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Large language models (LLMs), especially those based on the Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) architecture, have becomewidely popularand have beenappliedinvarious fields due to their ability to provide written responses to a diverse range of queries swiftly and accurately. LLMs have demonstrated a transformative and potentially revolutionary capacity in multiple medical subfields, including radiology.1 A promising utilisation of these models is to streamline free-text radiology reports into concise or structured formats, 2,3 thereby enhancing accessibility and organisation of extensive information, potentially facilitating communication among medical professionals. Furthermore, incorporating automated radiological structured reporting systems could enhance clinical procedures, standardising language across institutions, promoting effective communication among healthcare experts, and improving the efficiency of data extraction for research purposes. The present authors share their preliminary results with three LLMs evaluating their accuracy in extracting emergency data recognition within a human-generated emergency radiology report.

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the role of coronary computed tomography-angiography (CCTA) in the workflow of competitive sports eligibility in a cohort of athletes with anomalous origin of the left-coronary artery (AOLCA)/anomalous origin of the right-coronary artery (AORCA) in an attempt to outline relevant computed tomography features likely to impact diagnostic assessment and clinic management. Materials and Methods: Patients with suspected AOLCA/AORCA at transthoracic echocardiography or with inconclusive transthoracic echocardiography underwent CCTA to rule out/confirm and characterize the anatomic findings: partially interarterial course or full-INT, high-take-off, acute-take-off-angle (ATO), slit-like origin, intramural course (IM), interarterial-course-length, and lumen-reduction/hypoplasia (HYPO). Results: CCTA identified 28 athletes: 6 AOLCA (3 males; 20.3 +/- 11.0 y) and 22 AORCA (18 males; 29.1 +/- 16.5 y). Symptoms were present only in 13 athletes (46.4%; 10 AORCA). Four patients (3 AORCA) had abnormal rest electrocardiogram, 11 (40.7%; 9 AORCA) had abnormal stress-electrocardiogram. The INT course was observed in 15 athletes (53.6%): 6/6 AOLCA and 9/22 AORCA (40.9%). Slit-like origin was present in 7/22 AORCA (31.8%) and never in AOLCA. Suspected IM resulted in 3 AOLCA (50%), always with HYPO/ATO, and in 6/22 AORCA (27.3%) with HYPO. No statistically significant differences were found between asymptomatic/symptomatic patients in the prevalence of partially INT/INT courses, high-take-off/ATO, and slit-like ostium. A slightly significant relationship between suspected proximal-IM (r=0.47, P<0.05) and proximal-HYPO of anomalous vessel (r=0.65, P<0.01) resulted in AORCA and was confirmed on AOLCA/AORCA pooled analysis (r=0.58, P<0.01 for HYPO). All AOLCA/AORCA athletes were disqualified from competitive sports and warned to avoid vigorous physical efforts. Surgery was recommended to all AOLCA athletes and to 13 AORCA (3 asymptomatic), but on

Due to its pandemic diffusion, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection represents a global threat. Despite a multiorgan involvement has been described, pneumonia is the most common manifestation of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) and it is associated with a high morbidity and a considerable mortality.Especially in the areas with high disease burden, chest imaging plays a crucial role to speed up the diagnostic process and to aid the patient management.The purpose of this comprehensive review is to understand the diagnostic capabilities and limitations of chest X-ray (CXR) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in defining the common imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia and correlating them with the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The evolution of lung abnormalities over time, the uncommon findings, the possible complications, and the main differential diagnosis occurring in the pandemic phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed.

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Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate differences in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) intra-thoracic staging by using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (ce-CT) at the arterial phase (AP), at the arterial plus delayed phases (AP + DEP), and at the delayed phase (DEP), and to evaluate their potential impact on disease staging. Materials and methods: Two chest radiologists with different level of expertise and a general radiologist independently reviewed the chest CT exams of 150 patients with NSCLC; CT scans were performed 40 s (AP) and 60 s (DEP) after contrast material injection. Image assessment included three reading sessions: session A (AP), session B (AP + DEP) and session C (DEP). CT descriptors for the primary tumour (T), regional nodal involvement (N), and intra-thoracic metastases (M) were evaluated in each reading session. Readers had to assign a confidence level (CL) for the assessment of each descriptor and define the TNM stage. Friedman and Cochran Q test was used to compare the assessments of the 3 reading sessions; inter-reader agreement was determined (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient – ICC). Results: The CL was significantly higher in sessions B and C than in session A for all descriptors, with the exception of pulmonary arterial invasion. Primary tumour inner necrosis and regional nodal involvement were detected in a significantly higher number of cases in sessions B and C as compared to session A (p ≤ 0.001). DEP significantly changed N stage determination (p < 0.001), particularly N3, and excluded chest wall invasion (p = 0.05) and venous invasion (p = 0.001). The agreement was good among the 3 readers (ICC = 0.761) and excellent between the 2 chest radiologists (ICC ≥ 0.940), regardless of the contrast phase. Conclusions: The 60-second DEP ce-CT for staging NSCLC significantly increased the readers’ CL, changed the N stage determination, and helped excluding chest wall invasion and venous invasion.

Competitive athletes of all skill levels are at risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to certain heart conditions. Prior to engagement in high-intensity athletics, it is necessary to screen for these conditions in order to prevent sudden cardiac death. Cardiac-CT angiography (CCTA) is a reliable tool to rule out the leading causes of SCD by providing an exceptional overview of vascular and cardiac morphology. This allows CCTA to be a powerful resource in identifying cardiac anomalies in selected patients (i.e. unclear symptoms or findings at ECG or echocardiography) as well as to exclude significant coronary artery disease (CAD). With the advancement of technology over the last few years, the latest generations of computed tomography (CT) scanners provide better image quality at lower radiation exposures. With the amount of radiation exposure per scan now reaching the sub-millisievert range, the number of CT examinations it is supposed to increase greatly, also in the athlete's population. It is thus necessary for radiologists to have a clear understanding of how to make and interpret a CCTA examination so that these studies may be performed in a responsible and radiation conscious manner especially when used in the younger populations. Our work aims to illustrate the main radiological findings of CCTAs and highlight their clinical impact with some case studies. We also briefly describe critical features of state-of-the-art CT scanners that optimize different acquisitions to obtain the best quality at the lowest possible dose.

The authors regret that Table 1 appeared incorrectly in the published version and should appear as follows. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

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Due to its pandemic diffusion, SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) infection represents a global threat. Despite a multiorgan involvement has been described, pneumonia is the most common manifestation of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) and it is associated with a high morbidity and a considerable mortality. Especially in the areas with high disease burden, chest imaging plays a crucial role to speed up the diagnostic process and to aid the patient management. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to understand the diagnostic capabilities and limitations of chest X-ray (CXR) and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in defining the common imaging features of COVID-19 pneumonia and correlating them with the underlying pathogenic mechanisms. The evolution of lung abnormalities over time, the uncommon findings, the possible complications, and the main differential diagnosis occurring in the pandemic phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection are also discussed.

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The term "artificial intelligence" (AI) includes computational algorithms that can perform tasks considered typical of human intelligence, with partial to complete autonomy, to produce new beneficial outputs from specific inputs. The development of AI is largely based on the introduction of artificial neural networks (ANN) that allowed the introduction of the concepts of "computational learning models," machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). AI applications appear promising for radiology scenarios potentially improving lesion detection, segmentation, and interpretation with a recent application also for interventional radiology (IR) practice, including the ability of AI to offer prognostic information to both patients and physicians about interventional oncology procedures. This article integrates evidence-reported literature and experience-based perceptions to assist not only residents and fellows who are training in interventional radiology but also practicing colleagues who are approaching to locoregional mini-invasive treatments.

PURPOSE We aimed to analyze transradial access (TRA) learning curve on patients undergoing hepatic chemoembolization, investigating the relationship between procedural volumes and various benchmarks of procedural success. METHODS We enrolled 60 consecutive patients who received two unilobar hepatic chemoembolizations within a 4-week interval performed by a single interventional radiologist, highly-trained in conventional transfemoral access (TFA) procedures, but without any previous practical experience in TRA procedures and with a preliminary 2-day theoretical training only. Consecutive patients were prospectively enrolled and analyzed in 3 groups: A (cases 1 to 20), B (cases 21 to 40), and C (cases 41 to 60). All patients underwent one hepatic chemoembolization using TRA and the other one using TFA in random order. All TFA procedures performed by the same operator in the same series of patients were considered as the control group. Primary endpoint was to analyze the relationship between TRA procedure operator experience and benchmarks of procedural success, to define the optimal procedural learning curve. RESULTS Technical success was obtained in all patients, with a crossover rate (radial to femoral access) of 0%. An association between incremental TRA operator experience (in terms of performed procedures) and decrease of preparation, puncture, fluoroscopy, and total examination times was observed. Similarly, inverse associations between incremental TRA operator experience and contrast medium (CM) volumes (P < 0.001) and radiation dose (RD) values (in terms of RAK - Reference Air Kerma) (P < 0.001) were also observed. Compared with TFA, CM volumes and RD values were significantly higher only in group A (cases 1-20). Procedure success remained high in all TRA groups and no significant association between TRA incremental experience and postprocedural outcomes was found. Higher postprocedural complaints at the access route and more limitations in performing b

Background: Despite overlaying an irreplaceable role as a key diagnostic tool in modern medicine, the role of radiologist still appears to be unclear to patients. Methods: We conducted a survey in outpatient clinic of Radiological Sciences Department of the University Hospital “A. Gemelli” in Rome, aiming to assess how correctly patients identify the figure of the radiologist. The patients were interviewed by the trained physician using structured questionnaire. Results: We included the number of 259 patients. Majority were female 63.3%, most were 60-69 years old (24.3%), have finished second grade secondary school (35.1%) and were subjected to magnetic resonance (28.6%) while the least were subjected to mammography (8.1%). Only 38.7% answered correctly to question No 1 “Who performed your examination?”, and only 30.9% correctly identified the radiologist as a person interpreting the exam (question No 2 “Who is going to interpret your radiological examination?”). Overall, 16.8% responded correctly to the both questions. Significantly less patients with primary school (OR: 0.18, CI 95% 0.06-0.49) and first grade secondary school (OR: 0.37, CI 95% 0.18-0.75) correctly addressed the question No 1 in compare to those with second grade secondary school. The first grade secondary education (OR: 0.43, CI 95% 0.20-0.92) was inversely associated with correct answer to question No 2. Patients with primary education were significantly less prone to give both correct answers (OR: 0.12, CI 95% 0.02-0.60). Conclusion: We report insufficient knowledge among patients on radiologist’s role in healthcare system. The level of knowledge is associated with level of education.

Much discussion about benign notochordal cell tissue in vertebrae has centered on the nature of its relationship, if any, to chordoma. Often referred to as benign notochordal cell tumors (BNCTs), these lesions have unique morphological features, however, differentiating between notochordal cells in discs, BNCT, and chordoma can be difficult. They are described as radiologically distinct from chordoma, with lysis, contrast enhancement, and a soft tissue mass indicating chordoma.