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1. Reply to: When did mammoths go extinct?

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Prohaska, Ana, Dong, Haoran, Alberti, Adriana, Alsos, Inger Greve, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Cherezova, Anna A., Coissac, Eric, De Sanctis, Bianca, Denoeud, France, Dockter, Christoph, Durbin, Richard, Edwards, Mary E., Edwards, Neil R., Esdale, Julie, Fedorov, Grigory B., Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Froese, Duane G., Gusarova, Galina, Haile, James, Holden, Philip B., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Kjær, Kurt H., Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Lammers, Youri, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Macleod, Ruairidh, Mangerud, Jan, McColl, Hugh, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Money, Daniel, Möller, Per, Nogués-Bravo, David, Orlando, Ludovic, Owens, Hannah Lois, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Racimo, Fernando, Rahbek, Carsten, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Rouillard, Alexandra, Ruter, Anthony H., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Vinner, Lasse, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Meltzer, David J., and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2022
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2. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Coissac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Haile, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Bravo, David Nogues, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjær, Kurt H., Möller, Per, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2021
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4. Author Correction: Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Coissac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Haile, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Bravo, David Nogues, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjær, Kurt H., Möller, Per, and Willerslev, Eske

Published
2022
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5. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics:[+ Correction]

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Coissac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Haile, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogues, David Bravo, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjær, Kurt H., Möller, Per, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Coissac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Haile, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogues, David Bravo, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjær, Kurt H., Möller, Per, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood1–8. Here we report a large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe–tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe–tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.

Published
2021

6. Ancient sedimentary DNA shows rapid post-glacial colonisation of Iceland followed by relatively stable vegetation until the Norse settlement (Landnám) AD 870

Author

Alsos, Inger Greve, Lammers, Youri, Kjellman, Sofia E., Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Bender, Emma M., Rouillard, Alexandra, Erlendsson, Egill, Guðmundsdóttir, Esther Ruth, Benediktsson, Ívar Örn, Farnsworth, Wesley R., Brynjólfsson, Skafti, Gísladóttir, Guðrún, Eddudóttir, Sigrún Dögg, Schomacker, Anders, Alsos, Inger Greve, Lammers, Youri, Kjellman, Sofia E., Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Bender, Emma M., Rouillard, Alexandra, Erlendsson, Egill, Guðmundsdóttir, Esther Ruth, Benediktsson, Ívar Örn, Farnsworth, Wesley R., Brynjólfsson, Skafti, Gísladóttir, Guðrún, Eddudóttir, Sigrún Dögg, and Schomacker, Anders

Abstract

Understanding patterns of colonisation is important for explaining both the distribution of single species and anticipating how ecosystems may respond to global warming. Insular flora may be especially vulnerable because oceans represent severe dispersal barriers. Here we analyse two lake sediment cores from Iceland for ancient sedimentary DNA to infer patterns of colonisation and Holocene vegetation development. Our cores from lakes Torfdalsvatn and Nykurvatn span the last c. 12,000 cal yr BP and c. 8600 cal yr BP, respectively. With near-centennial resolution, we identified a total of 191 plant taxa, with 152 taxa identified in the sedimentary record of Torfdalsvatn and 172 plant taxa in the sedimentary record of Nykurvatn. The terrestrial vegetation at Torfdalsvatn was initially dominated by bryophytes, arctic herbs such as Saxifraga spp. and grasses. Around 10,100 cal yr BP, a massive immigration of new taxa was observed, and shrubs and dwarf shrubs became common whereas aquatic macrophytes became dominant. At Nykurvatn, the dominant taxa were all present in the earliest samples; shrubs and dwarf shrubs were more abundant at this site than at Torfdalsvatn. There was an overall steep increase both in the local accumulated richness and regional species pool until 8000 cal yr BP, by which time ¾ of all taxa identified had arrived. The period 4500-1000 cal yr BP witnessed the appearance of a a small number of bryophytes, graminoids and forbs that were not recorded in earlier samples. The last millennium, after human settlement of the island (Landnám), is characterised by a sudden disappearance of Juniperus communis, but also reappearance of some high arctic forbs and dwarf shrubs. Notable immigration during the Holocene coincides with periods of increased incidence of sea ice, and we hypothesise that this may have acted as a dispersal vector. Thus, although ongoing climate change might provide a suitable habitat in Iceland for a large range of species only found

Published
2021

7. Ancient sedimentary DNA shows rapid post-glacial colonisation of Iceland followed by relatively stable vegetation until the Norse settlement (Landnám) AD 870

Author

Alsos, Inger Greve, primary, Lammers, Youri, additional, Kjellman, Sofia E., additional, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, additional, Bender, Emma M., additional, Rouillard, Alexandra, additional, Erlendsson, Egill, additional, Guðmundsdóttir, Esther Ruth, additional, Benediktsson, Ívar Örn, additional, Farnsworth, Wesley R., additional, Brynjólfsson, Skafti, additional, Gísladóttir, Guðrún, additional, Eddudóttir, Sigrún Dögg, additional, and Schomacker, Anders, additional

Published
2021
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8. The Treasure Vault Can be Opened: Large-Scale Genome Skimming Works Well Using Herbarium and Silica Gel Dried Material

Author

Alsos, Inger Greve, primary, Lavergne, Sebastien, additional, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, additional, Boleda, Marti, additional, Lammers, Youri, additional, Alberti, Adriana, additional, Pouchon, Charles, additional, Denoeud, France, additional, Pitelkova, Iva, additional, Pușcaș, Mihai, additional, Roquet, Cristina, additional, Hurdu, Bogdan-Iuliu, additional, Thuiller, Wilfried, additional, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., additional, Hollingsworth, Peter M., additional, and Coissac, Eric, additional

Published
2020
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9. The Treasure Vault Can be Opened : Large-Scale Genome Skimming Works Well Using Herbarium and Silica Gel Dried Material

Author

Alsos, Inger Greve, Lavergne, Sebastien, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Boleda, Marti, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Pouchon, Charles, Denoeud, France, Pitelkova, Iva, Pușcaș, Mihai, Roquet, Cristina, Hurdu, Bogdan-Iuliu, Thuiller, Wilfried, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., Hollingsworth, Peter M., Coissac, Eric, Alsos, Inger Greve, Lavergne, Sebastien, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Boleda, Marti, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Pouchon, Charles, Denoeud, France, Pitelkova, Iva, Pușcaș, Mihai, Roquet, Cristina, Hurdu, Bogdan-Iuliu, Thuiller, Wilfried, Zimmermann, Niklaus E., Hollingsworth, Peter M., and Coissac, Eric

Abstract

Altres ajuts: The Sixth European Framework Programme (GOCE-CT-2007-036866), Genome skimming has the potential for generating large data sets for DNA barcoding and wider biodiversity genomic studies, particularly via the assembly and annotation of full chloroplast (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences. We compare the success of genome skims of 2051 herbarium specimens from Norway/Polar regions with 4604 freshly collected, silica gel dried specimens mainly from the European Alps and the Carpathians. Overall, we were able to assemble the full chloroplast genome for 67% of the samples and the full nrDNA cluster for 86%. Average insert length, cover and full cpDNA and rDNA assembly were considerably higher for silica gel dried than herbarium-preserved material. However, complete plastid genomes were still assembled for 54% of herbarium samples compared to 70% of silica dried samples. Moreover, there was comparable recovery of coding genes from both tissue sources (121 for silica gel dried and 118 for herbarium material) and only minor differences in assembly success of standard barcodes between silica dried (89% ITS2, 96% matK and rbcL) and herbarium material (87% ITS2, 98% matK and rbcL). The success rate was > 90% for all three markers in 1034 of 1036 genera in 160 families, and only Boraginaceae worked poorly, with 7 genera failing. Our study shows that large-scale genome skims are feasible and work well across most of the land plant families and genera we tested, independently of material type. It is therefore an efficient method for increasing the availability of plant biodiversity genomic data to support a multitude of downstream applications.

Published
2020

11. Lake sedimentary DNA accurately records 20th Century introductions of exotic conifers in Scotland.

Author

Sjögren, Per, Edwards, Mary E., Gielly, Ludovic, Langdon, Catherine T., Croudace, Ian W., Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fonville, Thierry, and Alsos, Inger Greve

Subjects
DNA, DEOXYRIBOSE, CONIFERS, GYMNOSPERMS
Abstract

Sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) has recently emerged as a new proxy for reconstructing past vegetation, but its taphonomy, source area and representation biases need better assessment. We investigated how sedDNA in recent sediments of two small Scottish lakes reflects a major vegetation change, using well-documented 20th Century plantations of exotic conifers as an experimental system., We used next-generation sequencing to barcode sedDNA retrieved from subrecent lake sediments. For comparison, pollen was analysed from the same samples., The sedDNA record contains 73 taxa (mainly genus or species), all but one of which are present in the study area. Pollen and sedDNA shared 35% of taxa, which partly reflects a difference in source area. More aquatic taxa were recorded in sedDNA, whereas taxa assumed to be of regional rather than local origin were recorded only as pollen., The chronology of the sediments and planting records are well aligned, and sedDNA of exotic conifers appears in high quantities with the establishment of plantations around the lakes. SedDNA recorded other changes in local vegetation that accompanied afforestation. There were no signs of DNA leaching in the sediments or DNA originating from pollen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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12. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Colssac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Halle, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Bellman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogués-Bravo, David, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjaer, Kurt H., Möller, Per, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Colssac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Halle, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Bellman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogués-Bravo, David, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjaer, Kurt H., Möller, Per, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood1–8. Here we report a large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe–tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe–tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.

13. Reply to: When did mammoths go extinct?

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Prohaska, Ana, Dong, Haoran, Alberti, Adriana, Alsos, Inger Greve, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Cherezova, Anna A., Coissac, Eric, De Sanctis, Bianca, Denoeud, France, Dockter, Christoph, Durbin, Richard, Edwards, Mary E., Edwards, Neil R., Esdale, Julie, Fedorov, Grigory B., Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Froese, Duane G., Gusarova, Galina, Haile, James, Holden, Philip B., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Kjær, Kurt H., Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Lammers, Youri, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Macleod, Ruairidh, Mangerud, Jan, McColl, Hugh, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Money, Daniel, Möller, Per, Nogués-Bravo, David, Orlando, Ludovic, Owens, Hannah Lois, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Racimo, Fernando, Rahbek, Carsten, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Rouillard, Alexandra, Ruter, Anthony H., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Vinner, Lasse, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Meltzer, David J., Willerslev, Eske, Wang, Yucheng, Prohaska, Ana, Dong, Haoran, Alberti, Adriana, Alsos, Inger Greve, Beilman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Cherezova, Anna A., Coissac, Eric, De Sanctis, Bianca, Denoeud, France, Dockter, Christoph, Durbin, Richard, Edwards, Mary E., Edwards, Neil R., Esdale, Julie, Fedorov, Grigory B., Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Froese, Duane G., Gusarova, Galina, Haile, James, Holden, Philip B., Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Kjær, Kurt H., Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Lammers, Youri, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Macleod, Ruairidh, Mangerud, Jan, McColl, Hugh, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Money, Daniel, Möller, Per, Nogués-Bravo, David, Orlando, Ludovic, Owens, Hannah Lois, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Racimo, Fernando, Rahbek, Carsten, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Rouillard, Alexandra, Ruter, Anthony H., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Vinner, Lasse, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Meltzer, David J., and Willerslev, Eske

14. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics

Author

Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Colssac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Halle, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Bellman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogués-Bravo, David, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjaer, Kurt H., Möller, Per, Willerslev, Eske, Wang, Yucheng, Pedersen, Mikkel Winther, Alsos, Inger Greve, De Sanctis, Bianca, Racimo, Fernando, Prohaska, Ana, Colssac, Eric, Owens, Hannah Lois, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio, Rouillard, Alexandra, Lammers, Youri, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, Money, Daniel, Ruter, Anthony H., McColl, Hugh, Larsen, Nicolaj Krog, Cherezova, Anna A., Edwards, Mary E., Fedorov, Grigory B., Halle, James, Orlando, Ludovic, Vinner, Lasse, Korneliussen, Thorfinn Sand, Bellman, David W., Bjørk, Anders A., Cao, Jialu, Dockter, Christoph, Esdale, Julie, Gusarova, Galina, Kjeldsen, Kristian K., Mangerud, Jan, Rasic, Jeffrey T., Skadhauge, Birgitte, Svendsen, John Inge, Tikhonov, Alexei, Wincker, Patrick, Xing, Yingchun, Zhang, Yubin, Froese, Duane G., Rahbek, Carsten, Nogués-Bravo, David, Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Durbin, Richard, Meltzer, David J., Kjaer, Kurt H., Möller, Per, and Willerslev, Eske

Abstract

During the last glacial–interglacial cycle, Arctic biotas experienced substantial climatic changes, yet the nature, extent and rate of their responses are not fully understood1–8. Here we report a large-scale environmental DNA metagenomic study of ancient plant and mammal communities, analysing 535 permafrost and lake sediment samples from across the Arctic spanning the past 50,000 years. Furthermore, we present 1,541 contemporary plant genome assemblies that were generated as reference sequences. Our study provides several insights into the long-term dynamics of the Arctic biota at the circumpolar and regional scales. Our key findings include: (1) a relatively homogeneous steppe–tundra flora dominated the Arctic during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by regional divergence of vegetation during the Holocene epoch; (2) certain grazing animals consistently co-occurred in space and time; (3) humans appear to have been a minor factor in driving animal distributions; (4) higher effective precipitation, as well as an increase in the proportion of wetland plants, show negative effects on animal diversity; (5) the persistence of the steppe–tundra vegetation in northern Siberia enabled the late survival of several now-extinct megafauna species, including the woolly mammoth until 3.9 ± 0.2 thousand years ago (ka) and the woolly rhinoceros until 9.8 ± 0.2 ka; and (6) phylogenetic analysis of mammoth environmental DNA reveals a previously unsampled mitochondrial lineage. Our findings highlight the power of ancient environmental metagenomics analyses to advance understanding of population histories and long-term ecological dynamics.

15. Postglacial species arrival and diversity buildup of northern ecosystems took millennia.

Author

Alsos, Inger Greve, Rijal, Dilli Prasad, Ehrich, Dorothee, Karger, Dirk Nikolaus, Yoccoz, Nigel Gilles, Heintzman, Peter D., Brown, Antony G., Lammers, Youri, Pellissier, Loïc, Alm, Torbjørn, Bråthen, Kari Anne, Coissac, Eric, Merkel, Marie Kristine Føreid, Alberti, Adriana, Denoeud, France, and Bakke, Jostein

Subjects
*PLANT dispersal, *SPECIES diversity, *PLANT diversity, *POLLINATION, *ECOSYSTEMS, *BIOTIC communities, *PLANT ecology, *LIFE sciences
Abstract

The article reports the postglacial arrival time varies within and between plant growth forms. It discusses the trait and functional diversity in building up the northern ecosystems and stabilizing them. It explains how ecosystem reconstruction indicates a millennial-scale time phase of formation to reach stable and resilient levels of diversity.

Published
2022
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