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The Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa hosts the most important osteological collection of extant cetaceans in Italy as well as one of the most relevant all over Europe. Furthermore, it also preserves a significant palaeontological collection that includes several holotypes and otherwise unique specimens of Archaeoceti (archaic cetaceans), Mysticeti (baleen whales) and Odontoceti (toothed whales). Here, we provide a historical overview of these collections and the corresponding displays, with special attention paid to the origin, development and design of the ‘Archaeocete Hall’ and ‘Cetacean Gallery’. These comprise what may be the largest exhibition worldwide among those dedicated exclusively to cetaceans—one that includes 28 complete skeletons and one skull belonging to 27 extant species as well as fossils of nine extinct species. Our review also reveals that the museum exhibitions feature the oldest known specimen of Mesoplodon bowdoini and the type specimen of Ziphius savi, the latter being a validly described species that is currently regarded as a junior synonym of Ziphius cavirostris. Also significant is the display of several holotype specimens of fossil species such as the protocetid archaeocete Aegyptocetus tarfa, the balaenid baleen whales Balaena montalionis and Balaenula astensis, and the monodontid Casatia thermophila. The Archaeocete Hall and Cetacean Gallery are highly appreciated by visitors as well as perused by the museum’s educational team. The online archiving of 3D models of many of the MSNUP specimens on the open-access digital repository Sketchfab and their subsequent dissemination through the Wikimedia platforms has led to the creation of a major osteological resource—one that is broadly accessible to internet users worldwide.

In this study, we explored the fish acoustic community at two coralligenous sites in Sardinia (Tavolara and Santa Teresa, western Mediterranean Sea) during the summer 2023. Our goal was to understand spatial and temporal patterns of fish acoustic activity on different temporal scales to offer insights for optimizing acoustic monitoring of this crucial ecosystem. We identified seventeen distinct sound types, revealing a diverse acoustic community. Tavolara had higher acoustic richness and abundance compared to Santa Teresa, which may be attributed to site-specific factors such as habitat structure, species composition, or levels of protection. Temporal analysis revealed clear diel patterns, with certain sounds associated with nocturnal or diurnal periods, reflecting the daily rhythms of different species. The study also examined how recording duration influenced acoustic richness, finding that longer recordings (15 minutes per hour and 15 minutes per hour at night) provided a more comprehensive detection of acoustic activity. Additionally, the number of recording days required to detect species richness varied depending on the site. While extended recordings improve the likelihood of detecting rare or sporadic sounds, they also present challenges in data management and equipment maintenance. The study underscores the importance of carefully planning sampling strategies to optimize acoustic monitoring and ensure effective and sustainable ecological research in coralligenous ecosystems.

Abstract Marine protected areas (MPAs) make an essential contribution to the spatial management of critical areas, the conservation of coastal species exploited by human activities, and the sustainable use of marine resources. Within MPAs, fishing closure areas are among the most used small‐scale fishery management tools, even though their effectiveness largely remains untested or controversial. To reduce the impact of small‐scale fisheries on marine resources, a seasonal fishing closure area (SFCA) was established beginning in 2022 in autumn–winter season inside the Capo Caccia–Isola Piana MPA (Sardinia, northwestern Mediterranean Sea). Here, we assessed a posteriori whether the areas of higher habitat suitability for eight species/taxa of relevant ecological value and economic interest to small‐scale fisheries were included in the established SFCA, adequately meeting the ecological objectives of the MPA. Thus, landing data (from 2019 to 2023) were used as occurrence records to develop MaxEnt distribution models for the eight target species/taxa. The model outputs allow us to draw important insights about the spatial adequacy of the SFCA established within the MPA aimed to protect the most exploited marine resources. Furthermore, the modeling exercises were useful for understanding the local processes influencing species' habitat selection and to identify essential areas for the target species that could remain unrevealed in larger‐scale investigations.

BackgroundChronic diseases have a negative impact on quality of life (QOL) and psychological health. There are limited related data regarding this topic in Brugada syndrome (BrS). We evaluated the effects of the diagnosis of BrS on health-related QOL and psychological status among patients and their relatives.MethodsPatients with BrS and their relatives underwent psychological evaluation at diagnosis (T0), 1 and 2 years after diagnosis (T1 and T2) using questionnaires on mental QOL, anxiety, depression, stress, post-traumatic stress, and resilience resources.ResultsSixty-one patients and 39 relatives were enrolled. Compared with controls, patients showed increased physical QOL (54.1 ± 6.5 vs. 50.1 ± 8.0, p = 0.014), reduced mental QOL (43.2 ± 11.8 vs. 49.6 ± 9.1, p = 0.018) and increased anxiety (9.9 ± 6.6 vs. 6.9 ± 7.7, p = 0.024) at T0; reduced resilience scores (3.69 ± 0.40 vs. 3.96 ± 0.55, p = 0.008) at T1; and reduced resilience (3.69 ± 0.35 vs. 3.96 ± 0.55, p = 0.019) and increased anxiety scores (16.4 ± 12.8 vs. 6.9 ± 7.7, p = 0.006) at T2. Relatives presented higher stress (17.63 ± 3.77 vs. 12.90 ± 6.0, p = 0.02) at T0 and higher anxiety scores at T0 (13.5 ± 7.6 vs. 6.9 ± 7.7, p

The diplectanid monogenean Lamellodiscus echeneis (Wagener, 1857) is a specific and common gill parasite of the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, in the Mediterranean Sea. Few isolated molecular studies of this monogenean have been conducted, and its population structure and genetic diversity are poorly understood. This study represents the first analysis of the population genetics of L. echeneis, isolated from wild and cage-reared gilthead seabream from fifteen localities in both the Southern (Tunisia) and Northern (Italy and Spain) regions of the Mediterranean Sea, using nuclear ITS rDNA markers and a partial fragment of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). The phylogenetic trees based on the newly obtained dataset and the previously published sequences of L. echeneis corroborated the spread of only a single species throughout the Mediterranean Sea. The star-like haplotypes network, inferred by COI sequences, suggested a recent population expansion of L. echeneis. This is supported by the observed high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.918) and low nucleotide diversity (Pi = 0.01595). Population structure-based AMOVA for two groups (the Adriatic Sea and the rest of the Mediterranean Sea) attributed 35.39% of the total variation to differences within populations, 16.63% to differences among populations within groups, and 47.99% to differences among groups. Fixation indices were significant, with a high FST value (0.64612), likely related to the divergence of the parasite populations from the Adriatic Sea and other Mediterranean regions. Phylogenetic analyses grouped all samples into the main clade corresponding to L. echeneis from several localities. This study provides insight into the genetic variation between L. echeneis populations, and did not show a clear genetic structure between populations of L. echeneis throughout Tunisian, Italian, and Spanish localities, which can be attributed to the considerable gene flow between the populations favoured by the potential for host dispersion within the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, haplotypes shared between wild and cage-reared hosts provided evidence for the potential for cross-infection between wild and farmed hosts in the Mediterranean Sea.

Virtual reality offers a multisensory experience to patients, allowing them to hear, watch, and interact in a virtual environment. Immersive virtual reality is particularly suitable for the purpose of completely isolating patients from the external environment to transport them away from the suffering related to the disease. On this state of the art, we summarize the available literature on the effectiveness of virtual reality on various physical and psychological outcomes in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Virtual reality has been employed in the cardiovascular field in various settings such as cardiac rehabilitation, interventional cardiology, and cardiac surgery. This technology offers promising opportunities to improve several outcomes related to cardiovascular disease, but further research is needed to entirely capture its benefits and to standardize the intervention.

The Natural History Museum of the University of Pisa hosts one of the most important osteological collections of cetaceans all over Europe, as well as a conspicuous paleontological collection, including several holotypes of Archaeoceti (archaic whales), Mysticeti (baleen whales), and Odontoceti (toothed whales). In order to valorize these collections, we used 3D technologies to digitize the most relevant specimens, create an online archive, and make the resulting models accessible and shareable with the broadest audience possible through social media profiles and internet browsers. Tens of specimens were surface-scanned using a structured-light scanner, and the resulting 3D models were processed for post-production through the 3D software Blender whenever necessary. All the 3D scans were then gathered in the online repository Sketchfab, which was chosen for its user-friendly interface and common usage among museum institutions. The result is a web page that hosts 35 surface scans of extant and extinct cetacean specimens. This Sketchfab account was linked to the social media (Facebook and Instagram) profiles of the MSNUP to increase the visibility of the museum and promote the dissemination of its outstanding collections of modern and fossil cetaceans. The preliminary results of such an effort are encouraging in terms of views and online interactions. Hopefully, this effort of digitization and online archiving will soon extend to other vertebrate collections.

Abstract. Background. Horseshoe kidney is a rare congenital anomaly commonly complicated by urolithiasis. Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS), and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are treatment options for horseshoe kidney stones. The aim of this systematic review is to compare the benefits and risks of these management options. Methods. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception to February 2022. A total of 516 nonduplicate studies were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies comparing at least 2 interventions with ≥10 patients per intervention were included. Results. Nine retrospective observational studies published from 2007 to 2021 with a total of 565 patients were included. Reported mean ± SD or mean (range) stone sizes ranged between 17.90 ± 2.43 mm and 27.9 ± 8.6 mm for PCNL, 8.4 (2–25) mm and 22.3 ± 9.1 mm for URS, and 11.9 ± 2.0 mm and 16.8 ± 4.4 mm for ESWL. There was no difference in single-session and overall stone-free rate (SFR) between PCNL and URS, with a risk ratio of 1.04 (95% confidence interval, 0.95–1.13; I2 = 20.63%). Ureteroscopy had better stone clearance than ESWL, with an overall SFR risk ratio of 1.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.82; I2 = 0%). There was no statistically significant difference in overall SFR between PCNL and ESWL. Most patients who underwent URS and ESWL experienced Clavien-Dindo (CD) grade I-II complications. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was associated with the highest complication rates, including 5 CD grade III and 3 CD grade IV complications and a mean postoperative hemoglobin drop of 0.47 to 1.83 g/dL. There were no CD grade V complications across all studies. Conclusions. There was no difference in SFR between PCNL and URS. Ureteroscopy was associated with a smaller stone burden and fewer and less severe complications. Ureteroscopy was found to be more effective than ESWL with a higher SFR and comparable safety profile. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

Parasites, especially brain-encysting trematodes, can have an impact on host behaviour, facilitating the transmission to next host and completion of the life cycle, but insufficient research has been done on whether specific brain regions are targeted. Using Cardiocephaloides longicollis as a laboratory model, the precise distribution of metacercariae in experimentally-infected, wild and farmed fish was mapped. The brain regions targeted by this parasite were explored, also from a histologic perspective, and potential pathogenic effects were evaluated. Experimental infections allowed to reproduce the natural infection intensity of C. longicollis, with four times higher infection intensity at the higher dose (150 vs 50 cercariae). The observed metacercarial distribution, similar among all fish groups, may reflect a trematode species-specific pattern: metacercariae occur with highest density in the optic lobe area (primarily infecting the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum) and the medulla oblongata, whereas other areas such as the olfactory lobes and cerebellar lobes may be occupied when the more frequently invaded parts of the brain were crowded. Mono- and multicysts (i.e. formed either with a single metacercaria, or with 2–25 metacercariae encapsulated together) may be formed depending on the aggregation and timing of metacercariae arrival, with minor host inflammatory response. Larvae of C. longicollis colonizing specific brain areas may have an effect on the functions associated with these areas, which are generally related to sensory and motor functions, but are also related to other host fitness traits such as school maintenance or recognition of predators. The detailed information on the extent and distribution of C. longicollis in fish encephalon sets the ground to understand the effects of brain parasites on fish, but further investigation to establish if C. longicollis, through purely mechanical damage (e.g., occupation, pressure and displacement), has an actual impact on host behaviour remains to be tested under controlled experimental conditions.

Non-valvular AF is a common clinical condition associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic complications. As a consequence, oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) is the cornerstone of non-valvular AF management. Despite the well-established efficacy of OAT, many patients cannot receive this preventive therapy due to bleeding or a high risk of bleeding. The fact that more than 90% of thrombi are formed in the left atrial appendage has led to the development of alternative methods to reduce the embolic risk. Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is a non-pharmacological option for preventing cardioembolic events in patients with non-valvular AF with a contraindication to OAT. The demand for LAAO procedures is growing exponentially and clinicians should consider this alternative option when managing patients with a contraindication to OAT. This review summarises the current thinking about LAAO.

This study aims to investigate the level of genetic variability of Fasciola hepatica flukes isolated from cattle in Algeria and to determine the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships with sequences isolated worldwide. Mitochondrial (Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I gene - COI) and nuclear markers (Internal Transcribed Spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA - ITS) for 24 F. hepatica flukes isolated from 12 cattle in North Algeria were characterised. Only two haplotypes were obtained for the COI gene, resulting in a low level of genetic variation. The analysis of variation among the COI sequences isolated from around the world did not show high levels of genetic divergence, and the phylogenetic analysis revealed a genetic similarity among F. hepatica isolates from different areas of the world. The analysis of the ITS region showed a low level of variability, which prevented obtaining informative phylogenetic and phylogeographic results. The present study also revealed that specimens of F. hepatica are genetically similar in different hosts, indicating that the genetic structure among populations of this parasite is not influenced by the host species. The low levels of genetic variation for COI and ITS regions among fluke isolates from all continents are consistent with a common origin for the flukes’ worldwide distribution.

Handwriting and spelling problems are often associated in dyslexia. However, the nature of their association is still unclear, and most of the existing research in this area is on deep orthographies (mainly English). The extent to which findings are applicable across languages is uncertain. This article examines the effects of script (manuscript/cursive) and orthographic complexity (complex/simple spellings) on the word dictation and word-copying performance of a group of 24 Italian children with dyslexia and handwriting difficulties (DH group, aged 8-10). Their performance was compared with that of a chronologically age-matched group (CA) and a group of younger children matched to the DH group for their handwriting skills (HA: handwriting age group). Children performed two classical handwriting tasks: the alphabet task and a sentence-copy task, and dictation and copy tasks of orthographically complex words and orthographically simple words. Copying was performed in manuscript and cursive. The results show that although the DH group shows a significant deficit in graphomotor processes, orthographic complexity more than the visual-motor characteristics of the task (i.e., script) affects their performance in handwriting. An advantage for cursive script in DH children, but not in the other two groups, emerges from the study.

Background. In the setting of coronary artery dissection, both spontaneous and iatrogenic, fixing the intimal tear, usually with stent implantation, can be extremely challenging if the distal wire position has been lost. Common complications are mainly related to the inadvertent subintimal tracking of the guidewire while attempting to gain the distal true lumen. Aims. To report the registry results of using the SUOH 0.3 guidewire for managing coronary artery dissection in a real-world multicenter setting. Methods. The study population in this retrospective, multicenter, international registry included 75 consecutive patients who underwent PCI and required an antegrade wiring of a dissected coronary artery. Results. Successful use of SUOH 0.3 was achieved in 69 (92%) patients. The use of a microcatheter was associated with a significantly higher rate of TIMI 3 flow at the end of the procedure (no microcatheter: n = 17, 81%; microcatheter: n = 52, 96.3%; p = 0.017). The first recanalization attempt was made with the SUOH 03 guidewire in 48 (64%) cases, and it was successful in 42 (87%). The overall PCI success rate was reported in 72 (96%) patients, with no significant differences among patients with different origins, mechanisms, and locations of dissection. Conclusions. In this setting, the SUOH 0.3 guidewire provides high procedural success without additional complex techniques.

Health care spending in Italy is high and continues to increase; assessing the long-term health and economic outcomes of new therapies is essential. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, immune-mediated inflammatory dermatosis, a clinical condition that significantly affects patients’ quality of life at a high cost and requires continuous care. This retrospective study aimed to assess the direct cost and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of Dupilumab and patients’ clinical outcomes. All AD patients treated with Dupilumab at the Sassari University Hospital, Italy, between January 2019 and December 2021 were included. Eczema Area Severity Index, Dermatology Life Quality Index, and Itch Numeric Rating Scale scores were measured. ADRs and drug expenses were analyzed. A statistically significant posttreatment improvement was observed for all the indices measured: EASI (P

An incomplete cranium, three cervicals (including the axis) and two likely lumbars of a monodontid cetacean are here described from lower Pliocene (ca. 5.1–4.5 Ma) marine sandstones cropping out at Arcille (Grosseto Province, Tuscany, Italy). This fossil find comes from the same locality as the holotype of Casatia thermophila, which it resembles in terms of overall size and cranial morphology, and especially, by displaying a similarly depressed portion of the dorsal surface of the premaxillae anterior to the premaxillary sac fossae and medial to the anteromedial sulci. Our new find is thus assigned to C. thermophila, and significant anatomical parts that are missing in the holotype are described in order to improve the diagnosis of this monodontid species. Some dentigerous fragments of the maxillae hint at a homodont and polydont dentition, which in turn suggests a ram prey capture method that differs from the highly derived suction method that is proper of extant monodontids. This second find of C. thermophila from the warm-water Arcille palaeoenvironment lends further support to the hypothesis that monodontids once thrived in tropical and subtropical habitats.

Chitons (Polyplacophora) include some of the most conspicuous bioeroders of the present-day shallow seas. Abundant palaeontological evidence for the feeding activity of ancient chitons is preserved in the form of radular traces that are usually found on invertebrate shells and hardgrounds. We report on widespread grazing traces occurring on partial skeletons of the extinct sirenian Metaxytherium subapenninum from the Lower Pliocene (Zanclean) of Arcille (Grosseto Province, Tuscany, Italy). These distinctive ichnofossils are described under the ichnotaxonomic name Osteocallis leonardii isp. nov. and interpreted as reflecting substrate scraping by polyplacophorans. A scrutiny of palaeontological literature reveals that similar traces occur on fossil vertebrates as old as the Upper Cretaceous, suggesting that bone has served as a substrate for chiton feeding for more than 66 million years. Whether these bone modifications reflect algal grazing, carrion scavenging or bone consumption remains unsure, but the first hypothesis appears to be the most parsimonious, as well as the most likely in light of the available actualistic data. As the role of bioerosion in controlling fossilization can hardly be overestimated, further research investigating how grazing organisms contribute to the biostratinomic processes affecting bone promises to disclose new information on how some marine vertebrates manage to become fossils.

The BioMart Community Portal (www.biomart.org) is a community-driven effort to provide a unified interface to biomedical databases that are distributed worldwide. The portal provides access to numerous database projects supported by 30 scientific organizations. It includes over 800 different biological datasets spanning genomics, proteomics, model organisms, cancer data, ontology information and more. All resources available through the portal are independently administered and funded by their host organizations. The BioMart data federation technology provides a unified interface to all the available data. The latest version of the portal comes with many new databases that have been created by our ever-growing community. It also comes with better support and extensibility for data analysis and visualization tools. A new addition to our toolbox, the enrichment analysis tool is now accessible through graphical and web service interface. The BioMart community portal averages over one million requests per day. Building on this level of service and the wealth of information that has become available, the BioMart Community Portal has introduced a new, more scalable and cheaper alternative to the large data stores maintained by specialized organizations.

It had been hypothesized that, in developmental dyslexia (DD), an implicit learning deficit explains children's problems in encoding the phoneme-grapheme correspondences underlying the writing system and thus the development of spelling skills. The present study tested the efficacy of an intervention to facilitate implicit learning of context-sensitive spelling rules with Italian children with DD. Mapping of phonological and orthographic information during spelling was implicitly modeled during 6 sessions of intervention. Thirty-eight elementary-aged children with DD were assigned either to this (phonological-orthographic mapping) condition (n = 19) or to a comparison condition (n = 19) in which phonological spelling procedures and spelling from dictation were used to train word spelling. The two groups were matched on intelligence, vocabulary, and their spelling skills at pretest. The experimental group showed significant improvements in spelling the words trained during the intervention and generalized their acquired spelling knowledge to untrained words. The comparison group also showed improvements, but these were in most cases not significant. Moreover, this group did not show generalization to untrained words. The results seem to confirm that the core problem in DD is inaccurate mappings between phonological and orthographic spelling units and that phonological-orthographic mapping in written word encoding can be modeled for children with DD to facilitate implicit learning.

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines reduce the risk of severe disease and mortality. However, the association between vaccination status and number of doses and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, a clinical measure of hypoxemia associated with an increased risk of intensive care treatment and mortality, has not been investigated. Methods: We retrospectively assessed a consecutive series of 116 patients admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of COVID-19 between January and April 2022. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected within 24 h from admission. Results: There was a significant positive relationship between the number of vaccine doses and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio (r = 0.223, p = 0.012). This association remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Vaccinated patients had significantly higher PaO2/FiO2 ratios than the unvaccinated (median: 250; IQR: 195–309 vs. 200; IQR: 156–257, p = 0.013). Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of the number of vaccine doses received in reducing the degree of hypoxia on admission in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Sharks belong to the most primitive group of jawed vertebrates and have some special structural and functional features such as a cartilaginous skeleton, a spiral intestinal valve, and a rectal gland for osmoregulation. In January 2020, ten specimens of Galeus melastomus, the Blackmouth catshark, were collected from the Gulf of Asinara (North Sardinia, Italy) and the entire alimentary canal was studied using histochemical reactions to characterize the mucous cell types. In the alimentary canal of G. melastomus, mucous cells mainly secrete a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins. Of the acidic mucins, only the carboxylated type was present in mucous cells of the stomach, while the sulfated type predominated in the esophagus and the intestines. The use of lectins revealed a distribution of sugar residues in mucins related to cellular activities of the different regions of the catshark alimentary canal. The current study is the first report to characterize the intestinal mucous cells of G. melastomus and to provide quantitative data on their different populations in the alimentary canal.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the outcomes of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) in high bleeding risk patients suffering atrial fibrillation (AF) and to analyze the different antithrombotic therapies following the intervention. Background. Methods. This monocentric study included 68 patients with nonvalvular AF with an absolute contraindication to OAT or at high bleeding risk. Follow-up was done with a clinical visit at 3-6-12 months. Results. Successful LAAO was achieved in 67/68 patients. At discharge, 32/68 patients were on dual antiplatelet therapy (APT), 34/68 were without any antithrombotic therapy or with a single antiplatelet drug, and 2/68 were on anticoagulant therapy. At three-month follow-up visit, 73.6% of the patients did not receive dual APT, of whom 14.7% had no thrombotic therapy and 58.9% were on single antiplatelet therapy. During a follow-up of 1.4 ± 0.9 years, 3/62 patients had late adverse effects (2 device-related thrombus without clinical consequences and 1 extracranial bleeding). The device-related thrombosis was not related to the antithrombotic therapy. Conclusions. LAAO is feasible and safe and prevents stroke in patients with AF with contraindication to oral anticoagulant therapy. After LAAO, single antiplatelet therapy seems to be a safe alternative to dual antiplatelet therapy, especially in patients at high bleeding risk. No benefit has been observed with dual APT.

Histozoic parasite–fish host interaction is a dynamic process that leads to the formation of a granuloma, a specific chronic inflammatory response with discernible histological features. Mullets (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) represent a suitable model concerning the development of such lesions in the host–parasite interface. The present work aimed to identify granuloma developmental stages from the early to the late phase of the infection and to characterize the immune cells and non-inflammatory components of the granuloma in different stages. For this purpose, 239 mullets were collected from 4 Sardinian lagoons, and several organs were examined by combining histopathological, bacteriological, and immunohistochemical methods. Granulomas associated with trematode metacercariae and myxozoan parasites were classified into three developmental stages: (1) pre-granuloma stage, characterized by intact encysted parasite and with no or mild tissue reaction; (2) intermediate stage, with partially degenerated parasites, necrosis, and a moderate number of epithelioid cells (ECs); and (3) late stage, with a necrotic core and no detectable parasite with a high number of ECs and fibroblasts. The three-tier staging and the proposed morphological diagnosis make it conceivable that histopathology could be an essential tool to evaluate the granulomas associated with histozoic parasitic infection in fish.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is an anthelmintic drug used in humans and animals against Platyhelminthes and in aquaculture in the Far East. Medicated feed is one of the most convenient forms of oral administration of drugs in aquaculture because it allows to treat a large population of fish in an easy way. However, this treatment may lead to residues in fish intended for human consumption. In this study, a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed in order to verify the presence of PZQ in samples of Sparus aurata after oral administration of feed treated with PZQ. The method was validated according to international guidelines. It showed good recoveries, selectivity and sensitivity (LOD and LOQ were 3.0 and 9.3 ng/g, respectively), with precision and matrix effect values ≤ 15%. This method could also be applied to determine PZQ residue in other fish species and thus to evaluate the appropriate withdrawal time in treated fish intended for human consumption.

Parasites, especially brain-encysting trematodes, can have an impact on host behaviour, facilitating the transmission to next host and completion of the life cycle, but insufficient research has been done on whether specific brain regions are targeted. Using Cardiocephaloides longicollis as a laboratory model, the precise distribution of metacercariae in experimentally-infected, wild and farmed fish was mapped. The brain regions targeted by this parasite were explored, also from a histologic perspective, and potential pathogenic effects were evaluated. Experimental infections allowed to reproduce the natural infection intensity of C. longicollis , with four times higher infection intensity at the higher dose (150 vs 50 cercariae). The observed metacercarial distribution, similar among all fish groups, may reflect a trematode species-specific pattern: metacercariae occur with highest density in the optic lobe area (primarily infecting the periventricular gray zone of optic tectum) and the medulla oblongata, whereas other areas such as the olfactory lobes and cerebellar lobes may be occupied when the more frequently invaded parts of the brain were crowded. Mono- and multicysts (i.e. formed either with a single metacercaria, or with 2–25 metacercariae encapsulated together) may be formed depending on the aggregation and timing of metacercariae arrival, with minor host inflammatory response. Larvae of C. longicollis colonizing specific brain areas may have an effect on the functions associated with these areas, which are generally related to sensory and motor functions, but are also related to other host fitness traits such as school maintenance or recognition of predators. The detailed information on the extent and distribution of C. longicollis in fish encephalon sets the ground to understand the effects of brain parasites on fish, but further investigation to establish if C. longicollis , through purely mechanical damage (e.g., occupation, pressure and displacement), has an actual impact on host behaviour remains to be tested under controlled experimental conditions. [Display omitted] • The distribution of C. longicollis metacercariae in the fish encephalon is mapped. • Mono- and multicysts (2–25 larvae encapsulated together) can be formed. • The preferred occupation site is the optic lobe area and the medulla oblongata. • No severe pathological damage, but colonization of important sensory and motor areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisakiasis is a gastrointestinal fishborne zoonosis caused by the ingestion of third stage larvae of the genus Anisakis. Between January and December 2013, 1112 specimens of four commercial fish species (Engraulis encrasicolus, Merluccius merluccius, Scomber colias and Trachurus mediterraneus) marketed in Sardinia (Italy) were examined for Anisakis sp. The overall prevalence of Anisakis spp larvae was 39.9%, all morphologically identified as Type I. Scomber colias showed the highest prevalence (100%), followed by M. merluccius (Atlantic 91.0%, Mediterranean 71.2%), T. mediterraneus (32.7%) and E. encrasicolus (25.9%). All the larvae found in Mediterranean hosts were genetically identified as Anisakis pegreffii, whereas 90.0% of the larvae found in the Atlantic M. merluccius belonged to Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and 10.0% to A. pegreffii. The mean abundance of Anisakis sp. larvae was positively correlated with fish size in E. encrasicolus, Atlantic M. merluccius and local M. merluccius. The prevalence of infection was greater in the body cavity (37.9%) than in the edible muscle (9.4%). However, 1.8% of the examined fish were infected exclusively in the muscle. Therefore, the risk associated to the consumption of raw or undercooked fishery products poses the need of measures such as visual inspection and preventive treatments to guarantee consumers’ health.

Uromodulin is the most abundant urinary protein in physiological conditions. It is exclusively produced by renal epithelial cells lining the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (TAL) and it plays key roles in kidney function and disease. Mutations in UMOD, the gene encoding uromodulin, cause autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease uromodulin-related (ADTKD-UMOD), characterised by hyperuricemia, gout and progressive loss of renal function. While the primary effect of UMOD mutations, retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is well established, its downstream effects are still largely unknown. To gain insight into ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis, we performed transcriptional profiling and biochemical characterisation of cellular models (immortalised mouse TAL cells) of robust expression of wild type or mutant GFP-tagged uromodulin. In this model mutant uromodulin accumulation in the ER does not impact on cell viability and proliferation. Transcriptional profiling identified 109 genes that are differentially expressed in mutant cells relative to wild type ones. Up-regulated genes include several ER resident chaperones and protein disulphide isomerases. Consistently, pathway enrichment analysis indicates that mutant uromodulin expression affects ER function and protein homeostasis. Interestingly, mutant uromodulin expression induces the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), and specifically the IRE1 branch, as shown by an increased splicing of XBP1. Consistent with UPR induction, we show increased interaction of mutant uromodulin with ER chaperones Bip, calnexin and PDI. Using metabolic labelling, we also demonstrate that while autophagy plays no role, mutant protein is partially degraded by the proteasome through ER-associated degradation. Our work demonstrates that ER stress could play a central role in ADTKD-UMOD pathogenesis. This sets the bases for future work to develop novel therapeutic strategies through modulation of ER homeostasis and associated protein degradation pathways.