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2. How wise is the crowd: Can we infer people are accurate and competent merely because they agree with each other?

Author

Pfänder, Jan, de Courson, Benoït, and Mercier, Hugo

Subjects
Psychology, Sociology, Behavioral Science
Abstract

Are people who agree on something more likely to be right and competent? Evidence suggests that people tend to make this inference. However, standard wisdom of crowds approaches only provide limited normative grounds. Using simulations, we argue that when individuals make independent and unbiased estimates, under a wide range of parameters, individuals whose answers converge with each other tend to have more accurate answers and to be more competent. In 2 experiments (UK participants, total N = 399), we show that participants infer that informants who agree have more accurate answers and are more competent, even when they have no priors, and that these inferences are weakened when the informants are systematically biased. In conclusion, we speculate that inferences from convergence to accuracy and competence might help explain why people deem scientists competent, even if they have little understanding of science.

Published
2024

3. The International Climate Psychology Collaboration: Climate change-related data collected from 63 countries

Author

Doell, Kimberly C., Todorova, Boryana, Vlasceanu, Madalina, Bak Coleman, Joseph B., Pronizius, Ekaterina, Schumann, Philipp, Azevedo, Flavio, Patel, Yash, Berkebile-Wineberg, Michael M., Brick, Cameron, Lange, Florian, Grayson, Samantha J., Pei, Yifei, Chakroff, Alek, van den Broek, Karlijn L., Lamm, Claus, Vlasceanu, Denisa, Constantino, Sara M., Rathje, Steve, Goldwert, Danielle, Fang, Ke, Aglioti, Salvatore Maria, Alfano, Mark, Alvarado-Yepez, Andy J., Andersen, Angélica, Anseel, Frederik, Apps, Matthew A. J., Asadli, Chillar, Awuor, Fonda Jane, Basaglia, Piero, Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Berger, Sebastian, Bertin, Paul, Białek, Michał, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Blaya-Burgo, Michelle, Bleize, Daniëlle N. M., Bø, Simen, Boecker, Lea, Boggio, Paulo S., Borau, Sylvie, Borau, Sylvie, Bos, Björn, Bouguettaya, Ayoub, Brauer, Markus, Brik, Tymofii, Briker, Roman, Brosch, Tobias, Buchel, Ondrej, Buonauro, Daniel, Butalia, Radhika, Carvacho, Héctor, Chamberlain, Sarah A. E., Chan, Hang-Yee, Chow, Dawn, Chung, Dongil, Cian, Luca, Cohen-Eick, Noa, Contreras-Huerta, Luis Sebastian, Contu, Davide, Cristea, Vladimir, Cutler, Jo, D’Ottone, Silvana, De keersmaecker, Jonas, Delcourt, Sarah, Delouvée, Sylvain, Diel, Kathi, Douglas, Benjamin D., Drupp, Moritz A., Dubey, Shreya, Ekmanis, Jānis, Elbaek, Christian T., Elsherif, Mahmoud, Engelhard, Iris M., Escher, Yannik A., Etienne, Tom W., Farage, Laura, Farias, Ana Rita, Feuerriegel, Stefan, Findor, Andrej, Freira, Lucia, Friese, Malte, Gains, Neil Philip, Gallyamova, Albina, Geiger, Sandra J., Genschow, Oliver, Gjoneska, Biljana, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, Goldberg, Beth, Goldenberg, Amit, Gradidge, Sarah, Grassini, Simone, Gray, Kurt, Grelle, Sonja, Griffin, Siobhán M., Grigoryan, Lusine, Grigoryan, Ani, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Gruber, June, Guilaran, Johnrev, Hadar, Britt, Hahnel, Ulf J. J., Halperin, Eran, Harvey, Annelie J., Haugestad, Christian A. P., Herman, Aleksandra M., Hershfield, Hal E., Himichi, Toshiyuki, Hine, Donald W., Hofmann, Wilhelm, Howe, Lauren, Huaman-Chulluncuy, Enma T., Huang, Guanxiong, Ishii, Tatsunori, Ito, Ayahito, Jia, Fanli, Jost, John T., Jovanović, Veljko, Jurgiel, Dominika, Kácha, Ondřej, Kankaanpää, Reeta, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, Mintz, Keren Kaplan, Kaya, Ilker, Kaya, Ozgur, Khachatryan, Narine, Klas, Anna, Klein, Colin, Klöckner, Christian A., Koppel, Lina, Kosachenko, Alexandra I., Kothe, Emily J., Krebs, Ruth, Krosch, Amy R., Krouwel, Andre P. M., Kyrychenko, Yara, Lagomarsino, Maria, Cunningham, Julia Lee, Lees, Jeffrey, Leung, Tak Yan, Levy, Neil, Lockwood, Patricia L., Longoni, Chiara, Ortega, Alberto López, Loschelder, David D., Lu, Jackson G., Luo, Yu, Luomba, Joseph, Lutz, Annika E., Majer, Johann M., Markowitz, Ezra, Marsh, Abigail A., Mascarenhas, Karen Louise, Mbilingi, Bwambale, Mbungu, Winfred, McHugh, Cillian, Meijers, Marijn H. C., Mercier, Hugo, Mhagama, Fenant Laurent, Michalaki, Katerina, Mikus, Nace, Milliron, Sarah G., Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monge-Rodríguez, Fredy S., Mora, Youri L., Morais, Michael J., Moreau, David, Motoki, Kosuke, Moyano, Manuel, Mus, Mathilde, Navajas, Joaquin, Nguyen, Tam Luong, Nguyen, Dung Minh, Nguyen, Trieu, Niemi, Laura, Nijssen, Sari R. R., Nilsonne, Gustav, Nitschke, Jonas P., Nockur, Laila, Okura, Ritah, Öner, Sezin, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Palumbo, Helena, Panagopoulos, Costas, Panasiti, Maria Serena, Pärnamets, Philip, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Pavlov, Yuri G., Payán-Gómez, César, Pearson, Adam R., da Costa, Leonor Pereira, Petrowsky, Hannes M., Pfattheicher, Stefan, Pham, Nhat Tan, Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, Pretus, Clara, Rêgo, Gabriel G., Reimann, Ritsaart, Rhoads, Shawn A., Riano-Moreno, Julian, Richter, Isabell, Röer, Jan Philipp, Rosa-Sullivan, Jahred, Ross, Robert M., Sabherwal, Anandita, Saito, Toshiki, Sarrasin, Oriane, Say, Nicolas, Schmid, Katharina, Schmitt, Michael T., Schoenegger, Philipp, Scholz, Christin, Schug, Mariah G., Schulreich, Stefan, Shreedhar, Ganga, Shuman, Eric, Sivan, Smadar, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, Soliman, Meikel, Soud, Katia, Spampatti, Tobia, Sparkman, Gregg, Spasovski, Ognen, Stanley, Samantha K., Stern, Jessica A., Strahm, Noel, Suko, Yasushi, Sul, Sunhae, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Taylor, Neil C., Tedaldi, Elisa, Tinghög, Gustav, Huynh, Luu Duc Toan, Travaglino, Giovanni Antonio, Tsakiris, Manos, Tüter, İlayda, Tyrala, Michael, Uluğ, Özden Melis, Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Valko, Danila, van der Linden, Sander, van Schie, Kevin, van Stekelenburg, Aart, Vanags, Edmunds, Västfjäll, Daniel, Vesely, Stepan, Vintr, Jáchym, Vranka, Marek, Wanguche, Patrick Otuo, Willer, Robb, Wojcik, Adrian Dominik, Xu, Rachel, Yadav, Anjali, Zawisza, Magdalena, Zhao, Xian, Zhao, Jiaying, Żuk, Dawid, and Van Bavel, Jay J.

Published
2024
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4. Emotional Vigilance

Author

Dezecache, Guillaume, Mercier, Hugo, Al-Shawaf, Laith, book editor, and Shackelford, Todd K., book editor

Published
2024
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16. Utilizing simple cues to informational dependency

Author

Mercier, Hugo and Miton, Helena

Abstract

Participants can adequately take into account several cues regarding the weight they should grant majority opinions,but that they do not consistently take into account cues regarding whether the members of the majority have formed theiropinions independently of each other. We suggest that these conflicting results can be explained by hypothesizing that somecues are evolutionarily valid (i.e. they were present and reliable during human evolution), and others not. Using this frameworkwe derive and test hypotheses about two facets of informational dependency. The first 3 experiments show that participantsadequately take into account cues to informational dependency when they are presented in a simple, evolutionarily valid way.Experiments 4 to 7 show that people consistently take into account shared motivation, but not shared cognitive traits, as a sourceof potential dependency, as predicted by the likely greater importance of differences in motivation during our evolutionaryhistory.

Published
2017

18. The Cognitive Foundations of Fictional Stories

Author

Dubourg, Edgar, Thouzeau, Valentin, Thomas, Beuchot, Bonard, Constant, Boyer, Pascal, Clasen, Mathias, Boon-Falleur, Melusine, Fiorio, Grégory, Fitouchi, Léo, Fisher, Maryanne L., Gantman, Ana P., Grant, Ania, Hye-Knudsen, Marc, Wylie, Jordan, Katiyar, Tanay, Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Jens, Mercier, Marius, Mercier, Hugo, Morin, Olivier, Salmon, Catherine, Scrivner, Coltan, Sijilmassi, Amine, Singh, Manvir, Smith, Murray, Sobchuk, Oleg, Stubbersfield, Joseph Michael, Varnum, Michael E. W., Verpooten, Jan, Zhong, Ying, Baumard, Nicolas, Dubourg, Edgar, Thouzeau, Valentin, Thomas, Beuchot, Bonard, Constant, Boyer, Pascal, Clasen, Mathias, Boon-Falleur, Melusine, Fiorio, Grégory, Fitouchi, Léo, Fisher, Maryanne L., Gantman, Ana P., Grant, Ania, Hye-Knudsen, Marc, Wylie, Jordan, Katiyar, Tanay, Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Jens, Mercier, Marius, Mercier, Hugo, Morin, Olivier, Salmon, Catherine, Scrivner, Coltan, Sijilmassi, Amine, Singh, Manvir, Smith, Murray, Sobchuk, Oleg, Stubbersfield, Joseph Michael, Varnum, Michael E. W., Verpooten, Jan, Zhong, Ying, and Baumard, Nicolas

Abstract

We hypothesize that fictional stories are highly successful in human cultures partly because they activate evolved cognitive mechanisms, for instance for finding mates (e.g., in romance fiction), exploring the world (e.g., in adventure and speculative fiction), or avoiding predators (e.g., in horror fiction). In this paper, we put forward a comprehensive framework to study fiction through this evolutionary lens. The primary goal of this framework is to carve fictional stories at their cognitive joints using an evolutionary framework. Reviewing a wide range of adaptive variations in human psychology–in personality and developmental psychology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary biology, among other disciplines –, this framework also addresses the question of interindividual differences in preferences for different features in fictional stories. It generates a wide range of predictions about the patterns of combinations of such features, according to the patterns of variations in the mechanisms triggered by fictional stories. As a result of a highly collaborative effort, we present a comprehensive review of evolved cognitive mechanisms that fictional stories activate. To generate this review, we (1) listed more than 70adaptivechallengeshumans faced in the course of their evolution, (2) identified the adaptive psychological mechanisms that evolved in response to such challenges, (3) specified four sources of adaptive variability for the sensitivity of each mechanism(i.e., personality traits, sex, age, and ecological conditions), and (4) linked these mechanisms to the story features that trigger them. This comprehensive framework lays the ground for a theory-driven research program for the study of fictional stories, their content, distribution, structure, and cultural evolution.

Published
2024

19. Addressing climate change with behavioral science:A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Author

Vlasceanu, Madalina, Doell, Kimberly C., Bak-Coleman, Joseph B., Todorova, Boryana, Berkebile-Weinberg, Michael M., Grayson, Samantha J., Patel, Yash, Goldwert, Danielle, Pei, Yifei, Chakroff, Alek, Pronizius, Ekaterina, van den Broek, Karlijn L., Vlasceanu, Denisa, Constantino, Sara, Morais, Michael J., Schumann, Philipp, Rathje, Steve, Fang, Ke, Aglioti, Salvatore Maria, Alfano, Mark, Alvarado-Yepez, Andy J., Andersen, Angélica, Anseel, Frederik, Apps, Matthew A.J., Asadli, Chillar, Awuor, Fonda Jane, Azevedo, Flavio, Basaglia, Piero, Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Berger, Sebastian, Bertin, Paul, Białek, Michał, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Blaya-Burgo, Michelle, Bleize, Daniëlle N.M., Bø, Simen, Boecker, Lea, Boggio, Paulo S., Borau, Sylvie, Bos, Björn, Bouguettaya, Ayoub, Brauer, Markus, Brick, Cameron, Brik, Tymofii, Briker, Roman, Brosch, Tobias, Buchel, Ondrej, Buonauro, Daniel, Butalia, Radhika, Carvacho, Héctor, Chamberlain, Sarah A.E., Chan, Hang Yee, Chow, Dawn, Chung, Dongil, Cian, Luca, Cohen-Eick, Noa, Contreras-Huerta, Luis Sebastian, Contu, Davide, Cristea, Vladimir, Cutler, Jo, D'Ottone, Silvana, De Keersmaecker, Jonas, Delcourt, Sarah, Delouvée, Sylvain, Diel, Kathi, Douglas, Benjamin D., Drupp, Moritz A., Dubey, Shreya, Ekmanis, Jānis, Elbaek, Christian T., Elsherif, Mahmoud, Engelhard, Iris M., Escher, Yannik A., Etienne, Tom W., Farage, Laura, Farias, Ana Rita, Feuerriegel, Stefan, Findor, Andrej, Freira, Lucia, Friese, Malte, Gains, Neil Philip, Gallyamova, Albina, Geiger, Sandra J., Genschow, Oliver, Gjoneska, Biljana, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, Goldberg, Beth, Goldenberg, Amit, Gradidge, Sarah, Grassini, Simone, Gray, Kurt, Grelle, Sonja, Griffin, Siobhán M., Grigoryan, Lusine, Grigoryan, Ani, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Gruber, June, Guilaran, Johnrev, Hadar, Britt, Hahnel, Ulf J.J., Halperin, Eran, Harvey, Annelie J., Haugestad, Christian A.P., Herman, Aleksandra M., Hershfield, Hal E., Himichi, Toshiyuki, Hine, Donald W., Hofmann, Wilhelm, Howe, Lauren, Huaman-Chulluncuy, Enma T., Huang, Guanxiong, Ishii, Tatsunori, Ito, Ayahito, Jia, Fanli, Jost, John T., Jovanović, Veljko, Jurgiel, Dominika, Kácha, Ondřej, Kankaanpää, Reeta, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, Kaplan Mintz, Keren, Kaya, Ilker, Kaya, Ozgur, Khachatryan, Narine, Klas, Anna, Klein, Colin, Klöckner, Christian A., Koppel, Lina, Kosachenko, Alexandra I., Kothe, Emily J., Krebs, Ruth, Krosch, Amy R., Krouwel, Andre P.M., Kyrychenko, Yara, Lagomarsino, Maria, Lamm, Claus, Lange, Florian, Lee Cunningham, Julia, Lees, Jeffrey, Leung, Tak Yan, Levy, Neil, Lockwood, Patricia L., Longoni, Chiara, López Ortega, Alberto, Loschelder, David D., Lu, Jackson G., Luo, Yu, Luomba, Joseph, Lutz, Annika E., Majer, Johann M., Markowitz, Ezra, Marsh, Abigail A., Mascarenhas, Karen Louise, Mbilingi, Bwambale, Mbungu, Winfred, McHugh, Cillian, Meijers, Marijn H.C., Mercier, Hugo, Mhagama, Fenant Laurent, Michalakis, Katerina, Mikus, Nace, Milliron, Sarah, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monge-Rodríguez, Fredy S., Mora, Youri L., Moreau, David, Motoki, Kosuke, Moyano, Manuel, Mus, Mathilde, Navajas, Joaquin, Nguyen, Tam Luong, Nguyen, Dung Minh, Nguyen, Trieu, Niemi, Laura, Nijssen, Sari R.R., Nilsonne, Gustav, Nitschke, Jonas P., Nockur, Laila, Okura, Ritah, Öner, Sezin, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Palumbo, Helena, Panagopoulos, Costas, Panasiti, Maria Serena, Pärnamets, Philip, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Pavlov, Yuri G., Payán-Gómez, César, Pearson, Adam R., Pereira da Costa, Leonor, Petrowsky, Hannes M., Pfattheicher, Stefan, Pham, Nhat Tan, Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, Pretus, Clara, Rêgo, Gabriel G., Reimann, Ritsaart, Rhoads, Shawn A., Riano-Moreno, Julian, Richter, Isabell, Röer, Jan Philipp, Rosa-Sullivan, Jahred, Ross, Robert M., Sabherwal, Anandita, Saito, Toshiki, Sarrasin, Oriane, Say, Nicolas, Schmid, Katharina, Schmitt, Michael T., Schoenegger, Philipp, Scholz, Christin, Schug, Mariah G., Schulreich, Stefan, Shreedhar, Ganga, Shuman, Eric, Sivan, Smadar, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, Soliman, Meikel, Soud, Katia, Spampatti, Tobia, Sparkman, Gregg, Spasovski, Ognen, Stanley, Samantha K., Stern, Jessica A., Strahm, Noel, Suko, Yasushi, Sul, Sunhae, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Taylor, Neil C., Tedaldi, Elisa, Tinghög, Gustav, Huynh, Luu Duc Toan, Travaglino, Giovanni Antonio, Tsakiris, Manos, Tüter, İlayda, Tyrala, Michael, Uluğ, Özden Melis, Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Valko, Danila, van der Linden, Sander, van Schie, Kevin, van Stekelenburg, Aart, Vanags, Edmunds, Västfjäll, Daniel, Vesely, Stepan, Vintr, Jáchym, Vranka, Marek, Wanguche, Patrick Otuo, Willer, Robb, Wojcik, Adrian Dominik, Xu, Rachel, Yadav, Anjali, Zawisza, Magdalena, Zhao, Xian, Zhao, Jiaying, Żuk, Dawid, Van Bavel, Jay J., Vlasceanu, Madalina, Doell, Kimberly C., Bak-Coleman, Joseph B., Todorova, Boryana, Berkebile-Weinberg, Michael M., Grayson, Samantha J., Patel, Yash, Goldwert, Danielle, Pei, Yifei, Chakroff, Alek, Pronizius, Ekaterina, van den Broek, Karlijn L., Vlasceanu, Denisa, Constantino, Sara, Morais, Michael J., Schumann, Philipp, Rathje, Steve, Fang, Ke, Aglioti, Salvatore Maria, Alfano, Mark, Alvarado-Yepez, Andy J., Andersen, Angélica, Anseel, Frederik, Apps, Matthew A.J., Asadli, Chillar, Awuor, Fonda Jane, Azevedo, Flavio, Basaglia, Piero, Bélanger, Jocelyn J., Berger, Sebastian, Bertin, Paul, Białek, Michał, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Blaya-Burgo, Michelle, Bleize, Daniëlle N.M., Bø, Simen, Boecker, Lea, Boggio, Paulo S., Borau, Sylvie, Bos, Björn, Bouguettaya, Ayoub, Brauer, Markus, Brick, Cameron, Brik, Tymofii, Briker, Roman, Brosch, Tobias, Buchel, Ondrej, Buonauro, Daniel, Butalia, Radhika, Carvacho, Héctor, Chamberlain, Sarah A.E., Chan, Hang Yee, Chow, Dawn, Chung, Dongil, Cian, Luca, Cohen-Eick, Noa, Contreras-Huerta, Luis Sebastian, Contu, Davide, Cristea, Vladimir, Cutler, Jo, D'Ottone, Silvana, De Keersmaecker, Jonas, Delcourt, Sarah, Delouvée, Sylvain, Diel, Kathi, Douglas, Benjamin D., Drupp, Moritz A., Dubey, Shreya, Ekmanis, Jānis, Elbaek, Christian T., Elsherif, Mahmoud, Engelhard, Iris M., Escher, Yannik A., Etienne, Tom W., Farage, Laura, Farias, Ana Rita, Feuerriegel, Stefan, Findor, Andrej, Freira, Lucia, Friese, Malte, Gains, Neil Philip, Gallyamova, Albina, Geiger, Sandra J., Genschow, Oliver, Gjoneska, Biljana, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, Goldberg, Beth, Goldenberg, Amit, Gradidge, Sarah, Grassini, Simone, Gray, Kurt, Grelle, Sonja, Griffin, Siobhán M., Grigoryan, Lusine, Grigoryan, Ani, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Gruber, June, Guilaran, Johnrev, Hadar, Britt, Hahnel, Ulf J.J., Halperin, Eran, Harvey, Annelie J., Haugestad, Christian A.P., Herman, Aleksandra M., Hershfield, Hal E., Himichi, Toshiyuki, Hine, Donald W., Hofmann, Wilhelm, Howe, Lauren, Huaman-Chulluncuy, Enma T., Huang, Guanxiong, Ishii, Tatsunori, Ito, Ayahito, Jia, Fanli, Jost, John T., Jovanović, Veljko, Jurgiel, Dominika, Kácha, Ondřej, Kankaanpää, Reeta, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, Kaplan Mintz, Keren, Kaya, Ilker, Kaya, Ozgur, Khachatryan, Narine, Klas, Anna, Klein, Colin, Klöckner, Christian A., Koppel, Lina, Kosachenko, Alexandra I., Kothe, Emily J., Krebs, Ruth, Krosch, Amy R., Krouwel, Andre P.M., Kyrychenko, Yara, Lagomarsino, Maria, Lamm, Claus, Lange, Florian, Lee Cunningham, Julia, Lees, Jeffrey, Leung, Tak Yan, Levy, Neil, Lockwood, Patricia L., Longoni, Chiara, López Ortega, Alberto, Loschelder, David D., Lu, Jackson G., Luo, Yu, Luomba, Joseph, Lutz, Annika E., Majer, Johann M., Markowitz, Ezra, Marsh, Abigail A., Mascarenhas, Karen Louise, Mbilingi, Bwambale, Mbungu, Winfred, McHugh, Cillian, Meijers, Marijn H.C., Mercier, Hugo, Mhagama, Fenant Laurent, Michalakis, Katerina, Mikus, Nace, Milliron, Sarah, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monge-Rodríguez, Fredy S., Mora, Youri L., Moreau, David, Motoki, Kosuke, Moyano, Manuel, Mus, Mathilde, Navajas, Joaquin, Nguyen, Tam Luong, Nguyen, Dung Minh, Nguyen, Trieu, Niemi, Laura, Nijssen, Sari R.R., Nilsonne, Gustav, Nitschke, Jonas P., Nockur, Laila, Okura, Ritah, Öner, Sezin, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Palumbo, Helena, Panagopoulos, Costas, Panasiti, Maria Serena, Pärnamets, Philip, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Pavlov, Yuri G., Payán-Gómez, César, Pearson, Adam R., Pereira da Costa, Leonor, Petrowsky, Hannes M., Pfattheicher, Stefan, Pham, Nhat Tan, Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, Pretus, Clara, Rêgo, Gabriel G., Reimann, Ritsaart, Rhoads, Shawn A., Riano-Moreno, Julian, Richter, Isabell, Röer, Jan Philipp, Rosa-Sullivan, Jahred, Ross, Robert M., Sabherwal, Anandita, Saito, Toshiki, Sarrasin, Oriane, Say, Nicolas, Schmid, Katharina, Schmitt, Michael T., Schoenegger, Philipp, Scholz, Christin, Schug, Mariah G., Schulreich, Stefan, Shreedhar, Ganga, Shuman, Eric, Sivan, Smadar, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, Soliman, Meikel, Soud, Katia, Spampatti, Tobia, Sparkman, Gregg, Spasovski, Ognen, Stanley, Samantha K., Stern, Jessica A., Strahm, Noel, Suko, Yasushi, Sul, Sunhae, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Taylor, Neil C., Tedaldi, Elisa, Tinghög, Gustav, Huynh, Luu Duc Toan, Travaglino, Giovanni Antonio, Tsakiris, Manos, Tüter, İlayda, Tyrala, Michael, Uluğ, Özden Melis, Urbanek, Arkadiusz, Valko, Danila, van der Linden, Sander, van Schie, Kevin, van Stekelenburg, Aart, Vanags, Edmunds, Västfjäll, Daniel, Vesely, Stepan, Vintr, Jáchym, Vranka, Marek, Wanguche, Patrick Otuo, Willer, Robb, Wojcik, Adrian Dominik, Xu, Rachel, Yadav, Anjali, Zawisza, Magdalena, Zhao, Xian, Zhao, Jiaying, Żuk, Dawid, and Van Bavel, Jay J.

Abstract

Effectively reducing climate change requires marked, global behavior change. However, it is unclear which strategies are most likely to motivate people to change their climate beliefs and behaviors. Here, we tested 11 expert-crowdsourced interventions on four climate mitigation outcomes: beliefs, policy support, information sharing intention, and an effortful tree-planting behavioral task. Across 59,440 participants from 63 countries, the interventions' effectiveness was small, largely limited to nonclimate skeptics, and differed across outcomes: Beliefs were strengthened mostly by decreasing psychological distance (by 2.3%), policy support by writing a letter to a future-generation member (2.6%), information sharing by negative emotion induction (12.1%), and no intervention increased the more effortful behavior-several interventions even reduced tree planting. Last, the effects of each intervention differed depending on people's initial climate beliefs. These findings suggest that the impact of behavioral climate interventions varies across audiences and target behaviors.

Published
2024

20. Nonverbal Rhetoric: 2- to 4-Year-Old Children Select Relevant Evidence When Trying to Influence Others

Author

Mascaro, Olivier, Aguirre, Marie, Brun, Mélanie, Couderc, Auriane, and Mercier, Hugo

Abstract

This article investigates the early emergence of reason-giving. Toddlers are sensitive to disagreements, and they can track several kinds of informational access, such as visual perception. We investigated whether young children use these skills (a) when assessing whether providing reasons is needed and (b) when selecting appropriate behaviors to support their claims. An experimenter disagreed with 2- to 4-year-old children (N = 71) about the location of a toy placed in 1 of 4 boxes. In the fully transparent condition, the boxes were transparent, and the toy was visible to the experimenter and to the participant. In the window condition, the boxes were partially opaque, and the toy was initially hidden from the experimenter but visible to the participant through a transparent window. In this condition, toddlers could make the toy visible to the experimenter by rotating the baited box. Participants in the window condition were more likely to rotate the baited box than those in the transparent condition. Thus, children were more likely to rotate the box when this action was an efficient way of supporting their claims by revealing new and relevant information to the experimenter. These results demonstrate the presence of precursors of crucial skills required for reason-giving and reveal that from 2 years of age, children do not use fixed persuasion strategies. Instead, they select relevant evidence when attempting to influence others.

Published
2019
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23. Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries

Author

Vlasceanu, Madalina, primary, Doell, Kimberly C., additional, Bak-Coleman, Joseph B., additional, Todorova, Boryana, additional, Berkebile-Weinberg, Michael M., additional, Grayson, Samantha J., additional, Patel, Yash, additional, Goldwert, Danielle, additional, Pei, Yifei, additional, Chakroff, Alek, additional, Pronizius, Ekaterina, additional, van den Broek, Karlijn L., additional, Vlasceanu, Denisa, additional, Constantino, Sara, additional, Morais, Michael J., additional, Schumann, Philipp, additional, Rathje, Steve, additional, Fang, Ke, additional, Aglioti, Salvatore Maria, additional, Alfano, Mark, additional, Alvarado-Yepez, Andy J., additional, Andersen, Angélica, additional, Anseel, Frederik, additional, Apps, Matthew A. J., additional, Asadli, Chillar, additional, Awuor, Fonda Jane, additional, Azevedo, Flavio, additional, Basaglia, Piero, additional, Bélanger, Jocelyn J., additional, Berger, Sebastian, additional, Bertin, Paul, additional, Białek, Michał, additional, Bialobrzeska, Olga, additional, Blaya-Burgo, Michelle, additional, Bleize, Daniëlle N. M., additional, Bø, Simen, additional, Boecker, Lea, additional, Boggio, Paulo S., additional, Borau, Sylvie, additional, Bos, Björn, additional, Bouguettaya, Ayoub, additional, Brauer, Markus, additional, Brick, Cameron, additional, Brik, Tymofii, additional, Briker, Roman, additional, Brosch, Tobias, additional, Buchel, Ondrej, additional, Buonauro, Daniel, additional, Butalia, Radhika, additional, Carvacho, Héctor, additional, Chamberlain, Sarah A. E., additional, Chan, Hang-Yee, additional, Chow, Dawn, additional, Chung, Dongil, additional, Cian, Luca, additional, Cohen-Eick, Noa, additional, Contreras-Huerta, Luis Sebastian, additional, Contu, Davide, additional, Cristea, Vladimir, additional, Cutler, Jo, additional, D'Ottone, Silvana, additional, De Keersmaecker, Jonas, additional, Delcourt, Sarah, additional, Delouvée, Sylvain, additional, Diel, Kathi, additional, Douglas, Benjamin D., additional, Drupp, Moritz A., additional, Dubey, Shreya, additional, Ekmanis, Jānis, additional, Elbaek, Christian T., additional, Elsherif, Mahmoud, additional, Engelhard, Iris M., additional, Escher, Yannik A., additional, Etienne, Tom W., additional, Farage, Laura, additional, Farias, Ana Rita, additional, Feuerriegel, Stefan, additional, Findor, Andrej, additional, Freira, Lucia, additional, Friese, Malte, additional, Gains, Neil Philip, additional, Gallyamova, Albina, additional, Geiger, Sandra J., additional, Genschow, Oliver, additional, Gjoneska, Biljana, additional, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, additional, Goldberg, Beth, additional, Goldenberg, Amit, additional, Gradidge, Sarah, additional, Grassini, Simone, additional, Gray, Kurt, additional, Grelle, Sonja, additional, Griffin, Siobhán M., additional, Grigoryan, Lusine, additional, Grigoryan, Ani, additional, Grigoryev, Dmitry, additional, Gruber, June, additional, Guilaran, Johnrev, additional, Hadar, Britt, additional, Hahnel, Ulf J.J., additional, Halperin, Eran, additional, Harvey, Annelie J., additional, Haugestad, Christian A. P., additional, Herman, Aleksandra M., additional, Hershfield, Hal E., additional, Himichi, Toshiyuki, additional, Hine, Donald W., additional, Hofmann, Wilhelm, additional, Howe, Lauren, additional, Huaman-Chulluncuy, Enma T., additional, Huang, Guanxiong, additional, Ishii, Tatsunori, additional, Ito, Ayahito, additional, Jia, Fanli, additional, Jost, John T., additional, Jovanović, Veljko, additional, Jurgiel, Dominika, additional, Kácha, Ondřej, additional, Kankaanpää, Reeta, additional, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, additional, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, additional, Kaplan Mintz, Keren, additional, Kaya, Ilker, additional, Kaya, Ozgur, additional, Khachatryan, Narine, additional, Klas, Anna, additional, Klein, Colin, additional, Klöckner, Christian A., additional, Koppel, Lina, additional, Kosachenko, Alexandra I., additional, Kothe, Emily J., additional, Krebs, Ruth, additional, Krosch, Amy R., additional, Krouwel, Andre P.M., additional, Kyrychenko, Yara, additional, Lagomarsino, Maria, additional, Lamm, Claus, additional, Lange, Florian, additional, Lee Cunningham, Julia, additional, Lees, Jeffrey, additional, Leung, Tak Yan, additional, Levy, Neil, additional, Lockwood, Patricia L., additional, Longoni, Chiara, additional, López Ortega, Alberto, additional, Loschelder, David D., additional, Lu, Jackson G., additional, Luo, Yu, additional, Luomba, Joseph, additional, Lutz, Annika E., additional, Majer, Johann M., additional, Markowitz, Ezra, additional, Marsh, Abigail A., additional, Mascarenhas, Karen Louise, additional, Mbilingi, Bwambale, additional, Mbungu, Winfred, additional, McHugh, Cillian, additional, Meijers, Marijn H.C., additional, Mercier, Hugo, additional, Mhagama, Fenant Laurent, additional, Michalakis, Katerina, additional, Mikus, Nace, additional, Milliron, Sarah, additional, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, additional, Monge-Rodríguez, Fredy S., additional, Mora, Youri L., additional, Moreau, David, additional, Motoki, Kosuke, additional, Moyano, Manuel, additional, Mus, Mathilde, additional, Navajas, Joaquin, additional, Nguyen, Tam Luong, additional, Nguyen, Dung Minh, additional, Nguyen, Trieu, additional, Niemi, Laura, additional, Nijssen, Sari R. R., additional, Nilsonne, Gustav, additional, Nitschke, Jonas P., additional, Nockur, Laila, additional, Okura, Ritah, additional, Öner, Sezin, additional, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, additional, Palumbo, Helena, additional, Panagopoulos, Costas, additional, Panasiti, Maria Serena, additional, Pärnamets, Philip, additional, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, additional, Pavlov, Yuri G., additional, Payán-Gómez, César, additional, Pearson, Adam R., additional, Pereira da Costa, Leonor, additional, Petrowsky, Hannes M., additional, Pfattheicher, Stefan, additional, Pham, Nhat Tan, additional, Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, additional, Pretus, Clara, additional, Rêgo, Gabriel G., additional, Reimann, Ritsaart, additional, Rhoads, Shawn A., additional, Riano-Moreno, Julian, additional, Richter, Isabell, additional, Röer, Jan Philipp, additional, Rosa-Sullivan, Jahred, additional, Ross, Robert M., additional, Sabherwal, Anandita, additional, Saito, Toshiki, additional, Sarrasin, Oriane, additional, Say, Nicolas, additional, Schmid, Katharina, additional, Schmitt, Michael T., additional, Schoenegger, Philipp, additional, Scholz, Christin, additional, Schug, Mariah G., additional, Schulreich, Stefan, additional, Shreedhar, Ganga, additional, Shuman, Eric, additional, Sivan, Smadar, additional, Sjåstad, Hallgeir, additional, Soliman, Meikel, additional, Soud, Katia, additional, Spampatti, Tobia, additional, Sparkman, Gregg, additional, Spasovski, Ognen, additional, Stanley, Samantha K., additional, Stern, Jessica A., additional, Strahm, Noel, additional, Suko, Yasushi, additional, Sul, Sunhae, additional, Syropoulos, Stylianos, additional, Taylor, Neil C., additional, Tedaldi, Elisa, additional, Tinghög, Gustav, additional, Huynh, Luu Duc Toan, additional, Travaglino, Giovanni Antonio, additional, Tsakiris, Manos, additional, Tüter, İlayda, additional, Tyrala, Michael, additional, Uluğ, Özden Melis, additional, Urbanek, Arkadiusz, additional, Valko, Danila, additional, van der Linden, Sander, additional, van Schie, Kevin, additional, van Stekelenburg, Aart, additional, Vanags, Edmunds, additional, Västfjäll, Daniel, additional, Vesely, Stepan, additional, Vintr, Jáchym, additional, Vranka, Marek, additional, Wanguche, Patrick Otuo, additional, Willer, Robb, additional, Wojcik, Adrian Dominik, additional, Xu, Rachel, additional, Yadav, Anjali, additional, Zawisza, Magdalena, additional, Zhao, Xian, additional, Zhao, Jiaying, additional, Żuk, Dawid, additional, and Van Bavel, Jay J., additional

Published
2024
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34. PEOPLE ARE LESS GULLIBLE THAN YOU THINK

Author

Mercier, Hugo

Subjects
Coca-Cola Co. (Atlanta, Georgia), Soft drink industry, Weather, Retirement benefits, Humanities, Philosophy and religion, Political science
Abstract

LOOK AT ALL the gibberish people believe. That the earth is a flat disk surrounded by a 200-foot wall of ice. That high-up Democratic operatives run a pedophile ring out [...]

Published
2020

36. Natural-Born Arguers: Teaching How to Make the Best of Our Reasoning Abilities

Author

Mercier, Hugo, Boudry, Maarten, Paglieri, Fabio, and Trouche, Emmanuel

Abstract

We summarize the argumentative theory of reasoning, which claims that the main function of reasoning is to argue. In this theory, argumentation is seen as being essentially cooperative (people have to listen to others' arguments and be ready to change their mind) but with an adversarial dimension (their goal as argument producers is to convince). Consistent with this theory, the experimental literature shows that solitary reasoning is biased and lazy, whereas reasoning in group discussion produces good results, provided some conditions are met. We formulate recommendations for improving reasoning performance, mainly, to make people argue more and better by creating felicitous conditions for group discussion. We also make some suggestions for improving solitary reasoning, in particular to maximize students' exposure to arguments challenging their positions. Teaching people about the value of argumentation is likely to improve not only immediate reasoning performance but also long-term solitary reasoning skills.

Published
2017
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37. The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone

Author

Sperber, Dan and Mercier, Hugo

Subjects
The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think Alone (Nonfiction work) -- Sloman, Steven -- Fernbach, Philip -- Book reviews, Psychology and mental health
Abstract

The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think AloneBy Steven Sloman and Philip Fernbach. New York, NY: Riverhead Books, 2017. 296 pp. Hardcover, $28.In The Knowledge Illusion: Why We Never Think [...]

Published
2018

43. Argument evaluation and production in the correction of political innumeracy.

Author

Dockendorff, Martin and Mercier, Hugo

Subjects
*ARGUMENT, *ELECTRICAL load
Abstract

The public is largely innumerate, making systematic mistakes in estimating some politically relevant facts, such as the share of foreign-born citizens. In two-step or multistep flow models, such mistakes could be corrected if better-informed citizens were able to convince their peers, in particular by using good arguments citing reliable sources. In six experiments, we find two issues that dampen the potential power of this two-step flow process. First, even though participants were more convinced by good than by poor arguments, many did not change their minds, even when confronted with good arguments. Second, participants are not inclined to spontaneously generate arguments that cite reliable sources, even when they have just been influenced by such arguments. Both issues should put a significant brake in the spread of political numeracy through the two-step flow process, in particular in non-dialogic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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44. When do people dislike self-enhancers?: When they claim to be superior.

Author

Weber, Valentin and Mercier, Hugo

Subjects
REPUTATION, AVERSION, LIKES & dislikes, RESENTMENT, SOCIAL dominance
Abstract

Self-enhancing statements can provide useful information. Why do we resent those who make them? We suggest that the resentment comes from a broader claim of superiority that self-enhancing statements can imply. In three experiments, we compared one condition, designed such that the self-enhancing claim would be perceived as a claim of superiority, to three conditions providing different contextual reasons for why the self-enhancing claim might not be a claim of superiority. In those conditions the self-enhancing claim is either called for, addressed to someone who performs better than the self-enhancer, or addressed to someone who doesn't compete in the domain mentioned of the self-enhancing claim. The results show that participants disliked the self-enhancer more and were more likely to deem the self-enhancing claim to be a brag when the self-enhancing claim was manipulated to be a claim of superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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47. Children's Allocation of Resources in Social Dominance Situations

Author

Charafeddine, Rawan, Mercier, Hugo, Clément, Fabrice, Kaufmann, Laurence, Reboul, Anne, and Van der Henst, Jean-Baptiste

Abstract

Two experiments with preschoolers (36 to 78 months) and 8-year-old children (Experiment 1, N = 173; Experiment 2, N = 132) investigated the development of children's resource distribution in dominance contexts. On the basis of the distributive justice literature, 2 opposite predictions were tested. Children could match resource allocation with the unequal social setting they observe and thus favor a dominant individual over a subordinate 1. Alternatively, children could choose to compensate the subordinate if they consider that the dominance asymmetry should be counteracted. Two experiments using a giving task (Experiment 1) and a taking task (Experiment 2) led to the same results. In both experiments, children took dominance into account when allocating resources. Moreover, their distributive decisions were similarly affected by age: Although 3- and 4-year-old children favored the dominant individual, 5-year-old children showed no preference and 8-year-old children strongly favored the subordinate. Several mechanisms accounting for this developmental pattern are discussed.

Published
2016
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