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The article examines the peculiarities of the semantic component of communication activity of preschoolers with developmental delay. We have determined that an emotional attitude to an interlocutor introduced into communicative actions, together with the understood meanings of created messages, means transition to the semantic level of communication. We have theoretically and experimentally substantiated that this semantic level presupposes that an interacting subject is able to express emotional attitudes towards partners, to interpret and understand their mental states, which contribute to an understanding of any event or socio-communicative situation. To study the semantic level (component) of communication activities, we examined implicit and explicit mentalization. Implicit mentalization included the respondents’ assessment of the mental properties of objects proposed as partners; recognition by them of emotions and mental causes of these emotions in socio-communicative situations. Explicit mentalization means the respondents’ ability to understand causes of behaviour based on knowledge of people’s mental states, the ability to predict other people’s behaviour based on knowledge of their own and others’ mental states, the ability to understand the moral and ethical aspects of the Other’s behaviour. We have determined experimentally that children with the mentally deficient type of communication activity are characterized by difficulties in communicative prediction, misunderstanding of the causes of behaviour, low level of implicit and explicit mentalization. Hence, these children often get into conflict situations due to misconceptions about the results of their own actions or the actions of others. The identified patterns of implicit and explicit mentalization will be the basis for the technology forming communicative activity, in particular its semantic component in preschoolers with developmental delay.

For a variety of reasons, the criminal justice system tends to be a “first stop” for mentally ill individuals with behavioral problems. Police are often called to resolve mental health crises, and this sometimes results in criminal charges and thus the need to address this unique population in corrections. Rates of many mental illnesses among offenders are disproportionately high. Additionally, individuals with low intelligence (IQ) are also more likely to be involved in corrections. These considerations must be taken into account during supervision and counseling as they can significantly impact strategies that are otherwise effective. While medication for mental health conditions can be effective to manage the symptoms of some clients, medication cannot be forced and may not be effective for other clients. The role of traditional goals for these offenders (e.g., employment) can be even more dramatic although obtaining these goals may place greater pressure on correctional workers. It is the role of the correctional worker to best support clients’ basic needs and encourage direct mental health and medication treatment from a trained professional.

The problem of admissibility of the application of preventive measures against young offenders Part 1Art. 10 § 2 of the 1997 Criminal Code provides for the extraordinary criminal liability of young offenders, who are over the age of 15 at the time of committing a criminal offence. The above provision stipulates that in the case of young offenders’ committing any of the enumerated offences, they may be tried pursuant to the provisions of the Criminal Code. Juvenile delinquents are then treated the same way as adult perpetrators. However, it raises concerns whether the preventive measures may be applied against the specific category of perpetrators — the insane, the mentally deficient, drug addicts or the sexually disordered. The content of the first part of the Article referred to above includes theoretical considerations as an introduction to the interpretation of the currently applicable regulations. It was necessary to analyse the problem of the application of preventive measures against young offenders in the light of the criminal law in force in the years 1932–1969, 1969–1982 and 1982–1997. It is striking that the admissibility of the application of preventive measures against juvenile delinquents has not yet been clearly and precisely regulated, which can be attributed to the views of the representatives of jurisprudence and judicature. These views are reflected in the aforementioned part of the Article in question, constituting a form of historical interpretation of the discussed issue.

The topic of this PhD dissertation is the history of mentally deficient children and adults in both France and Germany between 1890 and 1934. This work focuses on people who suffered from mental retardation although at that time they would have been referred to as "feeble-minded," "idiots" or "imbeciles." This study provides a new focus on different subjects. The various circulations of medical models are considered in a dynamic perspective. lt also provides an original vision of the construction of the category of feeblemidness, influenced by agents like doctors [psychiatrists], families or teachers, questioning what was done in practical terms. Mentally deficient people were shaped by the gaze of the people they interacted with. They are also examined in a social and economic context to which these individuals respond. The evolution of the characterization of feeble-mindedness and the use of intelligence tests highlight various attempts to classify those individuals in a more rational way. From a more specific psychiatrie point of view, this thesis shows how the emphasis on their classification as "unproductive persans" as well as the description of feeble-mindedness as a hereditary and "racial" disease transformed them into a social issue in the context of the rise of social Darwinism and eugenics, which led fo their sterilization in Germany from 1934 on., Cette thèse aborde l'histoire des enfants et adultes handicapés mentaux en France et en Allemagne entre 1890 et le milieu des années 1930. Ce travail prend pour objet les personnes atteintes de déficience mentale, qualifiées à l'époque de « débiles mentaux », « imbéciles », « idiots » ou du terme plus générique d' « arriérés ». Cette étude apporte un éclairage nouveau sur plusieurs thèmes, en adoptant une perspective transnationale pour éclairer la circulation et les résistances dans les pratiques médicales et pédagogiques destinées aux arriérés. Cherchant à mettre en valeur la part de construction qui est en jeu dans l'élaboration de ces catégories nosographiques, les critères aboutissant à créer la « faiblesse d'esprit » (Schwachsinnigkeit) sont étudiés à travers de points de vue variés (famille, instituteurs, psychologues et aliénistes). On montre ainsi comment la catégorie est forgée par ceux qui les observent au quotidien. A l'échelle des institutions étudiées, l'évolution des pratiques asilaires démontre une volonté progressive de rationaliser le tri entre ceux qu'on pense « éducables » et les « incurables » par l'emploi d'outils tels que les tests psychométriques. La thèse démontre aussi comment les arriérés sont envisagés peu à peu comme une charge, voire un danger à l'échelle nationale. Après la Grande Guerre, le coût de leur prise en charge est vu comme un fardeau dans les deux pays, justifiant une rationalisation des soins qui leur sont accordés. Ils sont surtout considérés comme porteurs de tares transmissibles héréditairement, soit des individus qu'il s'agit de sélectionner voire d'éliminer en tant que danger sanitaire. La thèse explore ces deux aspects observés en France comme en Allemagne, et leur part dans la légitimation de la stérilisation forcée des arriérés comme « Malades héréditaires » mises en place par la loi adoptée dès les premiers mois de l'avènement du IIIe Reich, ainsi que les réactions du milieu psychiatrique français.

The infantilization of older adults seems morally deplorable whereas very young children are appropriate recipients of such treatment. Children, we argue, are not mentally capable of acting autonomously and reasoning clearly. However, we have difficulty reconciling this justification with the fact that many of the elders whom we respect are mentally deficient in those very same ways. In this paper, I try to make sense of this asymmetry between our justifications for infantilizing the young and our conviction that our elders ought to be respected. I argue that our intuitions against adult infantilization are non-consequentialist (i.e., deontic). I consider several candidates for the deontic factor that might explain the asymmetry of our judgments and practices. I argue that a very specific kind of dignity (one that is socially constructed and reified) grounds our disparate judgments and treatments of very young and very old persons with similar needs.

Although the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) is universally used in the field of psychology to diagnose individuals, it is more of a political document than a scientific one. In the original version of the DSM (1952), students with mental disorders were diagnosed solely on IQ scores. But who has the power to determine what IQ score is “normal?” The American Psychiatric Association (APA) decides who is sane and who is not, and they persuade the public to accept their claims as being objective (Caplan, 1995). Thus, as the eminent philosopher Michel Foucault (1975) argues, mental professionals create the discourse on mental disorders, and they define the roles of madness and normalcy, deficiency and intelligence. In the first DSM, one was diagnosed as severely mentally deficient if he/she had an IQ score below 50. Part of the reason as to why the term special needs has a negative connotation is due to this abysmal score. Society and medical professionals only diagnosed severe cases of mental disorders. As the years progressed, the DSM gradually changed the criteria for being “mentally deficient” or having a “mental disorder.” In order to be diagnosed with profound mental deficiency, one must have an IQ score below 20. This new criterion adds to the negative connotation for special needs students. Although these students do not fit the criterion and may have incredible IQ scores, society erroneously holds the notion that people requiring special academic needs are severely deficient. This research paper shows how the DSM has shaped public attitudes toward mental disorders while it also criticizes the concept of IQ scores.

This article presents an overview and analysis of the relationship of psychiatry and criminal justice in three different areas: the role of medical expert testimony in criminal trials; the role of psychiatrists in criminological research; and the influence of psychiatry on the penal reform movement. The first section argues that the increased use of medical expert testimony in the criminal courts demonstrates the increasing social acceptance of the psychiatric claim that borderline mental abnormalities were widespread and frequently connected to criminal behaviour. The second section examines the reasons why psychiatrists became so interested in research into the causes of criminal behaviour, and relates this interest to psychiatrists’ efforts to expand their professional territory. The third section argues that psychiatry exerted an important influence on the penal reform agenda. Not only was psychiatry crucial to the treatment of mentally deficient offenders, but the penal reformers’ demand to make every offender’s punishment dependent on his ‘social prognosis’ promised to give psychiatric expertise a central role in criminal justice. The article’s conclusion examines to what extent it makes sense to speak of a medicalization of criminal justice in this period.

Twenty-six patients with infantile hydrocephalus were re-examined at ages ranging from 21-32 years. Operations had been performed in 11, but abnormal head growth continued post-operatively in 9. One third of the patients lead a normal life, while half of the patients are mentally deficient. All patients have neurological signs, poor dexterity and clumsiness being present in all. Psychological testing reveals uneven profiles, in 4 patients with performance IQ considerably lower than verbal IQ. Computerised tomography demonstrates all degrees of hydrocephalus with no correlation between ventricular-brain ratio and IQ or between ventricular-brain ratio and operative procedures. Full otoneurological investigation shows differential-caloric examination to be abnormal in 60%, although none of the patients have complaints referring to the vestibular system.

Welty's 1954 novella is narrated by Edna Earle Ponder, the owner of the Beulah Hotel in Clay, Mississippi, who is determined that her story be heard. As Welty has noted elsewhere, Edna Earle "has someone by the lapels who's come in to register at the hotel and can't get away, you know, like the wedding guest" (Wheatley 132). Edna Earle presses this unwilling stranger into attentive service, pausing once to suggest, "And listen: if you read, you'll put your eyes out. Let's just talk" (341). Edna Earle describes her mentally deficient Uncle Daniel, who exasperates his family by giving away money and property and marrying "beneath" him. What else does her story reveal? Scholars have written less on The Ponder Heart than on any of Welty's other fiction, but it is likely to be read more widely thanks to the 2001 broadcast of a Masterpiece Theatre film based on the book (Thurman). To understand more of Edna Earle's story, and to savor more of the nuances in Welty's sympathetic and hilarious characterization, readers should consider the changes that have occurred in rural Mississippi during Edna Earle's lifetime. Several critics have noted that Welty's novel registers changes in Mississippi culture, but most suggest that this change is for the worse. Michael Kreyling writes that "the time in which Edna Earle narrates the story is the heyday of the superhighway.… The Peacocks themselves are the prolific hordes of coming change, just as Edna Earle is the bathed, neat, and proper survivor of the old regime" (115-16). To evaluate Edna Earle and the changes she laments, readers should place the novel in time. The book's most recent events occurred about 1952. Uncle Daniel's first mar- riage, according to testimony given during his trial, lasted two months in 1944, and his second marriage lasted almost six years. Welty has set the novel in approximately the same moment in which she was writing it as a short story in 1952 and has made Edna Earle about her own age (43 in 1952). Her business, the Beulah Hotel, has far fewer customers than it once did, which is why her grandfather did not object when Uncle Daniel gave the hotel away to his niece. As Edna Earle explains, the town of Clay had "gone down so … with the wrong element going spang through the middle of town at ninety miles an hour on the new highway" (342). Readers will understand the novel better if they are aware that living conditions in Mississippi have changed more in Edna Earle's lifetime than

A person's worldview as a system of subjective generalizations about reality is an important though nearly neglected focus of study. The ultimate meanings technique (UMT) elaborated by the author during the last decade is presented as a research and clinical instrument that makes it possible to reconstruct the system of a person's beliefs about the goals and meanings of human life. Structural and content analytical indices applicable to UMT, along with qualitative phenomenological analysis, make it a helpful research instrument. The results of different age and clinical groups (normal, mentally deficient, alcoholic, and somatically troubled adults and normal and delinquent adolescents) are discussed.

This article presents a typology of discursive discrimination, discrimination carried out through the use of language. It is argued that such a typology should fulfil certain criteria in order to be useful for empirical research. The proposed typology consists of four main concepts: (1) exclusion from discourse; (2) negative other-presentation; (3) objectification; and (4) proposals pointing towards unfavourable non-linguistic treatment. The related concept of othering - the creation of a psychological distance to people understood to belong to groups others than ‘us’ - is also presented. The manner in which the different forms of discursive discrimination and othering can be operationalized is demonstrated through examples from empirical studies of discourses of people categorized as mentally deficient, as deaf, and as immigrants in public debate in Sweden in the past 75 years.

This article shows, firstly, one way in which discrimination in discourse, that is, discrimination performed through the use of language, can be studied with the help of a set of concepts: exclusio ...

Introduction: Physical activity is recommended to maintain physical health. In addition, it is also thought that exercise affects the brain in different ways that may counteract the effects of mental deficiency, such as encouraging neurogenesis and improving cerebral perfusion and increasing cerebral blood flow. Background: Physical exercise and fitness have been proposed as potential factors that promote healthy cognitive function. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a training program with standardized exercise on reaction time in male adolescents with mental deficiency. Method: A total of 51 male adolescents, aged 14 to 16 years were divided into three groups: (1) healthy group (HG: 17 healthy school children without any mental deficiency), (2) a trained group (TG: n=17) that participated in an aerobic programme,consisting of one daily session (~60 min),twice weekly, during a period of three months, and (3) a sedentary group (SG: n=17, that performed no training). HG and TG were participants with mild mental deficiency. The software “REACTION” was used to measure the reaction time in response to visual stimulus at different periods (at rest: one day before exercise, immediately after exercise and one day after exercise). Anthropometric characteristics were determined in the three groups. All measurements were determined before and after the experimental period. Comparisons were determined for intra and inter-groups. Results: The results showed significant differences (p

Despite their aura of self-containment and apparent closure the institutions built to confine people diagnosed as ‘mentally deficient’ or ‘feebleminded’ were closely connected to broader social structures. A recent paper presenting involuntary sterilization almost exclusively as an internal control measure attempts to sever this relationship. Yet the encoding of eugenic forces both within and beyond the asylum wall reinforces the idea that, far from being institutionally disconnected from modern society, the custodial asylum represents one of its most powerful archetypes.

Partindo dos resultados da análise de dez relatórios de pesquisa, e tendo por fundamentação teórica os estudos de Michel Foucault, este texto tem como objetivo evidenciar a relação existente entre a produção do saber e as práticas cotidianas que se estabelecem no meio social. É parte do relatório de dissertação que analisou produções acadêmicas cujo tema é a sexualidade da pessoa com deficiência mental relacionando-as a um projeto de orientação sexual desenvolvido com jovens com deficiência mental. Nessa associação é possível identificar concepções de sexualidade e deficiência mental apresentadas por um viés biologicista condicionando a proposição de uma orientação sexual tida como “antídoto” para o problema das manifestações de sexualidade desses sujeitos. Isso leva à necessidade de atenção e reflexão em relação às verdades veiculadas na produção acadêmica e coloca desafios à produção de novas perspectivas e de novas práticas que produzam outras verdades sobre a sexualidade e sobre a sexualidade da pessoa com deficiência mental.Palavras-chave: Sexualidade. Pessoa com deficiência mental. Orientação sexual.

Why study handedness? In Western cultures hardly anyone pays attention to whether a person is rightor lefthanded. This was not always true: Not very long ago, in terms of human evolution, to be lefthanded was to be evil, mentally deficient, sickly, possessed, clumsy, oafish, or any combination of these. Now, most of the developed world knows better: Lefthanders, approximately 10% of the population, write with their left hand. Does it matter? Not really, but it is different and we, as scientists, are interested in lefthanders because we are particularly interested in things that differ from the norm.

The productivity of memory processes of mentally deficient is lower than that of pupils with normal intellect. The results of the experiments, however, revealed simultaneously that mentally deficient children are able to increase the productivity of their mnemonical activities. The productivity of indirect memory of mentally deficient pupils in all the three reproductions is considerably higher as compared to the direct memory. The grouping of the material according to its meaning-conceiving of relations that were used by the investigated is of great importance to the productivity of mnemonical activities. So semantic coding while memorizing the material increases the volume of memorizing and keeping the memorised material by children and makes its traces more constant. The facts revealed enable us to assert that children must be taught carefully and for a long time the ways of semantical treatment of the material. Experimental research enables us to think of the ways which should help to form ways memorizing for mentally deficient children. Children, learning at schools for mentally deficient, memorize the comprehended material and keep it in their memory differently. So, trying to develop mnemonical activities of the pupils, a corrective pedagogical influence is needed. Mentally deficient children add casual elements to the recalled material. Therefore ways of recalling the material, helping to correct the mentioned peculiarity, should be searched for.

William Valentine Mayneord was born 14 February 1902, the last child of Walter and Elizabeth Mayneord, in Redditch, Worcestershire. Walter Mayneord, who worked first in a fishing-tackle factory in Redditch and later as agent for the Pearl Assurance Company, was clearly a man of many parts. As a youth he was an enthusiastic amateur runner, a very able chess player, playing for Worcestershire, and a well-known figure riding his bicycle aged over 80 and singing in the choir at 90, the year of his death. He was a devoted Gladstonian Liberal and a founder of the Liberal Club in Redditch. Walter and Elizabeth had two older children, Ewart and Gilbert. Ewart the eldest, though largely self-educated, had a great facility for languages and served as an interpreter on the Western Front in World War I. After the war he taught himself Russian and became foreign correspondent for a firm trading with Russia, which he visited on business. Unfortunately Ewart died from a brain tumour at about the age of 34. The other brother, Gilbert, was to some degree mentally deficient and worked as a labourer. But clearly, despite the meagre educational opportunities of the time, the Mayneord family had talent and ability: still earlier, grandfather William Mayneord had been a well-known local preacher. The family books also showed that they were surprisingly well read.

This article tries to extend the behavioural assessment basis and techniques to the field of mental deficiency, given the lack of practical tools of this sort. The main objective of this research work is to design a method that will satisfy the aspects of assessment, behavioural diagnosis and follow-up. The method intends to: a) comprehend each one of the behaviour areas needed to promote a full assessment of behaviour in mentally deficient subjects; b) fulfil the main psychometric demands, as well as facilitate continuous assessment. Finally, the article presents a behavioural system of assessment and diagnosis of mental deficiencies that satisfies all the main requirements already mentioned, leaving the �validity of treatment� of the system to be studied.

This study was conducted for the purpose of determining educational needs of parents who have mentally deficient children at the age of 5-10. This study examined the educational needs of parents with mentally deficient children at the age of 5 to 10 as well as analyzing the existence of any differences between parental needs depending on different age groups of children. The sampling, which was formed by random selection, was composed of 364 voluntary parents with mentally disabled children at the age of 5 to 10 and attending a rehabilitation center., The “Educational Needs Form” was used to identify the subjects about which they desired to receive education The form composed of general information about mental deficiency, legal rights, supporting development of children, education of children, communication and participation of children in social activities and one open-ended question. It was seen that parents in all age groups needed education. When necessities of parents were considered depending on age group of children, it was found that families with 5-6 years old mentally deficient children needed “general information about mental deficiencies" more than parents with children in other age groups. All parents need education on such matters as legal rights, supporting child's development, communication and social activities. Although parents in all age groups need education about children's educational requirements, those with children in 5-6 year group bear a higher rate of necessity. Ozet Bu calisma 5-10 yaslarinda zihinsel yetersizligi bulunan cocuga sahip ebeveynlerin egitim gereksinimlerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Arastirma grubunu tesadufi yontemle secilen, rehabilitasyon merkezine devam eden 5-10 yaslarinda zihinsel yetersizligi bulunan cocuga sahip gonullu 364 ebeveyn olusturmustur. Ebeveynlerinin egitim almak istedikleri konulari belirlemek amaciyla “Egitim Gereksinimi Belirleme Formu” kullanilmistir. Form, zihinsel yetersizlikle ilgili genel bilgiler, yasal haklar, cocugun gelisimi destekleme, cocugun egitimi, iletisim ve cocugun sosyal aktivitelere katilimla ilgili konulari iceren ve bir acik uclu sorudan olusmustur. Calismanin siralanan konularda tum yas gruplarindaki ebeveynlerin egitim gereksinimi oldugu gorulmustur. Cocuklarin yas gruplarina gore ebeveynlerin gereksinimleri incelendiginde, 5-6 yaslarinda zihinsel yetersizligi bulunan cocuga sahip ailelerin “zihinsel yetersizlikle ilgili genel bilgilere” diger yas gruplarinda cocugu bulunan ebeveynlere gore daha fazla gereksinim oldugu belirlenmistir. Yasal haklarla, cocugun gelisimini destekleme, ebeveynlerin daha fazla oldugu gorulmektedir.

We must learn how, over a terrain as extensive as possible, to teach mentally deficient pupils the same knowledge, that is, knowledge equivalent to that which nonretarded pupils learn either at an earlier age or through activities that are inaccessible to the mentally retarded. Responsive teaching provides a solution that seems to us to be in conformity with the fundamental aims of an authentic social integration: it provides for the acquisition of the greatest possible amount of the knowledge already mastered by the group one wants the subject to become part of. L'Enseignement repondant, Louis Not, P.U.F., 1989, pp. 136.

This description by Patricia Potts of the career of Dame Evelyn Fox illustrates how much influence voluntary initiatives could have on local and central government committees, how they allocated resources, co-ordinated services and made significant changes in the legal status of the mentally deficient. It also illustrates how the training of relevant professionals was organised, officially recognised and rewarded; and how piecemeal was the way in which a system of special education developed, with the impetus frequently coming from voluntary associations.

A 39 year old insulin-dependent (type 1 ) diabetic social worker develops end-stage renal failure caused by diabetic nephropathy. Noting virulent diabetic retinopathy and serious peripheral vascular disease, the attending nephrologist advocates an immediate kidney transplant rather than dialytic therapy which may permit progression of diabetic complications. The patient has an institutionalized, mentally defective, 37 year old sister, functioning at approximately kindergarten level, who is usually seen only on holiday visits. After review of treatment options and in recognition of the two-year or longer wait for a cadaver kidney, the parents — who are legal guardians for the defective sister — direct that she be scheduled as a transplant donor.

In order to determine the relation between hemispheric specialization for language and intellectual deficiency, two groups of lower-IQ subjects were compared to normal-IQ controls on word-dichotic listening tasks. Two conditions in which stimuli differed by their level of phonological complexity were used. Normal controls showed the expected right-ear advantage in both conditions. Moreover, they showed a greater magnitude of ear difference on the condition requiring higher-order phonological processing. In the mentally deficient group, almost half the subjects exhibited a left-ear advantage and they showed no difference between the two conditions in terms of the magnitude of ear difference. These results point to the presence of atypical hemispheric specialization in mentally deficient subjects.

Discussion is provided of an Orthoplast splint that was used to aid in the successful treatment of a mentally deficient patient who had sustained a fracture in the distal forearm, which was managed by external fixation. This splint is advocated for the treatment of various types of uncooperative patients. Although this splint has not been tried in the treatment of children, it appears likewise applicable for a noncompliant youngster.

Until recently, within the problem of mental retardation it has been the intellectual deficiency of a child, his feeble-mindedness, that has occupied the foreground as the basic feature. This is locked into the very definition of such children, who are habitually called mentally retarded or mentally deficient. All other sides of such a child’s personality are regarded as arising secondarily and as depending upon that basic intellectual defect. Many are inclined not even to see real distinctions between the affective and volitional spheres of these children and of normal children.

Two cases of habitual dislocation of the elbow are presented, both of them in mentally deficient patients. Aetiology and operation methods are discussed and relevant literature reviewed.

Administered the WISC and the WISC-R in a counterbalanced design to 20 Hispanic children. Ss scored significantly lower on the WISC-R on Similarities, Object Assembly, Coding, and Mazes subtests, which resulted in lower Performance and Full Scale IQs. WISC-R scores tended to increase after practice on the WISC, but WISC scores tended to decrease after practice on the WISC-R. There was an overall difference of approximately 14 points between the Verbal and the Performance IQs on both tests. The only sex difference occurred on the Coding subscale; girls' mean score was higher than boys'. The tests were highly correlated. Important implications are that the WISC-R is as culturally biased as the WISC and that more Hispanic children may be labeled as mentally deficient. It is suggested that the Verbal IQ reflects the extent of acculturation, while the Performance IQ reflects actual ability.

The study compared differences and similarities between WISC and WISC-R scores for 48 ten- and thirteen-year-old EMR students, who were matched according to sex and race. The WISC-R yielded significantly lower VS, PS, and FS IQ scores than the WISC for this predominantly rural Georgia population. The FS IQ scores from the WISC-R averaged 7.5 points lower than the WISC FS IQs, with similar differences noted for VS and PS scores. There was no significant difference in FS IQs between the two age groups. Results suggest that many children classified as “Borderline” or slightly above by the WISC will be classified as “Mentally Deficient” by the WISC-R.

Some hip fractures in mentally deficient patients are days to weeks old, are not painful, and can be treated nonoperatively. Despite current emphasis on reduction an internal fixation of femoral neck fractures, displaced fractures (Garden IV) in this group should not be nailed. Impacted neck fractures (Garden I) should be pinned in situ and the patient should ambulate immediately. Hemiarthroplasty is the treatment of choice for displaced intracapsular fractures in those previously ambulatory. Late pain is not a clinical problem. Extracapsular fractures should be reduced and nailed with a sliding device in a valgus position without medial displacement, and the patient should ambulate immediately. Extended hospital stays for the purpose of physical therapy should be avoided. These people should be returned as soon as possible to their previous environment where graduated mobilization should be encouraged.

espanolEl articulo pone de manifiesto la imposibilidad de evidenciar la estructura y la dinamica intelectual de un sujeto o de un grupo a traves de una prueba de diagnostico puramente empirica como el test de Terman. Partiendo de la teoria Psicogenetica de Piaget, se han realizado transformaciones en dos items del test -�Discriminacion de formas� y �Seleccion de objetos por el uso�-, que permiten un tratamiento clinico de los mismos. Los resultados obtenidos en una muestra de 8 sujetos deficientes mentales ponen de manifiesto la existencia de una organizacion cognitiva subyacente a los resultados puramente numericos, asi como la genesis que conduce a la construccion correcta de colecciones. EnglishThe article shows that it is impossible to evidence the intellectual and dynamic structure of an individual or a group by means of a purely empirical diagnostic test, such as the Terman-test. Based on J. Piaget�s psychogenetic theory, some transformations were carried out on two items of the test --�Form discrimination� and �Selection of objects according to their use�-- which allowed them to be used for clinical purposes. The results obtained from a sample of eight mentally deficient subjects show --that underneath purely numerical results-- there is a cognitive organization as well as the genesis that leads to the correct construction of collections.

A large pituitary prolactinoma was found in a mentally deficient 45 year old woman presenting with amenorrhoea, glactorrhoea, headache, anaemia and hypertension, and removed surgically. She was subsequently found to have multiple adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas, a gastric schwannoma and colonic polyadenomas. All these tumours were also removed surgically. Despite the absence of parathyroid and islet-cell hyperplasia, this case seems to be a variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I.

Summary This study proposes to show the possible relationships between, on the one hand, modifications of evoked potentials (E.P.) and slow potentials (S.P.) and, on the other hand anomalies in amino acid metabolism in mentally deficient children. Thirty-two mentally retarded children (I. Q.'s between 20 and 40) were examined and divided into two groups : R1 with no amino acid anomalies ; R2 with amino acid anomalies, « isolatedor associated with phosphocalcium metabolism perturbations or renal dysfunction. As predicted by previous observations, these mentally deficient children presented low amplitude E.P. and S.P. irrespective of their group assignment. Both pathological groups are characterised by a lack of E. P. conditioning. Moderate differences are observed between the two groups, R1 and R2. These differences are most evident in E.P. amplitude and less evident in S.P. These responses are weaker in group R2 than in R1. Within group R2 they are also weaker for those children with isolated amino acide anomalies. The low amplitude of evoked potentials observed in mentally retarded children can be linked, not only to perceptive and cognitive factors, but to biological factors.

Seven mentally deficient children and adolescents (three pairs of siblings and one singleton) were studied. A peculiar external appearance, a characteristic neurohepatosubcutaneous tissue impairment syndrome and, as a biological marker, an abnormal sialic acid transferrin pattern were characteristic features. All seven seemed odd from birth and prone to acute cerebral dysfunction during catabolic states. Abnormal lower neurone, cerebellar, and retinal functions dominated from later childhood. The disialotransferrin pattern found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is thought to be the biological marker of a newly discovered inborn error of glycoprotein metabolism with autosomal recessive inheritance.

The relationship between vestibular stimulation and language development in a group of five primary trainable mentally deficient and five developmentally retarded preschoolers was studied. Subjects received vestibular stimulation prior to a free play situation and were monitored for spontaneous recognizable language use. Results indicated an increase in spontaneous verbal language use for both groups immediately after the stimulation periods, and suggest vestibular stimulation as an effective nonverbal intervention method for the facilitation of spontaneous language.

This report concerns a study of 95 families in which at least two of the children had epilepsy (a total of 210 cases). A total of 45 p. 100 of the patients were from 60 p. 100 of the families and had an intellectual level below the average, and 32 p. 100 of them had an IQ below 70. The family history was the same whether the children were mentally deficient or not. There was no family history of mental deficiency in those families where the epileptic children had a normal IQ but there was a positive family history in 25 p. 100 of families having at least one mentally deficient and epileptic child. The persistence of seizures after 5 years of treatment is seen much more frequently in mentally deficient children than in those with normal intelligence. Finally, the position of the child within the family has no influence and epilepsy may be found in any of the children.

The study examined the suitability of Furth's nonverbal conservation test as a psychometric tool for measuring individual differences in Zambia. The subjects included normal and mentally deficient Zambian children aged 7–13 years. The test was validated against age differentiation, differentiation of different intellectual levels, and school performance. The results showed that scores on the test increased significantly with increase in age, correlated positively and significantly with school scores, and differentiated normal from mentally deficient children. Within the normal sample the test also differentiated dull from average children; within the deficient sample the test did not differentiate the moderately mentally deficient from the severely mentally deficient. These results are explained by reference to the characteristics of the test, performance on which requires learning, memory, and perceptual abilities.

Language, intelligence, academic achievement, and behavioral adjustment were assessed in a group of 20 adolescents originally studied 10 years earlier as preschoolers with language disorders. At follow-up, 20% had WISC-R IQ scores in the mentally deficient range and were being educated in EMR classrooms. Of the remaining 16, 11 (69%) had required special tutoring, grade retention, or LD class placement. The majority of non-EMR subjects continued to evidence persistent deficits in language and academic achievement and were rated by their parents as being less socially competent and having more behavioral problems than their peers. Of the initial preschool measures available, the Leiter was found to be the best single predictor of intelligence, language, class placement, and reading achievement in adolescence, although the NSST: Expressive subtest also was a strong predictor of adolescent language.