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R. Carrillo, J. Guerrero, M. Rodríguez, and C. Meriño-Gergichevich. 2015. Colonization of blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plantlets by ericoid mycorrhizae under nursery conditions. Cien. Inv. Agr. 42(3): 365-374. The ericoid mycorrhiza is a symbiotic interaction that contributes to the improvement of the establishment and production of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). The objectives of this paper were to assess the frequency (%) and intensity (%) of the colonization and growth of blueberry plantlets inoculated with ericoid mycorrhizae collected from three different edaphoclimatic conditions in the La Araucanía region of southern Chile under nursery conditions. Plantlets of three blueberry cultivars ("Brigitta", "Duke" and "Legacy") were grown under nursery conditions in sterile peat moss and a vermiculite substrate with fresh ericoid mycorrhizae propagules from Gaultheria pumila (collected in Villarrica National Park), Azalea sp., (from an urban garden in Temuco) or V. corymbosum cv. "Brigitta" (from an organic farm in Temuco). After six months, the development of hyphae characteristic of ericoid micorrhizal fungi was identified in root cells. The frequency and intensity of colonization was greater in the "Duke" cv. given the inoculum derived from V. corymbosum, followed by the "Brigitta" and "Legacy" cultivars treated with inoculum from the G. pumila inoculum. Colonization was lowest in those plants treated with the Azalea sp. inoculum. Contact between the inoculum sources and the fine roots of the micro-propagated blueberry plantlets under nursery conditions for six months was an effective method to promote mycorrhization. However, the development of mycorrhizae did not enhance the growth of the three blueberry cultivars during the evaluation period. The possibility of selecting ericoid inocula from site-specific conditions in southern Chile may eventually be used to support the micro-propagation of blueberry plantlets during acclimation and planting, assuming that mycorrhizal plants will improve conditions for establishment in the field. R. Carrillo, J. Guerrero, M. Rodríguez y C. Meriño-Gergichevich. 2015. Colonización de plántulas de arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum) en condiciones de vivero por micorrizas ericoides. Cien. Inv. Agr. 42(3): 365-374. La micorrización ericoide es una interacción simbiótica que contribuye a mejorar el establecimiento y producción de arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Los objetivos fueron evaluar frecuencia (%) e intensidad (%) de colonización, y crecimiento de plántulas de arándano inoculadas en vivero con micorrizas ericoides colectadas desde tres condiciones edafoclimáticas en la Región de La Araucanía, Chile. En condiciones de invernadero, plántulas de tres cultivares de arándano fueron establecidas en sustrato de turba estéril y vermiculita mezclada con propágulos frescos de micorrizas ericoides provenientes de Gaultheria pumila (Parque Nacional Villarrica) Azalea sp., (Jardín Ornamental en Temuco) y de V. corymbosum cv "Brigitta" (plantación orgánica en Temuco). Trascurrido seis meses, se constató en células de raíces finas el desarrollo de hifas en forma de ovillo característico de hongos micorrícicos ericoides, cuya frecuencia e intensidad de colonización fue mayor en el cv. Duke con inóculo de V. corymbosum, seguido de "Brigitta" y "Legacy" con inóculo de G. pumila, en tanto que la colonización fue menor con inóculo de Azalea sp., el contacto de las fuentes de inóculo con raicillas de plántulas de arándano micropropagadas en vivero durante seis meses, fue una opción de micorrización eficaz; no obstante y como era esperable no se detectó efecto en el crecimiento de las plántulas de los tres cultivares de arándano durante el periodo de evaluación. La posibilidad de utilizar inóculos ericoides obtenidos de plantas ericáceas del sur de Chile, sería una opción eficaz de micorrización para mejor aclimatación y establecimiento de arándano en diferentes condiciones de campo.

En Chile, entre las regiones del Maule y Los Lagos, la producción y exportación de avellana europea (Corylus avellana L.) aumenta sostenidamente; constituyendo la calidad y condición, factores incidentes en el precio y exportación. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la calidad y condición de avellana europea cv. Barcelona proveniente de 14 plantaciones comerciales ubicadas en el centro-sur de Chile. El peso de fruto y de semilla varió significativamente entre las plantaciones evaluadas, y en menor grado lo fue altura e índice de redondez del fruto, la relación cáscara/semilla y el calibre de la semilla. Los defectos de condición predominantes en todas las localidades fueron frutos vanos y semillas dobles y arrugadas, la prevalencia de fitopatógenos de poscosecha fue baja (1%; rango 0 - 4%). El desprendimiento del perisperma varió significativamente y en todos los casos fue de calidad aceptable para Barcelona (rango 3 - 5). El contenido de aceite (60,7%), proteína (16,5%), fibra (3,1%), cenizas (2,18%), índice promedio de acidez (0,15) y peróxidos (1,3) no varió significativamente entre las localidades. Considerando las características físicas evaluadas se conformaron dos grupos clúster de disimilitud, que no evidencia una tendencia clara en función de la localidad. In Chile, from Del Maule to Los Lagos regions, the hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production and exportation increases steadily, being the quality and condition of fruit a factor to enhance the prices and exportation. In this way, the information is scarce. The aim of this research was to evaluate the fruit quality and condition of hazelnut cv. Barcelona from 14 commercial plantations located in South-Central Chile. Concerning, the fruit and seed weight varied significantly among evaluated plantations and in a lesser level for height, fruit roundness index, shell/seed ratio and seed caliber. Prevailing condition defects were vain fruits and double and wrinkled seeds, incidence of pathogens was low but variable (1%, ranging 0 - 4%). The detachment of perisperm was indicative of acceptable quality (range 3-5) among the plantations. The contents of fatty (60.7%), protein (16.5%), fiber (3.1%), ash (2.18%), acidity (0.15) and peroxides indexes (1.3) did not vary among plantations. Considering the evaluated features two clusters of dissimilarity groups among the localities were conformed, indicative of prevalence relationship to local site-specific and crop management conditions. Fil: Guerrero, Jaime. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología. Fil: Meriño-Gergichevich, Cristian. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus. Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology Fil: Ogass C., Kristopher. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología. Fil: Alvarado N., Camila. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología. Fil: Sobarzo M., Verónica. Temuco (Chile). Universidad de La Frontera. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales. Laboratorio de Fitopatología.

FONDECYT FONDECYT

Refereed/Peer-reviewed It is well known that phosphorus (P) addition helps mitigate the adverse effects of water deficit stress on plants. However, the efficiency of spring wheat genotypes in the use of both components has not been addressed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the combined effect of P and water limiting conditions over phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) to categorize different spring wheat genotypes. Eight spring wheat genotypes were selected based on their yield tolerance index score (YTI) obtained from a previous screening of 384 wheat genotypes. They were evaluated for their ability to use P and water. Plants were grown under semi-controlled conditions on an Andisol with soil P-concentration of 3.4 mg P kg−1 (-P), which was enriched to 30 mg P kg−1 (+P). Irrigation was applied at two levels: well-watered (+W) and 30% +W (water-stressed, -W). Wheat was grown until the end of its phenological cycle. The P and water scarcity produced a delay in wheat development, especially in the first vegetative stages. Genotypic differences in growth, development, P accumulation, and yield were observed in response to P and water limiting conditions. The lowest performance in plant growth and grain yield was regarded when the P and water restrictions were applied. However, differences were observed in terms of PUE and WUE. In this sense, spring wheat genotypes were grouped into three and four classes for PUE and WUE, respectively. The most efficient genotype for all the conditions was “QUP2418”, which obtained the highest score in the consolidated PUE and WUE ranking. On the contrary, “FONTAGRO 92″ and “F6CL091337″ were the most inefficient genotypes. Strong correlations were observed between PUE components and WUE, enabling the future selection of co-adapted wheat genotypes efficient in the use of P and water.