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Simple Summary: Estimation of age represents a challenge in the veterinary forensic pathology field as well as in human forensic medicine. In puppies, the most common methods of age estimation are the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a precise postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Consequently, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age estimation in puppies' cadavers. Kidney samples from 45 cadavers were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-smooth muscle actin protein—α-SMA) examinations. Morphometrical and immunohistochemical studies allowed us to observe differences among assessed groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of both kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of puppies. Estimation of age represents a central focus in the veterinary forensic pathology field. Currently, the visual examination of the dentition and the skeletal age are the main methods to estimate the age of puppies. Nevertheless, these methods are affected by a broad range of variables. In contrast, the kidney is characterized by a specific postnatal development. In human glomerulogenesis, fetal mesangial cells change their immunohistochemical phenotypes with maturation. Therefore, we hypothesized that histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the kidney can be used together as an indirect parameter for age determination in puppies' cadavers. Forty-five puppies' cadavers were divided into five groups defined by age (Group A= 0–15 days, Group B = 16–45 days, Group C = 46–85 days, Group D = 86–105 days, Group E= 105–365 days). For each case, kidney samples were collected and processed for histopathological (for morphometrical study of the glomerulus) and immunohistochemical (for the immunolocalization of the α-SMA protein) studies. Morphometrical study allowed us to observe statistical differences in the mean glomerulus numbers per field among assessed groups. Similarly, immunohistochemical examination showed differences in SMA expression among groups. Our findings suggest a potential use of kidney morphometrical and immunohistochemical examinations together as an indirect parameter to assess the age of illegally imported puppies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertebral heart size (VHS) is widely determined in clinical practice as an objective method to assess the cardiac silhouette dimensions. However, a key limitation is that it is difficult to determine VHS in dogs with vertebral alterations. This retrospective, method comparison, observer agreement study sought to overcome this limitation by using the heart‐to‐single vertebra ratio (HSVR), by evaluating the level of agreement between VHS and HSVR, as well as the intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement for HSVR. Three independent observers retrospectively evaluated thoracic radiographs obtained over a set time period. Exclusion criteria were the presence of alterations of the thoracic spine and the inability to clearly outline the cardiac silhouette. The lengths of the vertebral bodies, from the fourth to eighth thoracic vertebra, and VHS were measured on each radiograph. The HSVR was calculated by dividing the sum of the cardiac long and short axes by the length of each vertebral body. Eighty dogs of different breeds were included in the final analysis. Lin's concordance correlation coefficients revealed strong correlations between VHS and HSVR (0.91–0.96), and the Bland–Altman plots showed low bias (0.01–0.2) between the methods. The mean absolute errors indicated low average magnitudes of error (0.11–0.28). The intraclass correlation coefficients showed good to excellent inter‐observer (0.87–0.92; P = 0.000) and intra‐observer (0.87–0.99; P <.001) agreement. In the authors' opinion, this new method, which is less time consuming and more objective, could offer a valuable alternative to VHS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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