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Low-dose chemotherapy in advanced stages of cancer does not give a positive response in treatment. The use of high-dose antineoplastic drugs creates significant side effects. The limiting situation in treatment creates a need for new generation drugs with less side effects and new treatment methods that will enable low-dose drug use. Electroporation (EP), a phenomenon, is a technique in which the membrane permeability is increased by the establishment of hydrophilic pores in the cell membrane with short and high-voltage electrical pulses. In the present investigation study, we aimed to inspect the effects of EP plus bleomycin, cisplatin, and calcium administration (CaEP) on cell viability, apoptotic activity, gene expression p53, Bax/Bcl-2 rate mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and cell cycle in HeLa cervical cancer cell line. The permeabilization of the membrane was evaluated in flow cytometry with the PI method, and cell viability was measured in an ELISA reader with the WST-8 method. For bleomycin and cisplatin doses applied to HeLa cells, the concentration values (IC50) that inhibited 50% of the cells were found to be 214.11 ± 4.7 µM and 35.16 ± 3.3 µM, respectively. The IC50 values of the groups administered together with EP were calculated as 0.44 ± 0.3 µM for bleomycin and 20.55 ± 4.3 µM for cisplatin. There was no change in cell viability in calcium alone application, but a statistically notable reduction in cell vitality was observed in CaEP application. An increase in ΔΨm was found in bleomycin and CaEP exposure with EP. It was determined that EP exposure caused G0/G1 arrest in the cell cycle at all electric field intensities. It was determined that EP application in HeLa cells increased bleomycin cytotoxicity 487 times and cisplatin cytotoxicity 1.71 times, and CaEP could be an alternative treatment method. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.

Consumption of fructose-rich food and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals continue to increase. High fructose consumption is associated with increased incidence of dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperuricemia and insulin resistance. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental contaminant that exhibits estrogen-like activity; it impairs reproductive organs, sperm production, spermatogenesis and fertility. We investigated the possible ameliorative effects of melatonin on rat epididymis and sperm characteristics following exposure to fructose and BPA. We used 42 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into seven groups. Group 1, control group, was treated with 25 mg/kg sesame oil + 25 mg/kg 0.1% ethanol. Group 2 was treated with 10% aqueous fructose. Group 3 was treated with 25 mg/kg BPA. Group 4 was treated with 10% fructose and 25 mg/kg BPA. Group 5 was treated with 10% fructose and 20 mg/kg melatonin. Group 6 was treated with 25 mg/kg BPA and 20 mg/kg melatonin. Group 7 was treated with 10% fructose, 25 mg/kg BPA and 20 mg/kg melatonin. After 60 days, epididymal tissue was removed and analyzed using histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Sperm were counted, and sperm motility and viability were investigated. Administration of BPA caused significant damage to both epididymal tissue and sperm quality; melatonin reduced the damage, but did not prevent it completely.

This study examines the effects of a 2.1-GHz WCDMA-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic activity and mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi(m)) in MCF-7 cells. The cells were exposed to the MW at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.528 W/kg for 4 or 24 h. The antiproliferative effect of MW exposure was determined by the MTT test. Cytochrome-c and p53 levels were determined by an ELISA method. The relative Delta Psi(m) was analysed by JC-1 staining using flow cytometer. Apoptotic rate of the cells was measured by Annexin-V-FITC staining. All assays were performed after certain time of incubations (15 min-4 h) following MW exposure. MW-exposed cells showed a significant decrease in viability when compared to unexposed cells. A significantly larger decrease was observed after longer exposure. The percentage of apoptotic cells, amount of cytochrome-c, and relative Delta Psi(m) were significantly higher in MW-exposed cells. The percent of apoptotic cells and relative Delta Psi(m). in 24 h MW-exposed group was significantly higher than those in 4 h MW-exposed group. However, no significant change was observed in p53 levels. These results demonstrated that exposure to 2.1-GHz WCDMA-modulated MW radiation caused hyperpolarization of mitochondria that in turn induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells.

Estrogen receptor positive breast cancer is the most common type of breast cancer and in most cases, hormone therapy is considered complementary to surgery. Tamoxifen is one of the most common drugs used in hormone therapy for treating estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells. However, it has severe side-effects depending on the duration of treating breast cancer and amount of tamoxifen used. In this study, we examined the effects of electroporation on the tamoxifen uptake in estrogen receptor positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The survival rate of MCF-7 cells had a negative relationship with energy dissipation in cells. Similarly, the electrical charge delivered to cells during electroporation was inversely proportional to survival rate. The combined application of electroporation and tamoxifen is much more effective than the usage of tamoxifen alone in the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. The application of electroporation increased the uptake of tamoxifen into MCF-7 cells and reduced the minimal tamoxifen dosage which, is needed for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer.

BPA, one of the environmental endocrine disruptors, and fructose, reason of liver steatosis which is frequently encountered in the daily diet, contribute to the formation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study examines the possible effects of concurrent fructose and BPA administration on MetS and determines the effects of melatonin on this process. In the seven identified groups, a total of forty-two adult male Sprague Dawley rats were treated by following fructose, BPA, and melatonin amounts, separately and together: group 1 (control), group 2 (10% aqueous fructose), group 3 (25 mg/kg BPA), group 4 (10% fructose + 25 mg/kg BPA), group 5 (10% fructose + 20 mg/kg melatonin), group 6 (25 mg/kg BPA + 20 mg/kg melatonin), and group 7 (10% fructose + 25 mg/kg BPA + 20 mg/kg melatonin). At the end of 60 days, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical procedures were performed on liver tissue. As a result, it was seen that BPA and fructose + BPA induced morphological alteration and inflammation and increased intracellular lipid quantity and amount of collagen and reticular fibers. The percentage of apoptotic liver cells stained by annexin V-FITC/PI was lower in group 7 compared to the group 4 (p < 0,001) and also in group 6 compared to the group 3 (p = 0.014). Both BPA and fructose application caused an increase in lipid peroxidation level due to the increase of oxidative stress. Application of melatonin induced antioxidant enzyme activity and reduced lipid peroxidation level. Our results indicate that fructose and BPA administration triggered the formation of MetS, whereas melatonin healed these variations, although not entirely.

Purpose : An ex vivo method for detection of free radicals and their neutralization by aqueous tea in human normal lymphocytes and MEC-1 leukemia cells under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was investigated. Materials and methods : This method is based on the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy spin-trapping technique. 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl 5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO) was used as the spin trap. Normal human lymphocytes and leukemia cells were exposed to UVB radiation (290 – 315 nm) at 47.7 and 159 mJ/cm 2 and to UVA radiation (315 – 400 nm) at 53.7 J/cm 2 . Results : No signifi cant radical production at 47.7 mJ/cm 2 UVB dose in both cell lines was observed. In normal cells, free radical production was observed at 159 mJ/cm 2 UVB and 53.7 J/cm 2 UVA doses. However, both UV sources did not signifi cantly produce free radicals in leukemia cells. A radical scavenging property of tea extracts (black, green, sage, rosehip) was observed in normal lymphocytes after both UVB and UVA exposure. In leukemia cells, the intensities of EPR signals produced in BMPO with tea extracts were found to be increased substantially after UVA exposure. Conclusion : These results showed that UV radiation induced free radical formation in normal human lymphocytes and indicated that tea extracts may be useful as photoprotective agents for them. On the other hand, tea extracts facilitated free radical production in leukemia cells.

We investigated the effects of 1.8 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)-modulated microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic level and cell viability of Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) cells with or without Gemcitabine, which exhibits cell phase specificity, primarily killing cells undergoing DNA synthesis (S-phase). Raji cells were exposed to 1.8 GHz GSM-modulated MW radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.350 W/kg in a CO2 incubator. The duration of the exposure was 24 h. The amount of apoptotic cells was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining with flow cytometer. The apoptotic activity of MW exposed Raji cells was increased significantly. In addition, cell viability of exposed samples was significantly decreased. Combined exposure of MW and Gemcitabine increased the amount of apoptotic cells than MW radiation alone. Moreover, viability of MW + Gemcitabine exposed cells was lower than that of cells exposed only to MW. These results demonstrated that MW radiation exposure and Gemcitabine treatment have a synergistic effect on apoptotic activity of Raji cells.

In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of 2.1 GHz Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) modulated Microwave (MW) Radiation on cell survival and apoptotic activity of human breast fibroblast cells. The cell cultures were exposed to W-CDMA modulated MW at 2.1 GHz at a SAR level of 0.607 W/kg for 4 and 24 h. The cell viability was assessed by MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] method. The percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC and PI staining. 5,5′,6,6′-Tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′- tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) was used to measure Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨ m). sFasL and Fas/APO-1 protein levels were determined by ELISA method. 2.1 GHz MW radiation was shown to be able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human breast fibroblast cells. The cell viability of MW-exposed cells was decreased significantly. The percentages of Annexin V-FITC positive cells were higher in MW groups. ΔΨ m was decreased significantly due to MW radiation exposure. However, neither sFas nor FasL level was significantly changed in MW-exposed fibroblast cells. The results of this study showed that 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation-induced apoptotic cell death via the mitochondrial pathway.

Electrochemotherapy is the usage of electroporation to introduce chemotherapeutic drugs through membrane pores into target cells for cancer treatment. The effectiveness of chemotherapeutic drugs would be increased dramatically when they are used in electrochemotherapy than standard chemotherapy. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cisplatin treatment with electroporation on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with different concentrations (0.15-24 A mu g/mL) of cisplatin and then exposed to 1500 volts per centimeter (V/cm), 100 microseconds (A mu s) pulse duration, and 1 Hertz (Hz) electric pulses. Cisplatin alone showed a dose-dependent effect on cell viability. On the other hand, cisplatin + electroporation treatment was more effective than cisplatin treatment alone. Lower doses of cisplatin treatment with electroporation was as effective as higher doses of cisplatin treatment without electroporation. These results indicated that cisplatin cytotoxicity was potentiated after exposure of cells to high intensity electric pulses and low doses of cisplatin can be used with electroporation in the treatment of neuroblastoma.

Tuysuz, Mehmet/0000-0002-2650-5475; Tomruk, Arin/0000-0002-7600-0811 WOS: 000381842500011 PubMed: 26836107 The objective of the this study was to evaluate the effects of cellular phone radiation on oxidative stress parameters and oxide levels in mouse brain during pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced epileptic seizure. Eight weeks old mice were used in the study. Animals were distributed in the following groups: Group I: Control group treated with PTZ, Group II: 15 min cellular phone radiation + PTZ treatment + 30 min cellular phone radiation, Group III: 30 min cellular phone radiation + PTZ treatment + 30 min cellular phone radiation. The RF radiation was produced by a 900 MHz cellular phone. Lipid peroxidation, which is the indicator of oxidative stress was quantified by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The glutathione (GSH) levels were determined by the Ellman method. Tissue total nitric oxide (NOx) levels were obtained using the Griess assay. Lipid peroxidation and NOx levels of brain tissue increased significantly in group II and III compared to group I. On the contrary, GSH levels were significantly lower in group II and III than group I. However, no statistically significant alterations in any of the endpoints were noted between group II and Group III. Overall, the experimental findings demonstrated that cellular phone radiation may increase the oxidative damage and NOx level during epileptic activity in mouse brain. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Gazi University Research FoundationGazi University [01/2003-62] EM Field measurements were performed with the devices purchased by a grant from the Gazi University Research Foundation Project No: 01/2003-62.

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a cancer that occurs in sympathetic nervous system arising from neuroblasts and nerve tissue of the adrenal gland, neck, chest, or spinal cord. It is an embryonal malignancy and affects infants and children. In this study, we investigated the effects of microwave (MW) radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression in human SH-SY5Y NB cells which can give information about MW radiation effects on neural cells covering the period from the embryonic stages to infants. SH-SY5Y NB cells were exposed to 2.1 GHz W-CDMA modulated MW radiation for 24 h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491 W/kg. Control samples were in the same conditions with MW-exposed samples but they were not exposed to MW radiation. The apoptotic activity of cells was measured by Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. Moreover, mRNA levels of proliferative and cell cycle proteins were determined by real-time RT-PCR. The change in cell cycle progression was observed by using CycleTest-Plus DNA reagent. No significant change was observed in apoptotic activity of MW-exposed cells compared to control cells. The mRNA levels of c-myc and cyclin D1 were significantly reduced in MW group (p

The mutagenic and morphologic effects of 1.8 GHz Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modulated RF (radiofrequency) radiation alone and in combination with Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) pre-treatment in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (hPBLs) were investigated in this study using Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE) and electron microscopy. Cell viability was assessed with 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay. The lymphocyte cultures were exposed to GSM modulated RF radiation at 1.8 GHz for 6,8, 24 and 48 h with and without EGb 761. We observed morphological changes in pulse-modulated RF radiated lymphocytes. Longer exposure periods led to destruction of organelle and nucleus structures. Chromatin change and the loss of mitochondrial crista occurred in cells exposed to RF for 8 h and 24 h and were more pronounced in cells exposed for 48 h. Cytoplasmic lysis and destruction of membrane integrity of cells and nuclei were also seen in 48 h RF exposed cells. There was a significant increase (p

Amac : Radyofrekans radyasyonun (RF) beyin dokusu uzerinde cesitli biyokimyasal degisikliklere neden oldugu yapilan calismalarda gosterilmistir. Calismamizda 1800 MHz frekansli Puls Modulasyonlu RF Radyasyonun disi sicanlarin beyin dokularinda oksidatif strese neden olup olmadigini incelemeyi amacladik. Yontemler : Calismamizda disi Wistar-Albino sicanlar Sham-Kontrol grubu (n=10) ve RF grubu (n=10) olmak uzere iki gruba ayrildilar. RF grubundaki sicanlar 1 ay boyunca gunde 20 dakika 1800 MHz frekansli Puls Modulasyonlu RF Radyasyona maruz birakildilar. Sham-Kontrol grubuna ise herhangi bir uygulama yapilmadi. Calisma sonunda sicanlar ketamin (50 mg/kg) ve xylazine (50 mg/kg) anestezisi altinda kalplerinden kan alinarak feda edildi. Oksidan stres lipid peroksidasyonun onemli gostergelerinden biri olan Malondialdehit (MDA), antioksidan duzey ise dogal antioksidan olan Glutatyon (GSH) miktarinin olculmesiyle belirlendi. Total nitrik oksit (NOx) duzeyleri ise Griess yontemi ile calisildi. Sonuclar Mann-Whitney U testi ile degerlendirildi. p

This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field with/without iron(III) chloride (FeCl3) on bacterial growth and morphology. The ELF exposures were carried out using a pair of Helmholtz coil-based ELF exposure system which was designed to generate 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field. The field was approximately uniform throughout the axis of the coil pair. The samples which were treated or non-treated with different concentrations FeCl3 were exposed to 50 Hz, 2 millitesla (mT) magnetic field for 24 h. ELF effect on viability was assessed in terms of viable colony counts (in colony-forming unit per milliliter) with the standard plate count technique. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the magnetic field effect on surface morphology of Escherichia coli. No significant results were seen in terms of cell viability between ELF and sham-exposed bacterial strains. Similarly, FeCl3 treatment did not change cell viability of E. coli samples. However, we observed some morphological changes on E. coli cell surfaces. Pore formations and membrane destruction were seen on the surface of 24 h ELF field-exposed cells. We concluded that ELF magnetic field exposure at 2 mT does not affect cell viability; however, it may affect bacterial surface morphology.

Oxidative stress may affect many cellular and physiological processes including gene expression, cell growth, and cell death. In the recent study, we aimed to investigate whether 900 MHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency (RF) fields induce oxidative damage on lung, heart and liver tissues. We assessed oxidative damage by investigating lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA), nitric oxide (NOx) and glutathione (GSH) levels which are the indicators of tissue toxicity. A total of 30 male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Rats were divided randomly into three groups; control group (n = 10), sham group (device off, n = 10) and 900 MHz pulsed-modulated RF radiation group (n = 10). The RF rats were exposed to 900 MHz pulsed modulated RF radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) level of 1.20 W/kg 20 min/day for three weeks. MDA and NOx levels were increased significantly in liver, lung, testis and heart tissues of the exposed group compared to sham and control groups (p < 0.05). Conversely GSH levels were significantly lower in exposed rat tissues (p < 0.05). No significantly difference was observed between sham and control groups. Results of our study showed that pulse-modulated RF radiation causes oxidative injury in liver, lung, testis and heart tissues mediated by lipid peroxidation, increased level of NOx and suppression of antioxidant defense mechanism.

In the present study we investigated the possible histopathological effects of pulse modulated Radiofrequency (RF) fields on the thyroid gland using light microscopy, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods.Two months old male Wistar rats were exposed to a 900 MHz pulse-modulated RF radiation at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1.35 Watt/kg for 20 min/day for three weeks. The RF signals were pulse modulated by rectangular pulses with a repetition frequency of 217 Hz and a duty cycle of 1:8 (pulse width 0.576 ms). To assess thyroid endocrine disruption and estimate the degree of the pathology of the gland, we analysed structural alterations in follicular and colloidal diameters and areas, colloid content of the follicles, and height of the follicular epithelium. Apoptosis was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy and assessing the activites of an initiator (caspase-9) and an effector (caspase-3) caspases that are important markers of cells undergoing apoptosis.Morphological analyses revealed hypothyrophy of the gland in the 900 MHz RF exposure group. The results indicated that thyroid hormone secretion was inhibited by the RF radiation. In addition, we also observed formation of apoptotic bodies and increased caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities in thyroid cells of the rats that were exposed to modulated RF fields.The overall findings indicated that whole body exposure to pulse-modulated RF radiation that is similar to that emitted by global system for mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones can cause pathological changes in the thyroid gland by altering the gland structure and enhancing caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis.