jose, Costa Rica Univ Stavanger, Fac Hlth Sci, Stavanger, Norway Erasmus MC, Urol, Rotterdam, Netherlands Univ Edinburgh, Sch Biol Sci, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland German Res Ctr Environm Hlth GmbH, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Inst Bioinformat & Syst Biol IBIS, Ingolstadter Landstr 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany Leiden Univ, Huygens Kamerlingh Onnes Lab, Leiden, Netherlands Univ Vienna, Nutr Sci, Vienna, Austria Kolling Inst Med Res, Med, St Leonards, NSW, Australia Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Biol Chem, Baltimore, MD USA Univ Montreal, Med Nutr & Microbiome Lab, Montreal, PQ, Canada GlaxoSmithKline, Cell & Gene Therapy, Stevenage, Herts, England Univ Trieste, Life Sci, Trieste, Italy Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Dept Radiol, Aachen, Germany Univ Duisburg Essen, Univ Hosp Essen, West German Canc Ctr, Dept Med Oncol, Essen, Germany Med Univ Vienna, Obstet & 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Pittsburgh, PA USA Univ Lausanne, Ctr Integrat Genom, Lausanne, Switzerland Univ Queensland, Sch Pharm, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Leibniz Inst Plant Genet & Crop Plant Res IPK Gat, Genebank, Gatersleben, Germany Piramal Imaging, Res & Dev, Berlin, Germany Univ Leeds, Civil Engn, Leeds, W Yorkshire, England Univ Missouri, Chem & Biochem, St Louis, MO 63121 USA US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, Pacific Coastal & Marine Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA USA Ajinomoto Genet Res Inst, Moscow, Russia Jagiellonian Univ, Fac Biochem Biophys & Biotechnol, Dept Plant Biotechnol, Krakow, Poland Univ Puerto Rico, Engn Sci & Mat, Mayaguez, PR USA Univ Regina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Regina, SK, Canada Argonne Natl Lab, Ctr Nanoscale Mat, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA Univ Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast Mind & Neurosci Thompson Inst, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia Chinese Peoples Liberat Army Gen Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol & Hepatol, Beijing, Peoples R China Griffith Univ, Griffith Ctr Social & Cultural Res, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Tohoku Univ, Inst Dev Aging Canc, Dept Mol Oncol, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Indiana Univ, Comp Sci, Bloomington, IN USA Fukushima Med Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pulm Med, Fukushima, Japan MEDIVIR AB, Biol, Huddinge, Sweden Western Sydney Univ, Neuroimmunol, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ Jordan, Nutr & Food Technol, Amman, Jordan Thunen Inst Forest Genet, Fed Res Ctr Rura Areas Forestry & Fisheries, Inst Biodivers, Grosshansdorf, Germany Univ Edinburgh, Inst Cell Biol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Integrat Physiol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Toronto, Struct Genom Consortium, Toronto, ON, Canada Canadian Mem Chiropract Coll, Grad Educ & Res, Toronto, ON, Canada Agilent Technol, R&D, Leuven, Belgium Univ British Columbia, Sch Nursing, Vancouver, BC, Canada Monash Univ, Monash Hlth, Sch Clin Sci, Stroke & Ageing Res,Dept Med, Melbourne, Vic, Australia French Natl Canc Inst, Innovat, Transfer, Biol, Boulogne, France Ludwig Maximilians Univ Munchen, Phys Chem, NanoBioSci, Munich, Germany Bandung Inst Technol, Sch Pharm, Med Chem, Bandung, Indonesia Univ Luxembourg, Life Sci Res Unit, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Lund Univ, Skane Univ Hosp, Dept Gastroenterol, Malmo, Sweden Millennium Hlth, Translat Genet, San Diego, CA USA Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Med Dept 2, Clin Res & Evidence Based Med Unit, Thessaloniki, Greece Jan Kochanowski Univ Humanities & Sci, Piotrkow Trybunalski Branch, Dept Psychol, Kielce, Poland McMaster Univ, Engn Phys, Hamilton, ON, Canada Marche Polytech Univ, Dept Agr Food & Environm Sci, Ancona, Italy Kuwait Univ, Fac Med, Microbiol, Kuwait, Kuwait Fujita Hlth Univ, Dept Breast Surg, Toyoake, Aich, Japan North West Reg Spinal Injuries Ctr, Spinal Injuries Ctr, Southport, Merseyside, England Luxembourg Inst Hlth, Competence Ctr Methodol & Stat, Luxembourg, Luxembourg Nestle Inst Hlth Sci SA, Metab Hlth, Ecublens, Vaud, Switzerland Ctr Inflammat Res VIB, Ghent, Belgium Univ Ghent, Dept Biomed Mol Biol, Ghent, Belgium Univ Lisbon, Inst Educ, Curriculo Formacao Prof & Tecnol, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Inflammat Res, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Melbourne, Sch BioSci, Parkville, Vic, Australia Northumbria Univ, Comp & Informat Sci, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England Univ Valencia, Endocrinol, Valencia, Spain INRS, Inst Armand Frappier, Laval, PQ, Canada Univ Laval, INAF, Sch Nutr, Quebec City, PQ, Canada Univ Konstanz, Dept Biol, Constance, Germany Univ Cote dAzur, LAMHESS, Nice, France Scion, Syst Ecol, Christchurch, New Zealand CUNY, Grad Sch Publ Hlth & Hlth Policy, Epidemiol & Biostat, New York, NY 10021 USA Univ Queensland, Sch Dent, Brisbane, Qld, Australia George Inst Global Hlth, Renal & Metab Div, Sydney, NSW, Australia Wuhan Univ, Coll Chem & Mol Sci, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China Griffith Univ, Sch Environm & Sci, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Univ Minnesota, Radiat Oncol, Minneapolis, MN USA Goethe Univ, Fac Med, Frankfurt, Germany Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Dept & Grad Sch Safety & Environm Engn, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan Massey Univ, Sch Sport Exercise & Nutr, Auckland, New Zealand Univ Florida, Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL USA Bournemouth Univ, Dept Psychol, Poole, Dorset, England Robert Koch Inst, Project Grp P2, Berlin, Germany Univ Edinburgh, MRC Inst Genet & Mol Med, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland Univ Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland Univ Wollongong, Sch Med, Wollongong, NSW, Australia Univ Cologne, Inst Human Genet, Cologne, Germany Rural Econ Branch, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA Uivers Bordeaux, CNRS, Inst Neurosci Cognit & Integrat Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem & Environm Engn, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Univ Calif Riverside, Mat Sci & Engn Program, Riverside, CA 92521 USA Mackay Med Coll, Dept Med, New Taipei, Taiwan Univ Bern, Div Anim Welf, Bern, Switzerland Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Portland, OR 97201 USA Shanghai Univ Tradit Chinese Med, Inst Interdisciplinary Med Sci, Shanghai, Peoples R China McMaster Univ, Biol, Hamilton, ON, Canada Univ S Florida, Dept Cell Biol Microbiol & Mol Biol, Tampa, FL USA Hacettepe Univ, Inst Canc, Med Oncol, Ankara, Turkey City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Elect Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Entomol, Taipei, Taiwan Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Environm & Sustainable Dev Agr, Ecol Secur, Beijing, Peoples R China Florida State Univ, Inst Mol Biophys, Chem & Biochem, Tallahassee, FL USA Peking Univ, Shenzhen Grad Sch, State Key Lab Chem Oncogen, Lab Computat Chem & Drug Design, Shenzhen, Peoples R China Univ Helsinki, Fac Pharm, Div Pharmaceut Chem & Technol, Drug Res Program, Helsinki, Finland Tohoku Univ, Microbial Biotechnol, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Tianjin Med Univ, Sch Basical Med Sci, Dept Pharmacol, Tianjin, Peoples R China Dana Farber Canc Inst, Biostat & Computat Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA Natl Hlth Res Inst, Inst Mol & Genom Med, Zhunan, Taiwan Univ Oxford, Physiol Anat & Genet, Oxford, England George Washington Univ, Phys, Washington, DC USA Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE USA Toronto Gen Hosp, Res Inst, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Texas Dallas, Biol Sci, Richardson, TX 75083 USA NYU, Dept Chem, New York, NY USA Shandong Univ, Sch Math & Stat, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China, Hefei Natl Lab Phys Sci Microscale, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples R China Purdue Univ, Med Chem & Mol Pharmacol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA NIBSC, Adv Therapies, Ridge, Herts, England Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Ruijin Hosp, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Shanghai, Peoples R China Charite Med Univ Berlin, Dermatol & Allergy, Berlin, Germany Univ Hosp St Etienne, Hematol, St Etienne, France Inland Norway Univ Appl Sci, Inst Biotechnol, Elverum, Norway Univ Jordan, Pediat, Amman, Jordan Inst Pasteur, Mol Mycol Unit, Paris, France Cardiff Univ, Sch Med, Inst Psychol Med & Clin Neurosci, Med Res Council Ctr Neuropsychiat Genet & Genom, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Zurich Univ Appl Sci, Social Work, Zurich, Switzerland Jawaharlal Nehru Univ, Sch Life Sci, New Delhi, India Univ Burgundy Franche Comte, LE2I, Dijon, France Univ Roehampton, Life Sci, London, England Ghent Univ Hosp, Gen & HPB Surg, Ghent, Belgium Univ Wurzburg, Insect Fungus Symbiosis Lab, Wurzburg, Germany Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Behav Sci Inst, Nijmegen, Netherlands Fraunhofer WKI, Applicat Ctr HOFZET, Hannover, Germany UCL, Struct & Mol Biol, London, England Univ Amsterdam, Dev Psychol, Amsterdam, Netherlands Aalborg Univ, Hlth Sci & Technol, CNAP, SMI, Aalborg, Denmark VA Pittsburgh Healthcare Syst, Ctr Hlth Equity Res & Promot, Pittsburgh, PA USA Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Neurosurg, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA Sun Yat Sen Univ, Sch Data & Comp Sci, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Dezhou Univ, Shandong Prov Key Lab Biophys, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Maison Teledetection, Inst Rech Dev, UMR Espace DEv, Montpellier, France Xiamen Univ, Sch Life Sci, Xiamen, Fujian, Peoples R China Nanjing Univ, Sch Med, Jinling Hosp, Natl Clin Res Ctr Kidney Dis,Dept Med Imaging, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China Univ Kent, Sch Social Policy Sociol & Social Res, Canterbury, Kent, England Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Infect Dis & Trop Med, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Minho, Sch Med, Life & Hlth Sci Res Inst ICVS, Braga, Portugal Univ Montreal, Biochim & Med Mol, Montreal, PQ, Canada Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA Max Planck Inst Biol Ageing, Metab & Genet Regulat Ageing, Cologne, Germany Univ Swaziland, Hlth Sci, Kwaluseni, Eswatini Queensland Univ Technol, Inst Future Environm, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Ctr Sci Monaco, Dept Biol Med, Monaco, Monaco HELIOS Hosp, Urol, Bad Saarow Pieskow, Germany Tech Univ Carolo Wilhelmina Braunschweig, Inst Microbiol, Braunschweig, Germany Univ Barcelona, Barcelona Ctr Maternal Fetal & Neonatal Med, Fetal i D Fetal Med Res Ctr, IDIBAPS BCNatal,Hosp Clin, Barcelona, Spain Univ Barcelona, Hosp St Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain Friedrich Loeffler Inst, Inst Bacterial Infect & Zoonoses, Jena, Germany Charite Med Univ Berlin, Neurol, Berlin, Germany Dublin City Univ, Natl Inst Cellular Biotechnol, Mol Therapeut Canc Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Schoen Clin Roseneck, Prien Am Chiemsee, Germany Univ Med Ctr Hamburg Eppendorf, Inst Sex Res & Forens Psychiat, Hamburg, Germany Nankai Univ, Sch Math Sci, Tianjin, Peoples R China Nankai Univ, LPMC, Tianjin, Peoples R China Univ Oxford, Oncol, Oxford, England Royal Holloway Univ London, Class, Egham, Surrey, England Cornell Univ, Clin Sci, Ithaca, NY USA Univ KwaZulu Natal, Pharmaceut Chem, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, Med, Dublin, Ireland Univ Oslo, Dept Immunol, Oslo, Norway Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci, Marine Nitrogen Cycling Lab, St Georges, Bermuda Kanazawa Univ, Inst Liberal Arts & Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan World Hlth Org Reg Off Africa, Brazzaville, Rep Congo Univ Hosp BesanCon, Infect Control Dept, Besancon, France Galapagos NV, Clin Dev, Mechelen, Belgium Univ Tasmania, Integrated Marine Observing Syst, Hobart, Tas, Australia Georg August Univ Gottingen, Albrecht von Haller Inst Plant Sci, Dept Systemat Biodivers & Evolut Plants, Gottingen, Germany Univ Occupat & Environm Hlth, Dept Psychiat, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan IMDEA Food, Program Precis Nutr & Aging, Madrid, Spain Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Med Sch, IQHealthcare, Nijmegen, Netherlands Maastricht Univ, Dept Cardiovasc Surg, Maastricht, Netherlands German Diabet Ctr, Inst Clin Biochem & Pathobiochem, Dusseldorf, Germany Juntendo Univ, Grad Sch Med, Dept Radiol, Tokyo, Japan Deakin Univ, Sch Informat Technol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Max Planck Inst Eusenforschung, Dept Interface Chem & Surface Sci, Dusseldorf, Germany Edge Hill Univ, Dept Psychol, Ormskirk, England Aga Khan Univ, Psychiat, Karachi, Pakistan KRIBB, Korean Bioinformat Ctr, Seoul, South Korea Cardinal Hlth Specialty Solut, Hlth Econ & Outcomes Res, Dallas, TX USA Klinikum Univ Munchen, Div Clin Pharmacol, Munich, Germany Univ Pittsburgh, Neurol Surg, Pittsburgh, PA USA Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Dept Child & Adolescent Psychiat Psychosomat & Ps, Aachen, Germany Univ Copenhagen, Inst Mol & Cellular Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Struct Biol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA Royal Shrewsbury Hosp, Colorectal Surg, Shrewsbury, Salop, England Univ Nottingham, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Nottingham, England Karolinska Inst, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Solna, Sweden Chinese Acad Sci, Changchun Inst Appl Chem, State Key Lab Electroanalyt Chem, Jilin, Jilin, Peoples R China Univ British Columbia, Pediat, Vancouver, BC, Canada Chinese Acad Agr Sci, State Key Lab Cotton Biol, Res Base Anyang Inst Technol, Cotton Germplasm Resources,Inst Cotton Res, Beijing, Peoples R China Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Anaesthesia & Intens Care, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Macau, ICMS, Zhuhai, Guangdong, Peoples R China North China Elect Power Univ, Sch Renewable Energy, Beijing, Peoples R China Justus Liegbig Univ, Dept Internal Med, Giessen, Germany Aarhus Univ, Biosci, Aarhus, Denmark Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll Dublin, Irish Longitudinal Study Ageing TILDA, Dublin, Ireland Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Hematol, Groningen, Netherlands Vrije Univ Amsterdam Med Ctr, Child Neurol, Amsterdam, Netherlands EBI, EMBL, Cambridge, England Max Planck Inst Marine Microbiol, HGF MPG Joint Res Grp Deep Sea Ecol & Technol, Bremen, Germany Max Planck Inst Human Dev, Ctr Adapt Rat, Berlin, Germany King Faisal Univ, Math, Al Hufuf, Saudi Arabia Griffith Univ, Sch Nursing & Midwifery, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia Iowa State Univ, Roy J Carver Dept Biochemsitry Biophys & Mol Biol, Ames, IA USA Delft Univ Technol, Fac Mech Maritime & Mat Engn, Engn Thermodynam Proc & Energy Dept, Leeghwaterstr 39, NL-2628 CB Delft, Netherlands Univ Nebraska Med Ctr, Coll Allied Hlth Profess, Cytotechnol Educ, Omaha, NE USA Shinko Mem Hosp, Dept Cardiovasc Med, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Imperial Coll London, Mat, London, England Tech Univ Munich, Dept Surg, Munich, Germany Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Res Inst Pomol, Minist Agr, Lab Qual & Safety Risk Assessment Fruit Xingcheng, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China James Madison Univ, Commun Sci & Disorders, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA Univ Hosp Ulm, Inst Orthopaed Res & Biomech, Ulm, Germany Univ Essex, Sch Hlth & Social Care, Colchester, Essex, England Alpha Altis, Res Serv, Nottingham, England Erasmus MC, Med Oncol, Rotterdam, Netherlands Fed Univ Oye, Dept Ind Chem, Ekiti, Nigeria Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Cell Biol, Durham, NC USA Univ Oxford, Nuffield Dept Clin Neurosci, Oxford, England Univ Manchester, Canc Res UK Manchester Inst, Manchester, Lancs, England Helsinki Univ Hosp, Childrens Hosp, Helsinki, Finland Univ Aveiro, CESAM Ctr Environm & Marine Studies, Dept Biol, Aveiro, Portugal Univ Botswana, Psychol, Gaborone, Botswana Univ Fed Bahia, Nursing Sch, Salvador, BA, Brazil Queen Mary Univ London, Biol & Expt Psychol, London, England Natl Univ Pharm, Med Chem Dept, Kharkov, Ukraine Univ Bolton, Dept Educ & Psychol, Bolton, England La Trobe Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Gen Hosp Northern Theater Command, Dept Gastroenterol, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China Doctors Hosp, Dept Nephrol, Athens, Greece Univ Hosp Essen, Pediat 3, Essen, Germany Imperial Coll London, Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England Sorbonne Univ, Dept Psychiat, Paris, France UNSW Sydney, Educ, Sydney, NSW, Australia Stanford Univ, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Hannover Med Sch, Clin Laryngol Rhinol & Otol, Hannover, Germany Curtin Univ, Ctr Aboriginal Studies, Perth, WA, Australia Iran Univ Sci & Technol, Biomed Engn Dept, Tehran, Iran Univ Calif San Francisco, Anesthesiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA Khalifa Univ Sci & Technol, Mech Engn, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates Univ Florida, Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL USA James Cook Univ, Australian Inst Trop Hlth & Med, Ctr Biodiscovery & Mol Dev Therapeut, Cairns, Qld, Australia Univ Porto, Fac Med, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal Shaoxing Peoples Hosp, Med Res Ctr, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, Peoples R China NIH, Dept Transfus Med, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA AIIMS, Dept Biotechnol, New Delhi, India Univ Ottawa, Biochem Microbiol & Immunol, Ottawa, ON, Canada Univ Oslo, Inst Clin Med, Div Mental Hlth & Addict, Oslo, Norway Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Dept Radiol, Groningen, Netherlands Univ Hong Kong, Sch Nursing, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Tokyo Med Univ, Ibaraki Med Ctr, Urol, Tokyo, Japan Univ Hosp Zurich, Dept Radiat Oncol, Zurich, Switzerland Univ Maryland, Inst Human Virol, Div Immunotherapy, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Univ Maryland, Dept Surg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA Stellenbosch Univ, Fac Med & Hlth Sci, Div Mol Biol & Human Genet, Stellenbosch, South Africa China Agr Univ, Coll Biol Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Suita, Osaka, Japan Univ Washington, Biochem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA Natl Res Council Italy, Inst Biosci & BioResources, Naples, Italy Univ Lyon, Phys, Lyon, France Univ Basel, Fac Psychol, Ctr Social Psychol, Basel, Switzerland Queen Mary Univ London, Barts Canc Inst, Ctr Mol Oncol, London, England EBI, EMBL, Samples Phenotypes & Ontol Team, Cambridge, England Charles Sturt Univ, Fac Arts & Educ, Bathurst, NSW, Australia Shandong Univ, Helmholtz Inst Biotechnol, Sch Life Sci, State Key Lab Microbial Technol, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Shantou Univ, Dept Biol, Shantou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Shanxi Univ, Inst Biomed Sci, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Peoples R China St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Computat Biol, 332 N Lauderdale St, Memphis, TN 38105 USA Harbin Med Univ, Coll Bioinformat Sci & Technol, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China NIH, Radiol & Imaging Sci, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Georgia Inst Technol, Dept Biol Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA XtalPi Inc, Cambridge, MA USA Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Partner Inst Max Planck Soc, Inst Invest Biomed Buenos Aires IBioBA, Bioinformat, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Sydney, Save Sight Inst, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ South Australia, Canc Res Inst, Australian Ctr Precis Hlth, Adelaide, SA, Australia Jinan Univ, Inst Life & Hlth Engn, Guangdong Higher Educ Inst, Key Lab Funct Prot Res, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Houston, Epidemiol Human Genet & Environm Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA Weill Cornell Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New York, NY USA Guangdong Inst Appl Biol Resources, Biotechnol Lab, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Shandong Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China Shandong Univ, Life Sci Dept, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China South China Agr Univ, Integrat Microbiol Res Ctr, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Liaoning Acad Agr Sci, Crop Mol Improving Lab, Shenyang, Liaoning, Peoples R China Lawson Hlth Res Inst, Med Biophys, London, ON, Canada Univ Melbourne, Infrastruct Engn, Parkville, Vic, Australia Univ Canberra, Fac Hlth, Canberra, ACT, Australia Univ Cambridge, MRC Cognit & Brain Sci Unit, Cambridge, England Emory Univ, Biostat & Bioinformat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA Johns Hopkins Sch Med, Anesthesiol & Crit Care Med, Baltimore, MD USA Nottingham Trent Univ, Sch Anim Rural & Environm Sci, Nottingham, England Univ Exeter, Biosci, Exeter, Devon, England Hillingdon Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, London, England Univ Glasgow, MRC CSO Social & Publ Hlth Sci Unit, Glasgow, Lanark, Scotland Natl & Kapodistrian Univ Athens, Evaggelismos Athens Hosp, ICU, Athens, Greece Univ Newcastle, Biol Sci, Callaghan, NSW, Australia Coventry Univ, Fac Hlth & Life Sci, Ctr Innovat Res Life Course, Coventry, W Midlands, England Lausanne Univ Hosp, Serv Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Lausanne, Switzerland Charles Sturt Univ, Sch Community Hlth, Bathurst, NSW, Australia Queens Univ Belfast, Inst Global Food Secur, Belfast, Antrim, North Ireland Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Policy Studies, Singapore, Singapore Univ Penn, Intitute Med & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Cold Spring Harbor Lab, POB 100, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA Univ Michigan, EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA Univ British Columbia, Ctr Blood Res, Vancouver, BC, Canada UiT Arctic Univ Norway, Dept Hlth & Care Sci, Fac Hlth Sci, Tromso, Norway Hosp Clin Porto Alegre, Physiotherapy, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Paris 05, Med Sch, Paris, France Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Natl Key Facil Crop Gene Resources & Genet Improv, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Ghent, Expt Clin & Hlth Psychol, Ghent, Belgium Indian Inst Adv Res, Bioinformat & Struct Biol, Gandhinagar, Gujart, India Bambino Ges Childrens Res Hosp, Lab Mol Med, Rome, Italy Heidelberg Univ, Ctr Infect Dis Parasitol, Heidelberg, Germany Stanford Univ, Elect Engn, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Univ Cadiz, Biol, Andalucia, Spain Mansoura Univ Hosp, Gen Surg, Mansoura, Egypt Inst Pasteur, Virol Pole, Dakar, Senegal Cardiff Univ, Div Canc & Genet, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales Ctr Expertise & Biol Diagnost Cameroon, Food Safety & Environm Microbiol, Yaounde, Cameroon Swiss Fed Labs Mat Sci & Technol, Lab Thin Films & Photovolta, Dubendorf, Switzerland Assiut Univ, Assiut Urol & Nephrol Hosp, Fac Med, Assiut, Egypt UCL, GEE, London, England UCL, IHA, London, England Univ Derby, Univ Derby Online Learning, Derby, England SUNY Stony Brook, Family Populat & Prevent Med, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA Walter & Eliza Hall Inst Med Res, Mol Med Div, Melbourne, Vic, Australia Newcastle Univ, Northern Inst Canc Res, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England German Ctr Neurodegenerat Dis, Clin Dementia Res, Bonn, Germany Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, UMR 7144, Stn Biol, Paris, France Univ Barcelona, Odontoestomatol, Barcelona, Spain Janelia Res Campus, Comp Sci, Ashburn, VA USA Univ Oxford, Ctr Trop Med & Global Hlth, Oxford, England Univ Bern, ARTORG Ctr Biomed Engn Res, Bern, Switzerland Australian Natl Univ, Eccles Inst Neurosci, John Curtain Sch Med Res, Canberra, ACT, Australia John Innes Ctr, Metab Biol, Norwich, Norfolk, England USDA ARS, Genom & Bioinformat Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Med Univ Graz, Inst Med Informat Stat & Documentat, Holzinger Grp, Graz, Austria Ajou Univ, Pharm, Suwon, South Korea City Univ Hong Kong, Sch Energy & Environm, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ British Columbia, Sch Kinseiol, Vancouver, BC, Canada Univ Copenhagen, Marine Biol Sect, Dept Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark Univ Vienna, Dept Commun, Vienna, Austria Univ Dundee, Sch Social Sci, Dundee, Scotland Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Bot, Dresden, Germany Univ Oxford, Div Struct Biol, Oxford, England Natl Univ Hlth Syst, Med, Singapore, Singapore Univ Canterbury, Sch Biol Sci, Christchurch, New Zealand Univ Hosp Southern Denmark, Focused Res Unit Mol Diagnost & Clin Res, Odense, Denmark Univ Oxford, Primary Care Hlth Sci, Oxford, England Baylor Coll Med, Verna & Marrs McLean Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA Adnan Menderes Univ Aydin, Fac Nursing, Dept Publ Hlth Nursing, Aydin, Turkey Oasi Res Inst IRCCS, Dept Neurol IC, Troina, Italy Purdue Univ, Weldon Sch Biomed Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA Kings Coll London, Kings Ctr Mil Hlth Res, London, England LSHTM, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England Leibniz Univ Hannover, BMWZ Organ Chem, Hannover, Germany Xi An Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Dept Physiol & Pathophysiol, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China Univ South Australia, Sch Pharm & Med Sci, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Phys Educ, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Southern Med Univ, Nanfang Hosp, Dept Oncol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Stanford Univ, Hansen Expt Phys Lab, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Shenzhen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Shenzhen Peoples Hosp 2, Inst Translat Med, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Hong Kong, Dept Stat & Actuarial Sci, Hong Kong, Peoples R China UCL, Dept Mech Engn, London, England ASTAR, Singapore Immunol Network, Lab Microbial Immun, Singapore, Singapore Cent South Univ, State Key Lab Powder Met, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China Univ Aberdeen, Inst Appl Hlth Sci, Aberdeen, Scotland Univ Bridgeport, Biomed Engn, Bridgeport, CT 06601 USA Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Pharmaceut Sci, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA Univ Montana, Ecosyst & Conservat Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA Univ Goettingen, Dept Syst Neurosci, Gottingen, Germany NHLBI, Lab Syst Genet, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA Cleveland Clin, Lou Ruvo Ctr Brain Hlth, Imaging, Las Vegas, NV USA Flinders Univ S Australia, Coll Nursing & Hlth Sci, Nutr & Dietet, Adelaide, SA, Australia Univ Padua, Dept Math, Padua, Italy Lund Univ, Fac Law, Lund, Sweden Univ Gothenburg, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Gothenburg, Sweden NARO, Kachwekano Zardi, Entebbe, Uganda Natl Yunlin Univ Sci & Technol, Bachelor Program Interdisciplinary Studies, Touliu, Yunlin, Taiwan Aarhus Univ, Dept Biomed, Danish Res Inst Translat Neurosci DANDRITE, Aarhus, Denmark Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Math & Comp Sci, Maputo, Mozambique Univ Bern, Dept Old Age Psychiat & Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland RAS, Inst Cytol, Lab Cytol Unicellular Organisms, St Petersburg, Russia Beijing Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Queensland, Queensland Alliance Agr & Food Innovat, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Fraunhofer Inst Toxicol & Expt Med ITEM, Inhalat Toxicol, Hannover, Germany Univ Hong Kong, Publ Hlth, Hong Kong, Peoples R China Univ Hlth Network, Anesthesia & Pain Med, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Univ Bath, Dept Hlth, Bath, Avon, England Univ Copenhagen, Computat & RNA Biol, Copenhagen, Denmark Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS, Canada Goethe Univ, CEF MC, BMLS, Phys Biol, Frankfurt, Germany Albert Einstein Coll Med, Anat & Struct Biol, New York, NY USA Queensland Govt, Dept Environm & Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Uppsala Univ, Vasc Surg Sect, Dept Surg Sci, Uppsala, Sweden Childrens Canc Hosp, Res, Cairo, Egypt Leibniz Inst Nat Prod Res & Infect Biol, Bio Pilot Plant, Jena, Germany Duy Tan Univ, Inst Res & Dev, Da Nang, Vietnam Univ Helsinki, Helsinki Inst Life Sci HiLIFE, Helsinki, Finland Univ Queensland, Australian Inst Bioengn & Nanotechnol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia George Inst Global Hlth, Sydney, NSW, Australia Griffith Univ, Griffith Inst Drug Discovery, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Dezhou Univ, Coll Phys & Elect Informat, Shandong Prov Key Lab Biophys, Dezhou, Peoples R China Henan Agr Univ, Coll Life Sci, Zhengzhou, Henan, Peoples R China Univ Tokyo, Publ Hlth, Tokyo, Japan Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Univ Illinois, Dept Med, Chicago, IL USA Beijing Inst Microbiol & Epidemiol, State Key Lab Pathogen & Biosecur, Beijing, Peoples R China Minist Hlth, Key Lab Neonatal Dis, Shanghai, Peoples R China Covenant Univ, Dept Phys, Ota, Nigeria Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Univ, Dept Phys Therapy & Hlth Rehabil, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia Lund Univ, Cognit Sci, Malmo, Sweden Natl Open Univ Nigeria, Dept Publ & Environm Hlth, Abuja, Nigeria Peking Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Lab Sci & Technol, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Sydney, Sch Publ Hlth, Menzies Ctr Hlth Policy, Sydney, NSW, Australia Univ Auckland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Auckland, New Zealand Beijing Univ Chinese Med, Res Ctr TCM Informat Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Osped Niguarda Ca Granda, Cardiac Surg, Milan, Italy Univ Vet Med, Clin Horses, Hannover, Germany Harbin Med Univ, Lab Med Genet, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Psychol, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Univ Coimbra, Ctr Studies Geog & Spatial Planning CEGOT, Coimbra, Portugal Univ Groningen, Univ Med Ctr Groningen, Epidemiol, Groningen, Netherlands South Cent High Specialty Hosp, Dept Neurol & Neurosurg, Pemex, Mexico Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Engn, Tai An, Shandong, Peoples R China Curtin Univ, Natl Drug Res Inst, Perth, WA, Australia Wageningen Bioveterinary Res, Bacteriol & Epidemiol, Lelystad, Netherlands Guangdong Second Prov Gen Hosp, Dept Rheumatol & Immunol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Erasmus MC, Biomed Rngineering, Rotterdam, Netherlands Hiroshima Univ, Grad Sch Biomed & Hlth Sci, Hiroshima, Japan Univ Iceland, Sch Hlth Sci, Reykjavik, Iceland Ohio State Univ, Mat Sci & Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Kathmandu Univ, Sch Med Sci, Dept Physiotherapy, Dhulikhel, Nepal Univ Queensland, Sch Biomed Sci, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Fraunhofer MEVIS, Image Guided Therapies, Bremen, Germany Natl Univ Hlth Syst, Haematol Oncol, Singapore, Singapore Sun Yat Sen Univ, Canc Ctr, Breast Oncol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Med Coll Wisconsin, Pharmacol & Toxicol, Wauwatosa, WI USA Queensland Univ Technol, Sci & Engn Fac, Sch Chem Phys & Mech Engn, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Univ Turin, Dept Mol Biotechnol & Hlth Sci, Turin, Italy Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Rehabil, Physiotherapy Dept, Tehran, Iran Univ Helsinki, Dept Forest Sci, Helsinki, Finland Univ Messina, Human Pathol, Messina, Italy AO Papardo Hosp Messina, Messina, Italy Univ Ibadan, Coll Med, Inst Child Hlth, Ibadan, Nigeria King Faisal Univ, Coll Med, Fac Ophthalmol, Al Hasa, Saudi Arabia Univ Stirling, Inst Social Mkt, Stirling, Scotland Saveh Univ Med Sci, Social Determinants Hlth Res Ctr, Saveh, Iran Gakujutsu Shien Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geochem, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples R China Univ Plymouth, Med Sch, Plymouth, Devon, England CHU Toulouse, Immunol, Toulouse, France Azorean Biodivers Grp, Ctr Ecol Evolut & Environm Changes, Azores, Portugal Univ Acores, Azores, Portugal RIKEN, Ctr Integrat Med Sci, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Peking Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Global Hlth, Beijing, Peoples R China Chang Gung Univ, Chang Gung Mem Hosp, Dept Neurol, Linkou Med Ctr, Taoyuan, Taiwan Chang Gung Univ, Coll Med, Taoyuan, Taiwan Univ Malawi, Coll Med, Biomed Sci Dept, Blantyre, Malawi Univ Malawi, Coll Med, Pharm Dept, Blantyre, Malawi Bioself Commun, Biocurat, Marseille, France Peking Univ, Hosp 3, Dept Neurol, Beijing, Peoples R China Ahmadu Bello Univ, Fac Basic Clin Sci, Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Zaria, Nigeria Dalhousie Univ, Dept Anesthesia Pain Management & Perioperat Med, Halifax, NS, Canada VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy UCL, Canc Res UK, London, England UCL, UCL Canc Trials Ctr, London, England Univ Ottawa, Family Med, Ottawa, ON, Canada China Agr Univ, Coll Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Leiden Univ, Leiden Acad Ctr Drug Res, Div Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden, Netherlands Sun Yat Sen Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Dept Intervent Radiol, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China Amer Univ Beirut, Med Ctr, Infect Dis, Beirut, Lebanon Sheffield Hallam Univ, Dept Social Work Social Care & Community Studies, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England Mechnikov Res Inst Vaccines & Sera, Viral Hepatitis, Moscow, Russia Univ Ottawa, Pediat, Ottawa, ON, Canada Vreden Russian Res Inst Traumatol & Orthopaed, Dept Wound Infect Treatment & Prevent, St Petersburg, Russia Hangzhou Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept TB Control & Prevent, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China Kaohsiung Med Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Zoetis, Diagnost, Kalamazoo, MI USA Aintree Univ Hosp NHS Fdn Trust, Head & Neck Oncol Res, Liverpool, Merseyside, England Wrightington Hosp, Trauma & Orthopaed, Manchester, Lancs, England Loyola Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Psychiat, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA Atkins Vet Serv, Microbiol, Calgary, AB, Canada Univ Porto, FADEUP, CIAFEL, Porto, Portugal Natl Univ Singapore, Saw Swee Hock Sch Publ Hlth, Singapore, Singapore Kangwon Natl Univ, Coll Biotechnol & Biosci, Dept Food Sci & Biotechnol, Chunchon, South Korea Kakatiya Med Coll, Internal Med, Warangal, Telangana, India Univ Antioquia, Vet Med Sch, CIBAV Res Grp, Medellin, Colombia IISER, Dept Phys, Soft & Act Matter Grp, Tirupati 517507, Andhra Pradesh, India Univ Rosario, Sch Med & Hlth, Ctr Studies Phys Activ Measurements, Bogota, Colombia Univ Hosp Essen, Cardiol & Vasc Med, Essen, Germany Univ Hosp Basel, Endocrinol, Basel, Switzerland Univ Tubingen, Inst Med Genet & Appl Genom, Tubingen, Germany Univ Hosp Munster, Div Gen Internal Med Nephrol & Rheumatolog, Dept Med D, Munster, Germany Univ Kentucky, Dept Nephrol, Lexington, KY USA Univ Freiburg, Dept Anaesthesiol & Crit Care, Med Ctr, Freiburg, Germany Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Med, Orange, CA 92668 USA Univ Hosp Leuven, Dept Urol, Leuven, Belgium Chinese Acad Sci, Coll Life Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China Univ Florida, Orthopaed & Rehabil, Gainesville, FL USA Chongqing Med Univ, Affiliated Hosp 1, Chongqing Key Lab Mol Oncol & Epigenet, Chongqing, Peoples R China Tsinghua Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China Yonsei Univ, Coll Med, Dept Pharmacol, Seoul, South Korea Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Norfolk, VA USA China Three Gorges Univ, Coll Sci, Dept Math, Yichang, Peoples R China Xiangtan Univ, Coll Informat Engn, Xiangtan, Hunan, Peoples R China Univ Hlth Network, Mood Disorders & Psychopharmacol, Toronto, ON, Canada Sao Paulo State Univ UNESP, Dept Anim Sci, Sao Paulo, Brazil Sao Paulo State Univ, Vet Clin, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Published: 2019

12. Gene-environment interactions within a precision environmental health framework.

Author: Motsinger-Reif AA, Reif DM, Akhtari FS, House JS, Campbell CR, Messier KP, Fargo DC, Bowen TA, Nadadur SS, Schmitt CP, Pettibone KG, Balshaw DM, Lawler CP, Newton SA, Collman GW, Miller AK, Merrick BA, Cui Y, Anchang B, Harmon QE, McAllister KA, and Woychik R
Subjects: Humans, Genome-Wide Association Study, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Gene-Environment Interaction, Environmental Health, Precision Medicine methods
Abstract: Understanding the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors in disease etiology and the role of gene-environment interactions (GEIs) across human development stages is important. We review the state of GEI research, including challenges in measuring environmental factors and advantages of GEI analysis in understanding disease mechanisms. We discuss the evolution of GEI studies from candidate gene-environment studies to genome-wide interaction studies (GWISs) and the role of multi-omics in mediating GEI effects. We review advancements in GEI analysis methods and the importance of large-scale datasets. We also address the translation of GEI findings into precision environmental health (PEH), showcasing real-world applications in healthcare and disease prevention. Additionally, we highlight societal considerations in GEI research, including environmental justice, the return of results to participants, and data privacy. Overall, we underscore the significance of GEI for disease prediction and prevention and advocate for integrating the exposome into PEH omics studies., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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13. Seminar: Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Environmental Stress in Human Disease.

Author: Kalia V, Baccarelli AA, Happel C, Hollander JA, Jukic AM, McAllister KA, Menon R, Merrick BA, Milosavljevic A, Ravichandran LV, Roth ME, Subramanian A, Tyson FL, Worth L, and Shaughnessy DT
Subjects: Humans, Biomarkers metabolism, Environmental Exposure, RNA metabolism, Exosomes metabolism, Extracellular Vesicles metabolism
Abstract: Background: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound particles containing a variety of RNA types, DNA, proteins, and other macromolecules, are now appreciated as an important means of communication between cells and tissues, both in normal cellular physiology and as a potential indicator of cellular stress, environmental exposures, and early disease pathogenesis. Extracellular signaling through EVs is a growing field of research for understanding fundamental mechanisms of health and disease and for the potential for biomarker discovery and therapy development. EVs are also known to play important roles in mediating the effects of exposure to environmental stress., Objectives: This seminar addresses the application of new tools and approaches for EV research, developed in part through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Extracellular RNA Communication Program, and reflects presentations and discussions from a workshop held 27-28 September 2021 by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) on "Extracellular Vesicles, Exosomes, and Cell-Cell Signaling in Response to Environmental Stress." The panel of experts discussed current research on EVs and environmental exposures, highlighted recent advances in EV isolation and characterization, and considered research gaps and opportunities toward identifying and characterizing the roles for EVs in environmentally related diseases, as well as the current challenges and opportunities in this field., Discussion: The authors discuss the application of new experimental models, particularly organ-on-chip (OOC) systems and in vitro approaches and how these have the potential to extend findings in population-based studies of EVs in exposure-related diseases. Given the complex challenges of identifying cell-specific EVs related to environmental exposures, as well as the general heterogeneity and variability in EVs in blood and other accessible biological samples, there is a critical need for rigorous reporting of experimental methods and validation studies. The authors note that these efforts, combined with cross-disciplinary approaches, would ensure that future research efforts in environmental health studies on EV biomarkers are rigorous and reproducible. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12980.
Published: 2023
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14. Insights into Repeated Renal Injury Using RNA-Seq with Two New RPTEC Cell Lines.

Author: Merrick BA, Martin NP, Brooks AM, Foley JF, Dunlap PE, Ramaiahgari S, Fannin RD, and Gerrish KE
Subjects: Humans, Mice, Animals, RNA-Seq, Cell Line, Cisplatin metabolism, Kidney Tubules, Proximal metabolism, Epithelial Cells
Abstract: Renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) are a primary site for kidney injury. We created two RPTEC lines from CD-1 mice immortalized with hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) or SV40 LgT antigen (Simian Virus 40 Large T antigen). Our hypothesis was that low-level, repeated exposure to subcytotoxic levels of 0.25-2.5 μM cisplatin (CisPt) or 12.5-100 μM aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) would activate distinctive genes and pathways in these two differently immortalized cell lines. RNA-seq showed only LgT cells responded to AFB1 with 1139 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 72 h. The data suggested that AFB1 had direct nephrotoxic properties on the LgT cells. However, both the cell lines responded to 2.5 μM CisPt from 3 to 96 h expressing 2000-5000 total DEGs. For CisPt, the findings indicated a coordinated transcriptional program of injury signals and repair from the expression of immune receptors with cytokine and chemokine secretion for leukocyte recruitment; robust expression of synaptic and substrate adhesion molecules (SAMs) facilitating the expression of neural and hormonal receptors, ion channels/transporters, and trophic factors; and the expression of nephrogenesis transcription factors. Pathway analysis supported the concept of a renal repair transcriptome. In summary, these cell lines provide in vitro models for the improved understanding of repeated renal injury and repair mechanisms. High-throughput screening against toxicant libraries should provide a wider perspective of their capabilities in nephrotoxicity.
Published: 2023
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15. Whole exome and transcript profiling of liver following aflatoxin B1 exposure in rats.

Author: Foley JF, Elgart B, Phadke D, Mav D, Tripodi I, Clausen N, Weick M, Gladwell W, Gerrish K, Shah R, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Rats, Animals, Aflatoxin B1 toxicity, Exome genetics, Rats, Inbred F344, Liver metabolism, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic chemically induced, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular chemically induced, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular genetics, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular pathology, Liver Neoplasms chemically induced, Liver Neoplasms genetics, Liver Neoplasms pathology
Abstract: We recently developed a rat whole exome sequencing (WES) panel and used it to evaluate early somatic mutations in archival liver tissues from F344/N rats exposed to the hepatocarcinogen, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a widely studied, potent mutagen and hepatocarcinogen associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Rats were exposed to 1-ppm AFB1 in feed for 14, 90, and 90 days plus a recovery 60-day, non-exposure period (150-day) timepoint. Isolated liver DNA was exome sequenced. We identified 172 sequence variants across all timepoints, of which 101 were non-synonymous variants. Well-annotated genes carried a diverse set of 29 non-synonymous mutations at 14 days, increasing to 39 mutations at 90 days and then decreasing to 33 mutations following the 60-day recovery. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis conducted on previously reported, available RNA expression data of the same exome sequenced archival samples identified altered transcripts in pathways associated with malignant transformation. These included HALLMARK gene sets associated with cell proliferation (MYC Targets Version 1 and Version 2, E2F targets), cell cycle (G2M checkpoint, mitotic spindle), cell death (apoptosis), and DNA damage (DNA repair, UV response Up, Reactive oxygen species) pathways. DriverNet Impact analysis integrated exome-seq and expression data to reveal somatic mutations in Mcm8, Bdp1, and Cct6a that may drive cancer formation. Connectivity with transcript expression changes identified these genes as the top-ranked candidate driver genes associated with hepatocellular transformation. In conclusion, exome sequencing revealed early somatic mutations that may play a role in cancer cell transformation that are translatable to aflatoxin-induced HCC., (© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Applied Toxicology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.)
Published: 2023
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16. Chronic PFOA exposure in vitro causes acquisition of multiple tumor cell characteristics in rat liver cells.

Author: Qu W, Yan Y, Gerrish K, Scappini E, Tucker CJ, Dixon D, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Humans, Rats, Mice, Animals, Caprylates toxicity, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic, Liver, Hepatocytes, Fluorocarbons toxicity
Abstract: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is tumorigenic in rats and mice and potentially tumorigenic in humans. Here, we studied long-term PFOA exposure with an in vitro transformation model using the rat liver epithelial cell, TRL 1215. Cells were cultured in 10 μM (T10), 50 μM (T50) and 100 μM (T100) PFOA for 38 weeks and compared to passage-matched control cells. T100 cells showed morphological changes, loss of cell contact inhibition, formation of multinucleated giant and spindle-shaped cells. T10, T50, and T100 cells showed increased LC 50 values 20%, 29% to 35% above control with acute PFOA treatment, indicating a resistance to PFOA toxicity. PFOA-treated cells showed increases in Matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion, cell migration, and developed more and larger colonies in soft agar. Microarray data showed Myc pathway activation at T50 and T100, associating Myc upregulation with PFOA-induced morphological transformation. Western blot confirmed that PFOA produced significant increases in c-MYC protein expression in a time- and concentration-related manner. Tumor invasion indicators MMP-2 and MMP-9, cell cycle regulator cyclin D1, and oxidative stress protein GST were all significantly overexpressed in T100 cells. Taken together, chronic in vitro PFOA exposure produced multiple cell characteristics of malignant progression and differential gene expression changes suggestive of rat liver cell transformation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest that might be relevant to the content of the manuscript. The authors received no external funding for this work., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Published: 2023
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17. Single nucleotide polymorphism patterns associated with a cancer resistant phenotype.

Author: Dunnick JK, Pandiri AR, Shockley KR, Herbert R, Mav D, Phadke D, Shah RR, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Male, Female, Mice, Animals, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Inbred NOD, Mice, Inbred C3H, Phenotype, Mice, Inbred Strains, Amino Acids genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, Neoplasms genetics
Abstract: Background and Aims: In this study ten mouse strains representing ~90% of genetic diversity in laboratory mice (B6C3F1/J, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, A/J, NOD.B1oSnH2/J, NZO/HILtJ, 129S1/SvImJ, WSB/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, CAST/EiJ) were examined to identify the mouse strain with the lowest incidence of cancer. The unique single polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with this low cancer incidence are reported., Methods: Evaluations of cancer incidence in the 10 mouse strains were based on gross and microscopic diagnosis of tumors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding regions of the genome were derived from the respective mouse strains located in the Sanger mouse sequencing database and the B6C3F1/N genome from the National Toxicology Program (NTP)., Results: The WSB strain had an overall lower incidence of both benign and malignant tumors compared to the other mouse strains. At 2 years, the incidence of total malignant tumors (Poly-3 incidence rate) ranged from 2% (WSB) to 92% (C3H) in males, and 14% (WSB) to 93% (NZO) in females, and the total incidence of benign and malignant tumor incidence ranged from 13% (WSB) to 99% (C3H) in males and 25% (WSB) to 96% (NOD) in females. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) patterns were examined in the following strains: B6C3F1/N, C57BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, 129S1/SvImJ, A/J, NZO/HILtJ, CAST/EiJ, PWK/PhJ, and WSB/EiJ. We identified 7519 SNPs (involving 5751 Ensembl transcripts of 3453 Ensembl Genes) that resulted in a unique amino acid change in the coding region of the WSB strain., Conclusions: The inherited genetic patterns in the WSB cancer-resistant mouse strain occurred in genes involved in multiple cell functions including mitochondria, metabolic, immune, and membrane-related cell functions. The unique SNP patterns in a cancer resistant mouse strain provides insights for understanding and developing strategies for cancer prevention., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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18. Deep Learning Image Analysis of High-Throughput Toxicology Assay Images.

Author: Tandon A, Howard B, Ramaiahgari S, Maharana A, Ferguson S, Shah R, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Algorithms, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Neural Networks, Computer, Deep Learning
Abstract: High-throughput chemical screening approaches often employ microscopy to capture photomicrographs from multi-well cell culture plates, generating thousands of images that require time-consuming human analysis. To automate this subjective and time-consuming manual process, we have developed a method that uses deep learning to automatically classify digital assay images. We have trained a convolutional neural network (CNN) to perform binary and multi-class classification. The binary classifier binned assay images into healthy (comparable to untreated controls) and altered (not comparable to untreated-control) classes with >98% accuracy; the multi-class classifier assigned "Healthy," "Intermediate" and "Altered" labels to assay images with >95% accuracy. Our dataset comprised high-resolution assay images from primary human hepatocytes and undifferentiated (proliferating) and differentiated 2D cultures of HepaRG cells. In this study we have focused on testing and fine-tuning various CNN architectures, including ResNet 34, 50 and 101. To visualize regions in the images that the CNN model used for classification, we employed Class Activation Maps (CAM). This allowed us to better understand the inner workings of the neural network and led to additional optimizations of the algorithm. The results indicate a strong correspondence between dosage and classifier-predicted scores, suggesting that these scores might be useful in further characterizing benchmark dose. Together, these results clearly demonstrate that deep-learning based automated image classification of cell morphology changes upon chemical-induced stress can yield highly accurate and reproducible assessments of cytotoxicity across a variety of cell types., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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19. Benchmark Concentrations for Untargeted Metabolomics Versus Transcriptomics for Liver Injury Compounds in In Vitro Liver Models.

Author: Crizer DM, Ramaiahgari SC, Ferguson SS, Rice JR, Dunlap PE, Sipes NS, Auerbach SS, Merrick BA, and DeVito MJ
Subjects: Humans, Liver, Mass Spectrometry, Metabolomics, Benchmarking, Transcriptome
Abstract: Interpretation of untargeted metabolomics data from both in vivo and physiologically relevant in vitro model systems continues to be a significant challenge for toxicology research. Potency-based modeling of toxicological responses has served as a pillar of interpretive context and translation of testing data. In this study, we leverage the resolving power of concentration-response modeling through benchmark concentration (BMC) analysis to interpret untargeted metabolomics data from differentiated cultures of HepaRG cells exposed to a panel of reference compounds and integrate data in a potency-aligned framework with matched transcriptomic data. For this work, we characterized biological responses to classical human liver injury compounds and comparator compounds, known to not cause liver injury in humans, at 10 exposure concentrations in spent culture media by untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The analyte features observed (with limited metabolites identified) were analyzed using BMC modeling to derive compound-induced points of departure. The results revealed liver injury compounds produced concentration-related increases in metabolomic response compared to those rarely associated with liver injury (ie, sucrose, potassium chloride). Moreover, the distributions of altered metabolomic features were largely comparable with those observed using high throughput transcriptomics, which were further extended to investigate the potential for in vitro observed biological responses to be observed in humans with exposures at therapeutic doses. These results demonstrate the utility of BMC modeling of untargeted metabolomics data as a sensitive and quantitative indicator of human liver injury potential., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology 2021.)
Published: 2021
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20. Utility of Extrapolating Human S1500+ Genes to the Whole Transcriptome: Tunicamycin Case Study.

Author: Mav D, Phadke DP, Balik-Meisner MR, Merrick BA, Auerbach S, Niemeijer M, Huppelschoten S, Baze A, Parmentier C, Richert L, van de Water B, Shah RR, and Paules RS
Abstract: The TempO-Seq S1500+ platform(s), now available for human, mouse, rat, and zebrafish, measures a discrete number of genes that are representative of biological and pathway co-regulation across the entire genome in a given species. While measurement of these genes alone provides a direct assessment of gene expression activity, extrapolating expression values to the whole transcriptome (~26 000 genes in humans) can estimate measurements of non-measured genes of interest and increases the power of pathway analysis algorithms by using a larger background gene expression space. Here, we use data from primary hepatocytes of 54 donors that were treated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin and then measured on the human S1500+ platform containing ~3000 representative genes. Measurements for the S1500+ genes were then used to extrapolate expression values for the remaining human transcriptome. As a case study of the improved downstream analysis achieved by extrapolation, the "measured only" and "whole transcriptome" (measured + extrapolated) gene sets were compared. Extrapolation increased the number of significant genes by 49%, bringing to the forefront many that are known to be associated with tunicamycin exposure. The extrapolation procedure also correctly identified established tunicamycin-related functional pathways reflected by coordinated changes in interrelated genes while maintaining the sample variability observed from the "measured only" genes. Extrapolation improved the gene- and pathway-level biological interpretations for a variety of downstream applications, including differential expression analysis, gene set enrichment pathway analysis, DAVID keyword analysis, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and NextBio correlated compound analysis. The extrapolated data highlight the role of metabolism/metabolic pathways, the ER, immune response, and the unfolded protein response, each of which are key activities associated with tunicamycin exposure that were unrepresented or underrepresented in one or more of the analyses of the original "measured only" dataset. Furthermore, the inclusion of the extrapolated genes raised "tunicamycin" from third to first upstream regulator in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and from sixth to second most correlated compound in NextBio analysis. Therefore, our case study suggests an approach to extend and enhance data from the S1500+ platform for improved insight into biological mechanisms and functional outcomes of diseases, drugs, and other perturbations., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests:The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2020.)
Published: 2020
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21. Evaluation of 5-day In Vivo Rat Liver and Kidney With High-throughput Transcriptomics for Estimating Benchmark Doses of Apical Outcomes.

Author: Gwinn WM, Auerbach SS, Parham F, Stout MD, Waidyanatha S, Mutlu E, Collins B, Paules RS, Merrick BA, Ferguson S, Ramaiahgari S, Bucher JR, Sparrow B, Toy H, Gorospe J, Machesky N, Shah RR, Balik-Meisner MR, Mav D, Phadke DP, Roberts G, and DeVito MJ
Subjects: Animals, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Male, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Kidney drug effects, Liver drug effects, Toxicity Tests standards, Transcriptome
Abstract: A 5-day in vivo rat model was evaluated as an approach to estimate chemical exposures that may pose minimal risk by comparing benchmark dose (BMD) values for transcriptional changes in the liver and kidney to BMD values for toxicological endpoints from traditional toxicity studies. Eighteen chemicals, most having been tested by the National Toxicology Program in 2-year bioassays, were evaluated. Some of these chemicals are potent hepatotoxicants (eg, DE71, PFOA, and furan) in rodents, some exhibit toxicity but have minimal hepatic effects (eg, acrylamide and α,β-thujone), and some exhibit little overt toxicity (eg, ginseng and milk thistle extract) based on traditional toxicological evaluations. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed once daily for 5 consecutive days by oral gavage to 8-10 dose levels for each chemical. Liver and kidney were collected 24 h after the final exposure and total RNA was assayed using high-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) with the rat S1500+ platform. HTT data were analyzed using BMD Express 2 to determine transcriptional gene set BMD values. BMDS was used to determine BMD values for histopathological effects from chronic or subchronic toxicity studies. For many of the chemicals, the lowest transcriptional BMDs from the 5-day assays were within a factor of 5 of the lowest histopathological BMDs from the toxicity studies. These data suggest that using HTT in a 5-day in vivo rat model provides reasonable estimates of BMD values for traditional apical endpoints. This approach may be useful to prioritize chemicals for further testing while providing actionable data in a timely and cost-effective manner., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology 2020. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.)
Published: 2020
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22. Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Mitochondrial Toxicants in a Human Cardiomyocyte Cell Line.

Author: Wei Z, Zhao J, Niebler J, Hao JJ, Merrick BA, and Xia M
Abstract: Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles that participate in important cellular processes, including bioenergetics, metabolism, and signaling. Recent functional and proteomic studies have revealed the remarkable complexity of mitochondrial protein organization. Mitochondrial protein machineries with diverse functions such as protein translocation, respiration, metabolite transport, protein quality control and the control of membrane architecture interact with each other in dynamic networks. The goal of this study was to identify protein expression changes in a human cardiomyocyte cell line treated with several mitochondrial toxicants which inhibit mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial respiration. AC16 human cardiomyocyte cells were treated with carbonyl cyanide p -(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), dinoterb, picoxystrobin, pinacyanol, and triclocarban for 18 h around the IC 50 values generated from MMP assay. The samples were harvested and labeled with tandem mass tags with different mass isotopes. Peptide assignment was performed in Proteome Discoverer. Each dataset was analyzed in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). In the proteomic profile, these compounds showed dysregulation of a group of mitochondrial proteins (e.g., NDUA, NDUB, BCS1, CYB5B, and SDHF2), as well as proteins involved in lipid metabolism (e.g., CPT, MECR, and LPGAT1), cytoskeleton protein changes (e.g., CROCC, LAMC3, FBLN1, and FMN2) and stress response (e.g., IKBKG, IKBB, SYVN1, SOD2, and CPIN1). Proteomic data from the current study provides key insights into chemical induced cellular pathway dysregulation, supporting the use of proteomic profiling as a sensitive method to further explore molecular functions and disease pathogenesis upon exposure to environmental chemicals., (Copyright © 2020 Wei, Zhao, Niebler, Hao, Merrick and Xia.)
Published: 2020
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23. SWIFT-Active Screener: Accelerated document screening through active learning and integrated recall estimation.

Author: Howard BE, Phillips J, Tandon A, Maharana A, Elmore R, Mav D, Sedykh A, Thayer K, Merrick BA, Walker V, Rooney A, and Shah RR
Subjects: Research, Software, Machine Learning
Abstract: Background: In the screening phase of systematic review, researchers use detailed inclusion/exclusion criteria to decide whether each article in a set of candidate articles is relevant to the research question under consideration. A typical review may require screening thousands or tens of thousands of articles in and can utilize hundreds of person-hours of labor., Methods: Here we introduce SWIFT-Active Screener, a web-based, collaborative systematic review software application, designed to reduce the overall screening burden required during this resource-intensive phase of the review process. To prioritize articles for review, SWIFT-Active Screener uses active learning, a type of machine learning that incorporates user feedback during screening. Meanwhile, a negative binomial model is employed to estimate the number of relevant articles remaining in the unscreened document list. Using a simulation involving 26 diverse systematic review datasets that were previously screened by reviewers, we evaluated both the document prioritization and recall estimation methods., Results: On average, 95% of the relevant articles were identified after screening only 40% of the total reference list. In the 5 document sets with 5,000 or more references, 95% recall was achieved after screening only 34% of the available references, on average. Furthermore, the recall estimator we have proposed provides a useful, conservative estimate of the percentage of relevant documents identified during the screening process., Conclusion: SWIFT-Active Screener can result in significant time savings compared to traditional screening and the savings are increased for larger project sizes. Moreover, the integration of explicit recall estimation during screening solves an important challenge faced by all machine learning systems for document screening: when to stop screening a prioritized reference list. The software is currently available in the form of a multi-user, collaborative, online web application., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2020
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24. KRAS-retroviral fusion transcripts and gene amplification in arsenic-transformed, human prostate CAsE-PE cancer cells.

Author: Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wright GM, Wang X, Gordon O, Pelch KE, Auerbach SS, Paules RS, DeVito MJ, Waalkes MP, and Tokar EJ
Abstract: CAsE-PE cells are an arsenic-transformed, human prostate epithelial line containing oncogenic mutations in KRAS compared to immortalized, normal KRAS parent cells, RWPE-1. We previously reported increased copy number of mutated KRAS in CAsE-PE cells, suggesting gene amplification. Here, KRAS flanking genomic and transcriptomic regions were sequenced in CAsE-PE cells for insight into KRAS amplification. Comparison of DNA-Seq and RNA-Seq showed increased reads from background aligning to all KRAS exons in CAsE-PE cells, while a uniform DNA-Seq read distribution occurred in RWPE-1 cells with normal transcript expression. We searched for KRAS fusions in DNA and RNA sequencing data finding a portion of reads aligning to KRAS and viral sequence. After generation of cDNA from total RNA, short and long KRAS probes were generated to hybridize cDNA and KRAS enriched fragments were PacBio sequenced. More KRAS reads were captured from CAsE-PE cDNA versus RWPE-1 by each probe set. Only CAsE-PE cDNA showed KRAS viral fusion transcripts, primarily mapping to LTR and endogenous retrovirus sequences on either 5'- or 3'-ends of KRAS. Most KRAS viral fusion transcripts contained 4 to 6 exons but some PacBio sequences were in unusual orientations, suggesting viral insertions within the gene body. Additionally, conditioned media was extracted for potential retroviral particles. RNA-Seq of culture media isolates identified KRAS retroviral fusion transcripts in CAsE-PE media only. Truncated KRAS transcripts suggested multiple retroviral integration sites occurred within the KRAS gene producing KRAS retroviral fusions of various lengths. Findings suggest activation of endogenous retroviruses in arsenic carcinogenesis should be explored., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors have no other conflicts to declare., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
Published: 2020
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25. Next generation sequencing data for use in risk assessment.

Author: Merrick BA
Abstract: Next generation sequencing (NGS) represents several powerful platforms that have revolutionized RNA and DNA analysis. The parallel sequencing of millions of DNA molecules can provide mechanistic insights into toxicology and provide new avenues for biomarker discovery with growing relevance for risk assessment. The evolution of NGS technologies has improved over the last decade with increased sensitivity and accuracy to foster new biomarker assays from tissue, blood and other biofluids. NGS sequencing technologies can identify transcriptional changes and genomic targets with base pair precision in response to chemical exposure. Further, there are several exciting movements within the toxicology community that incorporate NGS platforms into new strategies for more rapid toxicological characterizations. These include the Tox21 in vitro high throughput transcriptomic screening program, development of organotypic spheroids, alternative animal models, mining archival tissues, liquid biopsy and epigenomics. This review will describe NGS-based technologies, demonstrate how they can be used as tools for target discovery in tissue and blood, and suggest how they might be applied for risk assessment., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding publication of this work.
Published: 2019
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26. Development of a Zebrafish S1500+ Sentinel Gene Set for High-Throughput Transcriptomics.

Author: Balik-Meisner MR, Mav D, Phadke DP, Everett LJ, Shah RR, Tal T, Shepard PJ, Merrick BA, and Paules RS
Subjects: Animals, Databases, Genetic, Reproducibility of Results, Computational Biology methods, Gene Expression Profiling methods, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Transcriptome, Zebrafish genetics
Abstract: Sentinel gene sets have been developed with the purpose of maximizing the information from targeted transcriptomic platforms. We recently described the development of an S1500+ sentinel gene set, which was built for the human transcriptome, utilizing a data- and knowledge-driven hybrid approach to select a small subset of genes that optimally capture transcriptional diversity, correlation with other genes based on large-scale expression profiling, and known pathway annotation within the human genome. While this detailed bioinformatics approach for gene selection can in principle be applied to other species, the reliability of the resulting gene set depends on availability of a large body of transcriptomics data. For the model organism zebrafish, we aimed to create a similar sentinel gene set (Zf S1500+ gene set); however, there is insufficient standardized expression data in the public domain to train the gene correlation model. Therefore, our strategy was to use human-zebrafish ortholog mapping of the human S1500+ genes and nominations from experts in the zebrafish scientific community. In this study, we present the bioinformatics curation and refinement process to produce the final Zf S1500+ gene set, explore whole transcriptome extrapolation using this gene set, and assess pathway-level inference. This gene set will add value to targeted high-throughput transcriptomics in zebrafish for toxicogenomic screening and other research domains.
Published: 2019
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27. Effects of short and long-term alcohol-based fixation on Sprague-Dawley rat tissue morphology, protein and nucleic acid preservation.

Author: Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Mandrioli D, Montella R, Strollo V, Merrick BA, Belpoggi F, and Tibaldi E
Subjects: Animals, Immunohistochemistry, Organ Specificity, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Ethanol chemistry, Fixatives chemistry, Tissue Fixation
Abstract: Safety concerns on the toxic and carcinogenic effects of formalin exposure have drawn increasing attention to the search for alternative low risk fixatives for processing tissue specimens in laboratories worldwide. Alcohol-based fixatives are considered some of the most promising alternatives. We evaluated the performance of alcohol-fixed paraffin-embedded (AFPE) samples from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats analyzing tissue morphology, protein and nucleic acid preservation after short and extremely long fixation times (up to 7 years), using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples as a comparator fixative. Following short and long-term alcohol fixation, tissue morphology and cellular details in tissues, evaluated by scoring stained sections (Hematoxylin-Eosin and Mallory's trichrome), were optimally preserved if compared to formalin fixation. Immunoreactivity of proteins (Ki67, CD3, PAX5, CD68), evaluated by immunohistochemistry, showed satisfactory results when the fixation period did not exceed 1 year. Finally, we confirm the superiority of alcohol fixation compared to formalin, in terms of quantity of nucleic acid extracted from paraffin blocks, even after an extremely long time of alcohol fixation. Our results confirm that alcohol fixation is a suitable and safe alternative to formalin for pathological evaluations. There is a need for standardization of formalin-free methods and harmonization of diagnosis in pathology department worldwide., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2019
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28. Identifying Compounds with Genotoxicity Potential Using Tox21 High-Throughput Screening Assays.

Author: Hsieh JH, Smith-Roe SL, Huang R, Sedykh A, Shockley KR, Auerbach SS, Merrick BA, Xia M, Tice RR, and Witt KL
Subjects: Animals, CHO Cells, Cell Line, Tumor, Chickens, Cricetulus, DNA drug effects, DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded drug effects, DNA Repair drug effects, Databases, Chemical, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods, Humans, Mutagens pharmacology, ROC Curve, Mutagens analysis
Abstract: Genotoxicity is a critical component of a comprehensive toxicological profile. The Tox21 Program used five quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays measuring some aspect of DNA damage/repair to provide information on the genotoxic potential of over 10 000 compounds. Included were assays detecting activation of p53, increases in the DNA repair protein ATAD5, phosphorylation of H2AX, and enhanced cytotoxicity in DT40 cells deficient in DNA-repair proteins REV3 or KU70/RAD54. Each assay measures a distinct component of the DNA damage response signaling network; >70% of active compounds were detected in only one of the five assays. When qHTS results were compared with results from three standard genotoxicity assays (bacterial mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus), a maximum of 40% of known, direct-acting genotoxicants were active in one or more of the qHTS genotoxicity assays, indicating low sensitivity. This suggests that these qHTS assays cannot in their current form be used to replace traditional genotoxicity assays. However, despite the low sensitivity, ranking chemicals by potency of response in the qHTS assays revealed an enrichment for genotoxicants up to 12-fold compared with random selection, when allowing a 1% false positive rate. This finding indicates these qHTS assays can be used to prioritize chemicals for further investigation, allowing resources to focus on compounds most likely to induce genotoxic effects. To refine this prioritization process, models for predicting the genotoxicity potential of chemicals that were active in Tox21 genotoxicity assays were constructed using all Tox21 assay data, yielding a prediction accuracy up to 0.83. Data from qHTS assays related to stress-response pathway signaling (including genotoxicity) were the most informative for model construction. By using the results from qHTS genotoxicity assays, predictions from models based on qHTS data, and predictions from commercial bacterial mutagenicity QSAR models, we prioritized Tox21 chemicals for genotoxicity characterization.
Published: 2019
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29. The Power of Resolution: Contextualized Understanding of Biological Responses to Liver Injury Chemicals Using High-throughput Transcriptomics and Benchmark Concentration Modeling.

Author: Ramaiahgari SC, Auerbach SS, Saddler TO, Rice JR, Dunlap PE, Sipes NS, DeVito MJ, Shah RR, Bushel PR, Merrick BA, Paules RS, and Ferguson SS
Subjects: Activation, Metabolic, Aflatoxin B1 toxicity, Benzo(a)pyrene toxicity, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Hepatocytes drug effects, Hepatocytes physiology, Humans, Benchmarking, Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury etiology, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods, Transcriptome
Abstract: Prediction of human response to chemical exposures is a major challenge in both pharmaceutical and toxicological research. Transcriptomics has been a powerful tool to explore chemical-biological interactions, however, limited throughput, high-costs, and complexity of transcriptomic interpretations have yielded numerous studies lacking sufficient experimental context for predictive application. To address these challenges, we have utilized a novel high-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) platform, TempO-Seq, to apply the interpretive power of concentration-response modeling with exposures to 24 reference compounds in both differentiated and non-differentiated human HepaRG cell cultures. Our goals were to (1) explore transcriptomic characteristics distinguishing liver injury compounds, (2) assess impacts of differentiation state of HepaRG cells on baseline and compound-induced responses (eg, metabolically-activated), and (3) identify and resolve reference biological-response pathways through benchmark concentration (BMC) modeling. Study data revealed the predictive utility of this approach to identify human liver injury compounds by their respective BMCs in relation to human internal exposure plasma concentrations, and effectively distinguished drug analogs with varied associations of human liver injury (eg, withdrawn therapeutics trovafloxacin and troglitazone). Impacts of cellular differentiation state (proliferated vs differentiated) were revealed on baseline drug metabolizing enzyme expression, hepatic receptor signaling, and responsiveness to metabolically-activated toxicants (eg, cyclophosphamide, benzo(a)pyrene, and aflatoxin B1). Finally, concentration-response modeling enabled efficient identification and resolution of plausibly-relevant biological-response pathways through their respective pathway-level BMCs. Taken together, these findings revealed HTT paired with differentiated in vitro liver models as an effective tool to model, explore, and interpret toxicological and pharmacological interactions., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology 2019.)
Published: 2019
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30. BMDExpress 2: enhanced transcriptomic dose-response analysis workflow.

Author: Phillips JR, Svoboda DL, Tandon A, Patel S, Sedykh A, Mav D, Kuo B, Yauk CL, Yang L, Thomas RS, Gift JS, Davis JA, Olszyk L, Merrick BA, Paules RS, Parham F, Saddler T, Shah RR, and Auerbach SS
Subjects: Genome, Molecular Sequence Annotation, Software, Transcriptome, Workflow
Abstract: Summary: A new version (version 2) of the genomic dose-response analysis software, BMDExpress, has been created. The software addresses the increasing use of transcriptomic dose-response data in toxicology, drug design, risk assessment and translational research. In this new version, we have implemented additional statistical filtering options (e.g. Williams' trend test), curve fitting models, Linux and Macintosh compatibility and support for additional transcriptomic platforms with up-to-date gene annotations. Furthermore, we have implemented extensive data visualizations, on-the-fly data filtering, and a batch-wise analysis workflow. We have also significantly re-engineered the code base to reflect contemporary software engineering practices and streamline future development. The first version of BMDExpress was developed in 2007 to meet an unmet demand for easy-to-use transcriptomic dose-response analysis software. Since its original release, however, transcriptomic platforms, technologies, pathway annotations and quantitative methods for data analysis have undergone a large change necessitating a significant re-development of BMDExpress. To that end, as of 2016, the National Toxicology Program assumed stewardship of BMDExpress. The result is a modernized and updated BMDExpress 2 that addresses the needs of the growing toxicogenomics user community., Availability and Implementation: BMDExpress 2 is available at https://github.com/auerbachs/BMDExpress-2/releases., Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online., (Published by Oxford University Press 2018. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.)
Published: 2019
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31. Arsenite malignantly transforms human prostate epithelial cells in vitro by gene amplification of mutated KRAS.

Author: Merrick BA, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wright GM, Wang X, Gordon O, Pelch KE, Auerbach SS, Paules RS, DeVito MJ, Waalkes MP, and Tokar EJ
Subjects: Carcinogens, Environmental poisoning, Cell Line, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic genetics, Epithelial Cells metabolism, Exons genetics, Gene Amplification genetics, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Regulatory Networks, Humans, Male, Prostate pathology, Arsenites poisoning, Cell Transformation, Neoplastic drug effects, Epithelial Cells drug effects, Gene Amplification drug effects, Mutation, Prostate metabolism, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) genetics
Abstract: Inorganic arsenic is an environmental human carcinogen of several organs including the urinary tract. RWPE-1 cells are immortalized, non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelia that become malignantly transformed into the CAsE-PE line after continuous in vitro exposure to 5μM arsenite over a period of months. For insight into in vitro arsenite transformation, we performed RNA-seq for differential gene expression and targeted sequencing of KRAS. We report >7,000 differentially expressed transcripts in CAsE-PE cells compared to RWPE-1 cells at >2-fold change, q<0.05 by RNA-seq. Notably, KRAS expression was highly elevated in CAsE-PE cells, with pathway analysis supporting increased cell proliferation, cell motility, survival and cancer pathways. Targeted DNA sequencing of KRAS revealed a mutant specific allelic imbalance, 'MASI', frequently found in primary clinical tumors. We found high expression of a mutated KRAS transcript carrying oncogenic mutations at codons 12 and 59 and many silent mutations, accompanied by lower expression of a wild-type allele. Parallel cultures of RWPE-1 cells retained a wild-type KRAS genotype. Copy number analysis and sequencing showed amplification of the mutant KRAS allele. KRAS is expressed as two splice variants, KRAS4a and KRAS4b, where variant 4b is more prevalent in normal cells compared to greater levels of variant 4a seen in tumor cells. 454 Roche sequencing measured KRAS variants in each cell type. We found KRAS4a as the predominant transcript variant in CAsE-PE cells compared to KRAS4b, the variant expressed primarily in RWPE-1 cells and in normal prostate, early passage, primary epithelial cells. Overall, gene expression data were consistent with KRAS-driven proliferation pathways found in spontaneous tumors and malignantly transformed cell lines. Arsenite is recognized as an important environmental carcinogen, but it is not a direct mutagen. Further investigations into this in vitro transformation model will focus on genomic events that cause arsenite-mediated mutation and overexpression of KRAS in CAsE-PE cells., Competing Interests: We have the following interests: Dhiral P. Phadke and Ruchir R. Shah are employed by Sciome, LLC. The US government at NIEHS is the sole funder of this research through contracts with Sciome, LLC and DHMRI. Neither Sciome, LLC nor DHMRI derive benefits from the publication of this work and had no role in funding of the work. There are no patents, products in development or marketed products to declare. This does not alter our adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Published: 2019
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32. Identification of Compounds That Inhibit Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Signaling Using High-Throughput Screening Assays.

Author: Lynch C, Zhao J, Sakamuru S, Zhang L, Huang R, Witt KL, Merrick BA, Teng CT, and Xia M
Subjects: Cells, Cultured, Combinatorial Chemistry Techniques, Estrogen Receptor Modulators chemistry, Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Neoplasms drug therapy, Neoplasms metabolism, ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor, Antineoplastic Agents chemistry, Antineoplastic Agents pharmacology, Cell Survival, Drug Discovery, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic drug effects, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods, Neoplasms pathology, Receptors, Estrogen antagonists & inhibitors
Abstract: The nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα; NR3B1), plays a pivotal role in energy homeostasis. Its expression fluctuates with the demands of energy production in various tissues. When paired with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), the PGC/ERR pathway regulates a host of genes that participate in metabolic signaling networks and in mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Unregulated overexpression of ERRα is found in many cancer cells, implicating a role in cancer progression and other metabolism-related diseases. Using high throughput screening assays, we screened the Tox21 10K compound library in stably transfected HEK293 cells containing either the ERRα-reporter or the reporter plus PGC-1α expression plasmid. We identified two groups of antagonists that were potent inhibitors of ERRα activity and/or the PGC/ERR pathway: nine antineoplastic agents and thirteen pesticides. Results were confirmed using gene expression studies. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of action on bioenergetics for five of the nine antineoplastic drugs. Nine of the thirteen pesticides, which have not been investigated previously for ERRα disrupting activity, were classified as such. In conclusion, we demonstrated that high-throughput screening assays can be used to reveal new biological properties of therapeutic and environmental chemicals, broadening our understanding of their modes of action.
Published: 2019
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33. Leucine-rich repeats and calponin homology containing 4 (Lrch4) regulates the innate immune response.

Author: Aloor JJ, Azzam KM, Guardiola JJ, Gowdy KM, Madenspacher JH, Gabor KA, Mueller GA, Lin WC, Lowe JM, Gruzdev A, Henderson MW, Draper DW, Merrick BA, and Fessler MB
Subjects: Animals, Gangliosides metabolism, Leucine, Ligands, Lipopolysaccharide Receptors, Lipopolysaccharides metabolism, Membrane Microdomains metabolism, Membrane Proteins chemistry, Membrane Proteins metabolism, Mice, Protein Conformation, Protein Domains, Gene Expression Regulation, Immunity, Innate, Toll-Like Receptors
Abstract: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen-recognition receptors that trigger the innate immune response. Recent reports have identified accessory proteins that provide essential support to TLR function through ligand delivery and receptor trafficking. Herein, we introduce leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and calponin homology containing 4 (Lrch4) as a novel TLR accessory protein. Lrch4 is a membrane protein with nine LRRs in its predicted ectodomain. It is widely expressed across murine tissues and has two expression variants that are both regulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Predictive modeling indicates that Lrch4 LRRs conform to the horseshoe-shaped structure typical of LRRs in pathogen-recognition receptors and that the best structural match in the protein database is to the variable lymphocyte receptor of the jawless vertebrate hagfish. Silencing Lrch4 attenuates cytokine induction by LPS and multiple other TLR ligands and dampens the in vivo innate immune response. Lrch4 promotes proper docking of LPS in lipid raft membrane microdomains. We provide evidence that this is through regulation of lipid rafts as Lrch4 silencing reduces cell surface gangliosides, a metric of raft abundance, as well as expression and surface display of CD14, a raft-resident LPS co-receptor. Taken together, we identify Lrch4 as a broad-spanning regulator of the innate immune response and a potential molecular target in inflammatory disease.
Published: 2019
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34. DNA methylation in mice is influenced by genetics as well as sex and life experience.

Author: Grimm SA, Shimbo T, Takaku M, Thomas JW, Auerbach S, Bennett BD, Bucher JR, Burkholder AB, Day F, Du Y, Duncan CG, French JE, Foley JF, Li J, Merrick BA, Tice RR, Wang T, Xu X, Bushel PR, Fargo DC, Mullikin JC, and Wade PA
Subjects: Animals, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation physiology, Female, Male, Mice, Inbred C3H, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pregnancy, Pregnancy, Animal physiology, Sex Factors, Species Specificity, Whole Genome Sequencing, DNA Methylation genetics, Epigenesis, Genetic, Pregnancy, Animal genetics
Abstract: DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic process in mammals, intimately involved in gene regulation. Here we address the extent to which genetics, sex, and pregnancy influence genomic DNA methylation by intercrossing 2 inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6N and C3H/HeN, and analyzing DNA methylation in parents and offspring using whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Differential methylation across genotype is detected at thousands of loci and is preserved on parental alleles in offspring. In comparison of autosomal DNA methylation patterns across sex, hundreds of differentially methylated regions are detected. Comparison of animals with different histories of pregnancy within our study reveals a CpG methylation pattern that is restricted to female animals that had borne offspring. Collectively, our results demonstrate the stability of CpG methylation across generations, clarify the interplay of epigenetics with genetics and sex, and suggest that CpG methylation may serve as an epigenetic record of life events in somatic tissues at loci whose expression is linked to the relevant biology.
Published: 2019
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35. Mutational analysis of pentabrominated diphenyl-induced hepatocellular tumors in rats and mice, tissue levels of PBDE congeners in rats and mice, and AhR genotyping of Wistar Han rats.

Author: Dunnick JK, Pandiri AR, Merrick BA, Kissling GE, Cunny H, Mutlu E, Waidyanatha S, Sills RC, Hong HL, Ton TV, Maynor T, Rescio L, Phillips SL, Devito MJ, and Brix A
Abstract: This article describes data related to the research article entitled "Carcinogenic activity of pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) in rats and mice" (Dunnick et al., 2018). PBDE-induced hepatocellular tumors harbored Hras and Ctnnb1 mutations and the methods for these studies are provided. Tissue levels of PBDE congeners in rats and mice after oral exposure to PBDE mixture increased with increasing dose of PBDE. There was no correlation between AhR status and the incidence of hepatocellular tumors in female Wistar Han rats. This manuscript provides additional information on the methods for conducting mutational analysis, PBDE tissue level determinations, and AhR genotyping.
Published: 2018
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36. Exome Sequencing of Fresh-frozen or Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded B6C3F1/N Mouse Hepatocellular Carcinomas Arising Either Spontaneously or due to Chronic Chemical Exposure.

Author: Auerbach SS, Xu M, Merrick BA, Hoenerhoff MJ, Phadke D, Taxman DJ, Shah R, Hong HL, Ton TV, Kovi RC, Sills RC, and Pandiri AR
Subjects: Animals, Cryopreservation, DNA, Neoplasm genetics, Eugenol analogs & derivatives, Eugenol toxicity, Female, Formaldehyde chemistry, Ginkgo biloba, Liver pathology, Liver Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced, Liver Neoplasms, Experimental pathology, Male, Mice, Inbred Strains, Paraffin Embedding, Plant Extracts toxicity, Reproducibility of Results, Tissue Fixation, Carcinogens toxicity, Exome genetics, Gene Expression Profiling, Liver drug effects, Liver Neoplasms, Experimental genetics, Mutation, Sequence Analysis, DNA methods
Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide; however, the mutational properties of HCC-associated carcinogens remain largely uncharacterized. We hypothesized that mechanisms underlying chemical-induced HCC can be characterized by evaluating the mutational spectra of these tumors. To test this hypothesis, we performed exome sequencing of B6C3F1/N HCCs that arose either spontaneously in vehicle controls ( n = 3) or due to chronic exposure to gingko biloba extract (GBE; n = 4) or methyleugenol (MEG; n = 3). Most archived tumor samples are available as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks, rather than fresh-frozen (FF) samples; hence, exome sequencing from paired FF and FFPE samples was compared. FF and FFPE samples showed 63% to 70% mutation concordance. Multiple known (e.g., Ctnnb1T41A, BrafV637E) and novel (e.g., Erbb4C559S, Card10A700V, and Klf11P358L) mutations in cancer-related genes were identified. The overall mutational burden was greater for MEG than for GBE or spontaneous HCC samples. To characterize the mutagenic mechanisms, we analyzed the mutational spectra in the HCCs according to their trinucleotide motifs. The MEG tumors clustered closest to Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer signatures 4 and 24, which are, respectively, associated with benzo(a)pyrene- and aflatoxin-induced HCCs in humans. These results establish a novel approach for classifying liver carcinogens and understanding the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
Published: 2018
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37. Dosage compensation and DNA methylation landscape of the X chromosome in mouse liver.

Author: Duncan CG, Grimm SA, Morgan DL, Bushel PR, Bennett BD, Roberts JD, Tyson FL, Merrick BA, and Wade PA
Subjects: Animals, CpG Islands, Female, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, X Chromosome genetics, DNA Methylation, Liver metabolism, X Chromosome Inactivation
Abstract: DNA methylation plays a key role in X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), a process that achieves dosage compensation for X-encoded gene products between mammalian female and male cells. However, differential sex chromosome dosage complicates genome-wide epigenomic assessments, and the X chromosome is frequently excluded from female-to-male comparative analyses. Using the X chromosome in the sexually dimorphic mouse liver as a model, we provide a general framework for comparing base-resolution DNA methylation patterns across samples that have different chromosome numbers and ask at a systematic level if predictions by historical analyses of X-linked DNA methylation hold true at a base-resolution chromosome-wide level. We demonstrate that sex-specific methylation patterns on the X chromosome largely reflect the effects of XCI. While our observations concur with longstanding observations of XCI at promoter-proximal CpG islands, we provide evidence that sex-specific DNA methylation differences are not limited to CpG island boundaries. Moreover, these data support a model in which maintenance of CpG islands in the inactive state does not require complete regional methylation. Further, we validate an intragenic non-CpG methylation signature in genes escaping XCI in mouse liver. Our analyses provide insight into underlying methylation patterns that should be considered when assessing sex differences in genome-wide methylation analyses.
Published: 2018
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38. Whole exome sequencing in the rat.

Author: Foley JF, Phadke DP, Hardy O, Hardy S, Miller V, Madan A, Howard K, Kruse K, Lord C, Ramaiahgari S, Solomon GG, Shah RR, Pandiri AR, Herbert RA, Sills RC, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Animals, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 genetics, Humans, Mice, Rats, Sequence Analysis, DNA methods, Tissue Fixation, Exome genetics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing methods, Exome Sequencing methods
Abstract: Background: The rat genome was sequenced in 2004 with the aim to improve human health altered by disease and environmental influences through gene discovery and animal model validation. Here, we report development and testing of a probe set for whole exome sequencing (WES) to detect sequence variants in exons and UTRs of the rat genome. Using an in-silico approach, we designed probes targeting the rat exome and compared captured mutations in cancer-related genes from four chemically induced rat tumor cell lines (C6, FAT7, DSL-6A/C1, NBTII) to validated cancer genes in the human database, Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) as well as normal rat DNA. Paired, fresh frozen (FF) and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver tissue from naive rats were sequenced to confirm known dbSNP variants and identify any additional variants., Results: Informatics analysis of available gene annotation from rat RGSC6.0/rn6 RefSeq and Ensembl transcripts provided 223,636 unique exons representing a total of 26,365 unique genes and untranslated regions. Using this annotation and the Rn6 reference genome, an in-silico probe design generated 826,878 probe sequences of which 94.2% were uniquely aligned to the rat genome without mismatches. Further informatics analysis revealed 25,249 genes (95.8%) covered by at least one probe and 23,603 genes (93.5%) had every exon covered by one or more probes. We report high performance metrics from exome sequencing of our probe set and Sanger validation of annotated, highly relevant, cancer gene mutations as cataloged in the human COSMIC database, in addition to several exonic variants in cancer-related genes., Conclusions: An in-silico probe set was designed to enrich the rat exome from isolated DNA. The platform was tested on rat tumor cell lines and normal FF and FFPE liver tissue. The method effectively captured target exome regions in the test DNA samples with exceptional sensitivity and specificity to obtain reliable sequencing data representing variants that are likely chemically induced somatic mutations. Genomic discovery conducted by means of high throughput WES queries should benefit investigators in discovering rat genomic variants in disease etiology and in furthering human translational research.
Published: 2018
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39. Carcinogenic activity of pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture (DE-71) in rats and mice.

Author: Dunnick JK, Pandiri AR, Merrick BA, Kissling GE, Cunny H, Mutlu E, Waidyanatha S, Sills R, Hong HL, Ton TV, Maynor T, Recio L, Phillips SL, Devito MJ, and Brix A
Abstract: Pentabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants have been phased out in Europe and in the United States, but these lipid soluble chemicals persist in the environment and are found human and animal tissues. PBDEs have limited genotoxic activity. However, in a 2-year cancer study of a PBDE mixture (DE-71) (0, 3, 15, or 50 mg/kg (rats); 0, 3, 30, or 100 mg/kg (mice)) there were treatment-related liver tumors in male and female Wistar Han rats [Crl:WI(Han) after in utero/postnatal/adult exposure, and in male and female B6C3F1 mice, after adult exposure. In addition, there was evidence for a treatment-related carcinogenic effect in the thyroid and pituitary gland tumor in male rats, and in the uterus (stromal polyps/stromal sarcomas) in female rats. The treatment-related liver tumors in female rats were unrelated to the AhR genotype status, and occurred in animals with wild, mutant, or heterozygous Ah receptor. The liver tumors in rats and mice had treatment-related Hras and Ctnnb mutations, respectively. The PBDE carcinogenic activity could be related to oxidative damage, disruption of hormone homeostasis, and molecular and epigenetic changes in target tissue. Further work is needed to compare the PBDE toxic effects in rodents and humans.
Published: 2018
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40. Base-Resolution Analysis of DNA Methylation Patterns Downstream of Dnmt3a in Mouse Naïve B Cells.

Author: Duncan CG, Kondilis-Mangum HD, Grimm SA, Bushel PR, Chrysovergis K, Roberts JD, Tyson FL, Merrick BA, and Wade PA
Subjects: Animals, Bone Marrow Cells metabolism, CpG Islands, DNA Methyltransferase 3A, Disease Susceptibility, Gene Knockout Techniques, Genome, Genomics methods, Mice, Mice, Knockout, Phenotype, Spleen cytology, Whole Genome Sequencing, B-Lymphocytes metabolism, DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases genetics, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation
Abstract: The DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt3a , is dynamically regulated throughout mammalian B cell development and upon activation by antigenic stimulation. Dnmt3a inactivation in hematopoietic stem cells has been shown to drive B cell-related malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and associates with specific DNA methylation patterns in transformed cells. However, while it is clear that inactivation of Dnmt3a in hematopoietic stem cells has profound functional effects, the consequences of Dnmt3a inactivation in cells of the B lineage are unclear. To assess whether loss of Dnmt3a at the earliest stages of B cell development lead to DNA methylation defects that might impair function, we selectively inactivated Dnmt3a early in mouse B cell development and then utilized whole genome bisulfite sequencing to generate base-resolution profiles of Dnmt3a +/+ and Dnmt3a -/- naïve splenic B cells. Overall, we find that global methylation patterns are largely consistent between Dnmt3a +/+ and Dnmt3a -/- naïve B cells, indicating a minimal functional effect of DNMT3A in mature B cells. However, loss of Dnmt3a induced 449 focal DNA methylation changes, dominated by loss-of-methylation events. Regions found to be hypomethylated in Dnmt3a -/- naïve splenic B cells were enriched in gene bodies of transcripts expressed in B cells, a fraction of which are implicated in B cell-related disease. Overall, the results from this study suggest that factors other than Dnmt3a are the major drivers for methylome maintenance in B cell development., (Copyright © 2018 Duncan et al.)
Published: 2018
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41. A hybrid gene selection approach to create the S1500+ targeted gene sets for use in high-throughput transcriptomics.

Author: Mav D, Shah RR, Howard BE, Auerbach SS, Bushel PR, Collins JB, Gerhold DL, Judson RS, Karmaus AL, Maull EA, Mendrick DL, Merrick BA, Sipes NS, Svoboda D, and Paules RS
Subjects: Computational Biology, Databases, Genetic, Genetic Variation, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Humans, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Transcriptome, Gene Expression Profiling methods, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods
Abstract: Changes in gene expression can help reveal the mechanisms of disease processes and the mode of action for toxicities and adverse effects on cellular responses induced by exposures to chemicals, drugs and environment agents. The U.S. Tox21 Federal collaboration, which currently quantifies the biological effects of nearly 10,000 chemicals via quantitative high-throughput screening(qHTS) in in vitro model systems, is now making an effort to incorporate gene expression profiling into the existing battery of assays. Whole transcriptome analyses performed on large numbers of samples using microarrays or RNA-Seq is currently cost-prohibitive. Accordingly, the Tox21 Program is pursuing a high-throughput transcriptomics (HTT) method that focuses on the targeted detection of gene expression for a carefully selected subset of the transcriptome that potentially can reduce the cost by a factor of 10-fold, allowing for the analysis of larger numbers of samples. To identify the optimal transcriptome subset, genes were sought that are (1) representative of the highly diverse biological space, (2) capable of serving as a proxy for expression changes in unmeasured genes, and (3) sufficient to provide coverage of well described biological pathways. A hybrid method for gene selection is presented herein that combines data-driven and knowledge-driven concepts into one cohesive method. Our approach is modular, applicable to any species, and facilitates a robust, quantitative evaluation of performance. In particular, we were able to perform gene selection such that the resulting set of "sentinel genes" adequately represents all known canonical pathways from Molecular Signature Database (MSigDB v4.0) and can be used to infer expression changes for the remainder of the transcriptome. The resulting computational model allowed us to choose a purely data-driven subset of 1500 sentinel genes, referred to as the S1500 set, which was then augmented using a knowledge-driven selection of additional genes to create the final S1500+ gene set. Our results indicate that the sentinel genes selected can be used to accurately predict pathway perturbations and biological relationships for samples under study.
Published: 2018
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42. Identification of Estrogen-Related Receptor α Agonists in the Tox21 Compound Library.

Author: Lynch C, Zhao J, Huang R, Kanaya N, Bernal L, Hsieh JH, Auerbach SS, Witt KL, Merrick BA, Chen S, Teng CT, and Xia M
Subjects: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 genetics, Drug Evaluation, Preclinical, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha genetics, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha metabolism, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Receptors, Estrogen genetics, Signal Transduction drug effects, ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 metabolism, Receptors, Estrogen metabolism
Abstract: The estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor (NR) that plays a role in energy homeostasis and controls mitochondrial oxidative respiration. Increased expression of ERRα in certain ovarian, breast, and colon cancers has a negative prognosis, indicating an important role for ERRα in cancer progression. An interaction between ERRα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) has also recently been shown to regulate an enzyme in the β-oxidation of free fatty acids, thereby suggesting that ERRα plays an important role in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it would be prudent to identify compounds that can act as activators of ERRα. In this study, we screened ∼10,000 (8311 unique) compounds, known as the Tox21 10K collection, to identify agonists of ERRα. We performed this screen using two stably transfected HEK 293 cell lines, one with the ERRα-reporter alone and the other with both ERRα-reporter and PGC-1α expression vectors. After the primary screening, we identified more than five agonist clusters based on compound structural similarity analysis (e.g., statins). By examining the activities of the confirmed ERRα modulators in other Tox21 NR assays, eliminating those with promiscuous NR activity, and performing follow-up assays (e.g., small interfering RNA knockdown), we identified compounds that might act as endocrine disrupters through effects on ERRα signaling. To our knowledge, this study is the first comprehensive analysis in discovering potential endocrine disrupters that affect the ERRα signaling pathway., (Copyright © 2018 Endocrine Society.)
Published: 2018
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43. HAfTs are novel lncRNA transcripts from aflatoxin exposure.

Author: Merrick BA, Chang JS, Phadke DP, Bostrom MA, Shah RR, Wang X, Gordon O, and Wright GM
Subjects: Aflatoxin B1 metabolism, Animals, Humans, Male, Mice, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rats, Rats, Inbred F344, Aflatoxin B1 toxicity, Carrier Proteins genetics, Liver metabolism, RNA, Long Noncoding genetics, RNA, Messenger genetics
Abstract: The transcriptome can reveal insights into precancer biology. We recently conducted RNA-Seq analysis on liver RNA from male rats exposed to the carcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), for 90 days prior to liver tumor onset. Among >1,000 differentially expressed transcripts, several novel, unannotated Cufflinks-assembled transcripts, or HAfTs (Hepatic Aflatoxin Transcripts) were found. We hypothesized PCR-cloning and RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) could further HAfT identification. Sanger data was obtained for 6 transcripts by PCR and 16 transcripts by 5'- and 3'-RACE. BLAST alignments showed, with two exceptions, HAfT transcripts were lncRNAs, >200nt without apparent long open reading frames. Six rat HAfT transcripts were classified as 'novel' without RefSeq annotation. Sequence alignment and genomic synteny showed each rat lncRNA had a homologous locus in the mouse genome and over half had homologous loci in the human genome, including at least two loci (and possibly three others) that were previously unannotated. While HAfT functions are not yet clear, coregulatory roles may be possible from their adjacent orientation to known coding genes with altered expression that include 8 HAfT-gene pairs. For example, a unique rat HAfT, homologous to Pvt1, was adjacent to known genes controlling cell proliferation. Additionally, PCR and RACE Sanger sequencing showed many alternative splice variants and refinements of exon sequences compared to Cufflinks assembled transcripts and gene prediction algorithms. Presence of multiple splice variants and short tandem repeats found in some HAfTs may be consequential for secondary structure, transcriptional regulation, and function. In summary, we report novel, differentially expressed lncRNAs after exposure to the genotoxicant, AFB1, prior to neoplastic lesions. Complete cloning and sequencing of such transcripts could pave the way for a new set of sensitive and early prediction markers for chemical hepatocarcinogens.
Published: 2018
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44. Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Analysis in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity Predicts Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer.

Author: Li R, Grimm SA, Mav D, Gu H, Djukovic D, Shah R, Merrick BA, Raftery D, and Wade PA
Subjects: Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Male, Mice, Obesity, Risk Factors, Transcriptome, Colonic Neoplasms etiology, Colonic Neoplasms genetics, Colonic Neoplasms physiopathology
Abstract: Colorectal cancer (CRC) tends to occur at older age; however, CRC incidence rates have been rising sharply among young age groups. The increasing prevalence of obesity is recognized as a major risk, yet the mechanistic underpinnings remain poorly understood. Using a diet-induced obesity mouse model, we identified obesity-associated molecular changes in the colonic epithelium of young and aged mice, and we further investigated whether the changes were reversed after weight loss. Transcriptome analysis indicated that obesity-related colonic cellular metabolic switch favoring long-chain fatty acid oxidation happened in young mice, while obesity-associated downregulation of negative feedback regulators of pro-proliferative signaling pathways occurred in older mice. Strikingly, colonic DNA methylome was pre-programmed by obesity at young age, priming for a tumor-prone gene signature after aging. Furthermore, obesity-related changes were substantially preserved after short-term weight loss, but they were largely reversed after long-term weight loss. We provided mechanistic insights into increased CRC risk in obesity., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
Published: 2018
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45. Development of Novel Cell Lines for High-Throughput Screening to Detect Estrogen-Related Receptor Alpha Modulators.

Author: Teng CT, Hsieh JH, Zhao J, Huang R, Xia M, Martin N, Gao X, Dixon D, Auerbach SS, Witt KL, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Cell Line, Tumor, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Energy Metabolism, Gene Expression, Genes, Reporter, Genetic Vectors genetics, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Lentivirus genetics, Reproducibility of Results, Signal Transduction, ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor, Drug Discovery methods, Estrogen Receptor Modulators pharmacology, High-Throughput Screening Assays, Receptors, Estrogen metabolism
Abstract: Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), the first orphan nuclear receptor discovered, is crucial for the control of cellular energy metabolism. ERRα and its coactivator, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), are required for rapid energy production in response to environmental challenges. They have been implicated in the etiology of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. ERRα also plays a role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Identification of compounds that modulate ERRα signaling may elucidate environmental factors associated with these diseases. Therefore, we developed stable cell lines containing an intact ERRα signaling pathway, with and without the coactivator PGC-1α, to use as high-throughput screening tools to detect ERRα modulators. The lentiviral PGC-1α expression constructs and ERRα multiple hormone response element (MHRE) reporters were introduced into HEK293T cells that express endogenous ERRα. A cell line expressing the reporter alone was designated "ERR." A second cell line expressing both reporter and PGC-1α was named "PGC/ERR." Initial screenings of the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) identified 33 ERR and 22 PGC/ERR agonists, and 54 ERR and 15 PGC/ERR antagonists. Several potent ERRα agonists were dietary plant compounds (e.g., genistein). In conclusion, these cell lines are suitable for high-throughput screens to identify environmental chemicals affecting metabolic pathways and breast cancer progression.
Published: 2017
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46. Tetrabromobisphenol A activates the hepatic interferon pathway in rats.

Author: Dunnick JK, Morgan DL, Elmore SA, Gerrish K, Pandiri A, Ton TV, Shockley KR, and Merrick BA
Subjects: Animals, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Flame Retardants toxicity, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Interferons genetics, Liver metabolism, Molecular Structure, Polybrominated Biphenyls chemistry, Rats, Uterus drug effects, Interferons metabolism, Liver drug effects, Polybrominated Biphenyls toxicity
Abstract: Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a widely used flame retardant in printed circuit boards, paper, and textiles. In a two-year study, TBBPA showed evidence of uterine tumors in female Wistar-Han rats and liver and colon tumors in B6C3F1 mice. In order to gain further insight into early gene and pathway changes leading to cancer, we exposed female Wistar Han rats to TBBPA at 0, 25, 250, or 1000mg/kg (oral gavage in corn oil, 5×/week) for 13 weeks. Because at the end of the TBBPA exposure period, there were no treatment-related effects on body weights, liver or uterus lesions, and liver and uterine organ weights were within 10% of controls, only the high dose animals were analyzed. Analysis of the hepatic and uterine transcriptomes showed TBBPA-induced changes primarily in the liver (1000mg/kg), with 159 transcripts corresponding to 132 genes differentially expressed compared to controls (FDR=0.05). Pathway analysis showed activation of interferon (IFN) and metabolic networks. TBBPA induced few molecular changes in the uterus. Activation of the interferon pathway in the liver occurred after 13-weeks of TBBPA exposure, and with longer term TBBPA exposure this may lead to immunomodulatory changes that contribute to carcinogenic processes., (Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.)
Published: 2017
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47. Molecular Changes in the Nasal Cavity after N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine Exposure.

Author: Dunnick JK, Merrick BA, Brix A, Morgan DL, Gerrish K, Wang Y, Flake G, Foley J, and Shockley KR
Subjects: Animals, Male, Rats, Rats, Inbred F344, Transcriptome drug effects, Carcinogens toxicity, Epithelial Cells drug effects, Epithelial Cells pathology, Nasal Cavity drug effects, Nasal Cavity pathology, Toluidines toxicity
Abstract: N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT; Cas No. 99-97-8), an accelerant for methyl methacrylate monomers in medical devices, is a nasal cavity carcinogen according to a 2-yr cancer study of male and female F344/N rats, with the nasal tumors arising from the transitional cell epithelium. In this study, we exposed male F344/N rats for 5 days to DMPT (0, 1, 6, 20, 60, or 120 mg/kg [oral gavage]) to explore the early changes in the nasal cavity after short-term exposure. Lesions occurred in the nasal cavity including hyperplasia of transitional cell epithelium (60 and 120 mg/kg). Nasal tissue was rapidly removed and preserved for subsequent laser capture microdissection and isolation of the transitional cell epithelium (0 and 120 mg/kg) for transcriptomic studies. DMPT transitional cell epithelium gene transcript patterns were characteristic of an antioxidative damage response (e.g., Akr7a3, Maff, and Mgst3), cell proliferation, and decrease in signals for apoptosis. The transcripts of amino acid transporters were upregulated (e.g., Slc7a11). The DMPT nasal transcript expression pattern was similar to that found in the rat nasal cavity after formaldehyde exposure, with over 1,000 transcripts in common. Molecular changes in the nasal cavity after DMPT exposure suggest that oxidative damage is a mechanism of the DMPT toxic and/or carcinogenic effects., (© 2016 by The Author(s) 2016.)
Published: 2016
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48. Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening for Aromatase Inhibitors in the Tox21 10K Library.

Author: Chen S, Hsieh JH, Huang R, Sakamuru S, Hsin LY, Xia M, Shockley KR, Auerbach S, Kanaya N, Lu H, Svoboda D, Witt KL, Merrick BA, Teng CT, and Tice RR
Subjects: Animals, Estradiol pharmacology, Humans, MCF-7 Cells drug effects, Structure-Activity Relationship, Testosterone pharmacology, Aromatase Inhibitors toxicity, High-Throughput Screening Assays methods, Small Molecule Libraries toxicity
Abstract: Multiple mechanisms exist for endocrine disruption; one nonreceptor-mediated mechanism is via effects on aromatase, an enzyme critical for maintaining the normal in vivo balance of androgens and estrogens. We adapted the AroER tri-screen 96-well assay to 1536-well format to identify potential aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in the U.S. Tox21 10K compound library. In this assay, screening with compound alone identifies estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) agonists, screening in the presence of testosterone (T) identifies AIs and/or ERα antagonists, and screening in the presence of 17β-estradiol (E2) identifies ERα antagonists. Screening the Tox-21 library in the presence of T resulted in finding 302 potential AIs. These compounds, along with 31 known AI actives and inactives, were rescreened using all 3 assay formats. Of the 333 compounds tested, 113 (34%; 63 actives, 50 marginal actives) were considered to be potential AIs independent of cytotoxicity and ER antagonism activity. Structure-activity analysis suggested the presence of both conventional (eg, 1, 2, 4, - triazole class) and novel AI structures. Due to their novel structures, 14 of the 63 potential AI actives, including both drugs and fungicides, were selected for confirmation in the biochemical tritiated water-release aromatase assay. Ten compounds were active in the assay; the remaining 4 were only active in high-throughput screen assay, but with low efficacy. To further characterize these 10 novel AIs, we investigated their binding characteristics. The AroER tri-screen, in high-throughput format, accurately and efficiently identified chemicals in a large and diverse chemical library that selectively interact with aromatase., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2015
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49. Differential DNA methylation profile of key genes in malignant prostate epithelial cells transformed by inorganic arsenic or cadmium.

Author: Pelch KE, Tokar EJ, Merrick BA, and Waalkes MP
Subjects: Cell Line, Cell Line, Transformed, DNA Methylation physiology, Epithelial Cells pathology, Epithelial Cells physiology, Humans, Male, Prostate pathology, Transcription, Genetic physiology, Arsenic toxicity, Cadmium toxicity, DNA Methylation drug effects, Epithelial Cells drug effects, Prostate drug effects, Prostate physiology, Transcription, Genetic drug effects
Abstract: Previous work shows altered methylation patterns in inorganic arsenic (iAs)- or cadmium (Cd)-transformed epithelial cells. Here, the methylation status near the transcriptional start site was assessed in the normal human prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) that was malignantly transformed by 10μM Cd for 11weeks (CTPE) or 5μM iAs for 29weeks (CAsE-PE), at which time cells showed multiple markers of acquired cancer phenotype. Next generation sequencing of the transcriptome of CAsE-PE cells identified multiple dysregulated genes. Of the most highly dysregulated genes, five genes that can be relevant to the carcinogenic process (S100P, HYAL1, NTM, NES, ALDH1A1) were chosen for an in-depth analysis of the DNA methylation profile. DNA was isolated, bisulfite converted, and combined bisulfite restriction analysis was used to identify differentially methylated CpG sites, which was confirmed with bisulfite sequencing. Four of the five genes showed differential methylation in transformants relative to control cells that was inversely related to altered gene expression. Increased expression of HYAL1 (>25-fold) and S100P (>40-fold) in transformants was correlated with hypomethylation near the transcriptional start site. Decreased expression of NES (>15-fold) and NTM (>1000-fold) in transformants was correlated with hypermethylation near the transcriptional start site. ALDH1A1 expression was differentially expressed in transformed cells but was not differentially methylated relative to control. In conclusion, altered gene expression observed in Cd and iAs transformed cells may result from altered DNA methylation status., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)
Published: 2015
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50. RNA-Seq-based toxicogenomic assessment of fresh frozen and formalin-fixed tissues yields similar mechanistic insights.

Author: Auerbach SS, Phadke DP, Mav D, Holmgren S, Gao Y, Xie B, Shin JH, Shah RR, Merrick BA, and Tice RR
Subjects: Aflatoxin B1 toxicity, Animals, Biomarkers, Pharmacological analysis, Formaldehyde, Freezing, Gene Expression Regulation drug effects, Liver pathology, Male, Rats, Rats, Inbred F344, Gene Expression Profiling methods, Liver drug effects, Sequence Analysis, RNA methods, Toxicogenetics methods
Abstract: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) pathology specimens represent a potentially vast resource for transcriptomic-based biomarker discovery. We present here a comparison of results from a whole transcriptome RNA-Seq analysis of RNA extracted from fresh frozen and FFPE livers. The samples were derived from rats exposed to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ) and a corresponding set of control animals. Principal components analysis indicated that samples were separated in the two groups representing presence or absence of chemical exposure, both in fresh frozen and FFPE sample types. Sixty-five percent of the differentially expressed transcripts (AFB1 vs. controls) in fresh frozen samples were also differentially expressed in FFPE samples (overlap significance: P < 0.0001). Genomic signature and gene set analysis of AFB1 differentially expressed transcript lists indicated highly similar results between fresh frozen and FFPE at the level of chemogenomic signatures (i.e., single chemical/dose/duration elicited transcriptomic signatures), mechanistic and pathology signatures, biological processes, canonical pathways and transcription factor networks. Overall, our results suggest that similar hypotheses about the biological mechanism of toxicity would be formulated from fresh frozen and FFPE samples. These results indicate that phenotypically anchored archival specimens represent a potentially informative resource for signature-based biomarker discovery and mechanistic characterization of toxicity., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
Published: 2015
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