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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores how receiving identical information from different sources affects learning and cognitive load, focusing on two types of redundancy: modal redundancy, where redundant information comes from two visual sources (images and written text), and codal redundancy, where redundant information comes from two sources of different modalities which utilize the same symbol system (spoken and written text). Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design involving modal (yes/no) and codal (yes/no) redundancy, 158 participants completed twenty learning tasks, consisting of ten construction and ten recall tasks. Additionally, they rated their cognitive load by indicating their perceived task difficulty and mental load. Overall, results indicate positive main effects of modal redundancy and negative effects of codal redundancy on learning and cognitive load. Furthermore, significant interaction effects suggest that modal redundancy may counterbalance the negative effects of codal redundancy, implying a compensatory mechanism in cognitive processing for construction tasks. These results highlight the importance of considering both modal and codal redundancy and their interaction in instructional design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantify the influence of the playing surface on workload-related variables (i.e., external load, Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and mental load) in training sessions with a Spanish professional soccer team. Twenty professional male players from the same soccer team were involved. A total of thirty training sessions related to the preseason period were included. All the players completed training sessions on three playing surfaces: natural turf of poor quality, natural turf of high quality, and third-generation artificial turf. Monitoring during sessions involved assessing internal load (i.e., RPE and mental load) via self-reported questionnaires, and external load using Global Positioning System devices. Linear mixed models showed that RPE was significantly higher on natural turf of high quality than on natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001). Total distance, relative total distance, the number of accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance were significantly lower on third-generation artificial turf compared to natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001) and high quality (p < 0.001). In addition, high-speed running, sprint running distances, and the number of sprints reached higher values on third-generation artificial turf compared to the other two playing surfaces. These findings highlight the need for coaches to consider the type of training surface in soccer to optimize training load planning and prevent injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unequal division of cognitive labor within households, and its potential association with mental load and stress, has gained substantial interest in recent public and scholarly discussions. We aim to deepen this debate theoretically and empirically. First, going beyond the question of whether the division of cognitive labor is gendered, we connect cognitive household labor with existing stress theories and ask whether men and women typically perform cognitive labor tasks that involve different levels of stress. We then discuss whether women perform these stressful tasks more often, making them more prone to higher levels of family–work conflict. Second, we test the association between the division of cognitive labor and family–work conflict empirically using large-scale survey data from 10 European countries within the Generations & Gender Programme (GGP). Results based on logistic regressions confirm that a high share of cognitive labor increases women's family–work conflict, but not men's. We discuss future directions in the conceptualization and measurement of cognitive labor in the household and its implications for mental load. Through its contributions, this paper lays the foundations for a comprehensive understanding of the implications of an unequal division of cognitive labor in the household for gender inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Sciencepaper is the property of China Sciencepaper and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, with the continuous development of technology in the field of artificial intelligence, brain-computer interface (BCI) has attracted more scholars' attention. Real-time monitoring of the mental load level of high-intensity mental workers and making dynamic adjustment according to their tasks is an important means to protect national property and the safety of operators. Studies have shown that the characteristic power spectrum density extracted by electroencephalogram (EEG) is sensitive to the change of mental load, but its dimension is too high, which is prone to data disaster. The traditional principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm will lose some of the nonlinear characteristics of the data. Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) is a commonly used nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm, but the algorithm is highly sensitive to noise, and the dimensionality reduction results are greatly affected by parameters. RLLE (robust locally linear embedding) adds regular term optimization when LLE optimizes the weight matrix, which not only enhances the anti-noise ability of the model, but also solves the problem of matrix sickness and singularity that may occur in the process of understanding the model. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of the data reduced by RLLE using support vector machine (SVM) is generally higher than that of the data reduced by PCA and LLE, and has stronger anti-interference ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We applied the ISO DRT to measure the cognitive load of driving four vehicles on two highways with distinct characteristics. • Worse DRT performance was found on the narrower, more winding highway. • Vehicle-specific differences were also found. • DRT performance in the Volvo was worse than that observed for the Tesla, Nissan, and Cadillac. The ISO Detection Response Task (DRT) is a standard tool for assessing drivers' cognitive load and it has primarily been used to measure the cognitive load of completing non-driving tasks and interacting with vehicle systems. In this study we use the DRT to measure the workload of driving four separate vehicles (a 2019 Tesla Model 3, a 2018 Cadillac CT6, a 2018 Volvo XC90, a 2019 Nissan Rogue) in manual mode and on two distinct roadways (US Interstate Highway 15 and 80) in and around Salt Lake City, UT. Results showed that the unique road characteristics of I-80 resulted in higher levels of cognitive load as demonstrated by the slower DRT response times. Likewise, different levels of workload were found across the four vehicles, with higher workload levels found for one of the four vehicles. This study expands the use of the DRT outside its original area of application, and advances it as a tool to assess the cognitive demand induced by varying road and vehicle characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel system in which a human and a device work in unison on a single task with the aim to simultaneously support human cognitive and physical functions. In this system, the cognitive and physical burdens of the task are shared between the human and device, with the human understanding the entire task and performing rough upstream actions. Additionally, the device understands the surrounding environment, objects, and the human and executes detailed downstream actions. A prototype device was developed to assist in solving silhouette puzzles that abstract and generalize cognitive and physical tasks. The prototype is a pen-shaped device held in the user’s hand. The device picks up puzzle pieces and rotates them to the appropriate position. A display is placed in front of the user and provides feedback information for communication between the system and user. Experiments showed that the proposed device reduced the time required to solve these puzzles. Furthermore, the work was found to be accurate with no errors, and the time required was stable with no irregularities. The subjective evaluation results using the NASA Task Load Index showed that the proposed system can decrease mental load and burden. Moreover, it was confirmed that the human and device must communicate with each other to work simultaneously on one task. In conclusion, the proposed device can support human cognitive and physical functions simultaneously.

The high cognitive and/or emotional demands of competition can lead to a state of mental fatigue which has shown to be detrimental to soccer performance. However, there is a need to further understand the true mental demands of soccer players. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of motivation and the perceived requirements of the next match on mental fatigue perceived by soccer players over the passing of a season. The combined effect of both variables on the perception of mental fatigue, as well as the influence of the time of the season on perceived mental fatigue, were also analyzed. Twenty‐six semi‐professional Spanish male players (M = 26.31 ± 5.18 years) participated in the present study, conducted during the 2020–2021 season. Perceived mental fatigue and motivation were measured at each training session. The perceived requirements of the next match were also measured in each of the competitive weeks. Linear mixed models were run with R Studio to examine the influence of motivation and the perceived difficulty of the next match on perceived mental fatigue, the combined effect of both variables on perceived mental fatigue, and the influence of the passing of the season on perceived mental fatigue. The results showed a negative and significant influence of motivation on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001) and a positive and significant influence of the perceived requirements of the next match on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001). Regarding the combined effect, there was a positive and significant effect (p < 0.01) of the perceived difficulty of the next match on the relation between motivation and perceived mental fatigue. A negative influence of season passage on perceived mental fatigue levels was found (p < 0.001). We recommended coaches to consider using the most motivating training tasks when higher next‐match requirements are perceived and to be careful with avoidance strategies for mental fatigue, especially at the beginning of the season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to design five touch-specific modified games and evaluate the subjective task load responses and movement characteristics. Forty-two high-performance junior Touch players completed five modified games during a single training session. Each game was designed to increase the physical, technical, mental, frustration or temporal load. Subjective task loads were measured after each game using the NASA task load index (NASA-TLX) questionnaire. Movement characteristics were recorded using global positioning systems. Data were analysed using a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and the association between movement characteristics and subjective task loads were assessed using linear mixed modelling. Clear between-game differences were observed in physical, technical, mental, frustration, temporal and technical load, indicating that the load for which the game was designed to increase (e.g. physical load = physical game) was higher than all other games (ηp2 = 0.118–0.211, all P < 0.001). No differences were observed across games for effort, performance, mean or total load (ηp2 = 0.004–0.030, P = 0.178–0.947). Small to large differences in the movement characteristics were observed across the five games (ηp2 = 0.057–0.577, P < 0.001–0.017). The most prominent movement characteristic associated with the NASA-TLX responses was relative distance; it was positively associated with physical and temporal load (r = 0.16–0.24, both P < 0.05) and negatively associated with technical, mental and effort load (r = −0.29 to −0.06, P < 0.001–0.353). Overall, coaches and sport scientists can design games for Touch players that increase loads through the rules, intention of the game, and by altering relative distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the influence of the main line traffic flow on the driver's mental load in the entrance and exit section under the high-density interchange driving environment. The natural driving real vehicle experiment was carried out in the high density interchange group of inner ring expressway in Chongqing. The Physiolab physiological detector was used to continuously collect the driver's ECG data during driving, which was used to count the changes of the driver's heart rate index. In this experiment, the heart rate variability indices RMSSD(root mean square of successive differences), LFnorm(low frequency norm), HFnorm( high frequency norm), LF(low frequency) / HF(high frequency) and Heart rate mutation rate index HRMR(heat ratemutation rate) were selected as evaluation indicators for driver mental workload using principal component analysis, denoted as principal component F1 and principal component F2. The results show that when the driver is driving in the entrance and exit section of the small clear distance interchange, the traffic flow of the main line of the interchange will affect the mental load of the driver. When the driver enters the main line of the interchange, the cubic model has the best fitting effect on the traffic flow at the entrance section and the principal component F2, showing a cubic curve with an upward opening. The valley point of the curve appears at the level 2 traffic flow, and the model is significant. When the driver drives out of the main line of the interchange, the linear model has the best fitting effect on the traffic flow at the exit section and the principal component F1, and the model is significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The assessment of the level of work-related stress and quality of life among nurses in the Czech Republic throughout the utilisation of available standardised questionnaire methods during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted during the pandemic year of 2021. A questionnaire was administered to 450 nurses. Two standardised questionnaires were employed: Meister’s questionnaire for subjective assessment of work-related mental load and the SF 36 questionnaire for quality of life. Results: Through the analysis of the level of mental strain, it became apparent that individual scales of mental strain (overload, monotony, nonspecific factors and overall strain) significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively (r < 0) correlated with quality of life in each domain. The most severe level of mental strain was identified among nurses working in designated COVID-19 patient departments, emergency departments, and intensive care units. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the overall function of healthcare, primarily due to the lack of preparedness for such scenarios. Health care workers directly caring for infected patients were affected the most. Therefore, there is a need to thoroughly prepare for similar straining situations in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Psicología is the property of Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explores how receiving identical information from different sources affects learning and cognitive load, focusing on two types of redundancy: modal redundancy, where redundant information comes from two visual sources (images and written text), and codal redundancy, where redundant information comes from two sources of different modalities which utilize the same symbol system (spoken and written text). Using a 2 × 2 between-subjects design involving modal (yes/no) and codal (yes/no) redundancy, 158 participants completed twenty learning tasks, consisting of ten construction and ten recall tasks. Additionally, they rated their cognitive load by indicating their perceived task difficulty and mental load. Overall, results indicate positive main effects of modal redundancy and negative effects of codal redundancy on learning and cognitive load. Furthermore, significant interaction effects suggest that modal redundancy may counterbalance the negative effects of codal redundancy, implying a compensatory mechanism in cognitive processing for construction tasks. These results highlight the importance of considering both modal and codal redundancy and their interaction in instructional design.

This study aimed to quantify the influence of the playing surface on workload-related variables (i.e., external load, Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and mental load) in training sessions with a Spanish professional soccer team. Twenty professional male players from the same soccer team were involved. A total of thirty training sessions related to the preseason period were included. All the players completed training sessions on three playing surfaces: natural turf of poor quality, natural turf of high quality, and third-generation artificial turf. Monitoring during sessions involved assessing internal load (i.e., RPE and mental load) via self-reported questionnaires, and external load using Global Positioning System devices. Linear mixed models showed that RPE was significantly higher on natural turf of high quality than on natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001). Total distance, relative total distance, the number of accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance were significantly lower on third-generation artificial turf compared to natural turf of poor quality (p < 0.001) and high quality (p < 0.001). In addition, high-speed running, sprint running distances, and the number of sprints reached higher values on third-generation artificial turf compared to the other two playing surfaces. These findings highlight the need for coaches to consider the type of training surface in soccer to optimize training load planning and prevent injuries.

Although much is known of the observable physical tasks associated with household management and child rearing, there is scant understanding of the less visible tasks that are just as critical. Grounding our research in the extant literature, the broader lay discussion, as well as our own qualitative research, we define, conceptualize, and operationalize this construct, which we label as "invisible family load." Using a mixed method, five-study approach, we offer a comprehensive, multidimensional definition and provide a nine-item, empirically validated scale to measure its component parts—managerial, cognitive, and emotional family load. In addition, we investigate gender differences and find, as expected, that women report higher levels of each dimension. We also examine the implications of invisible family load for employee health, well-being, and job attitudes, as well as family-to-work spillover. Although we substantiated some significant negative consequences, contrary to the popular view that consequences of invisible family load are uniformly negative, our results show some potential benefits. Even after accounting for conscientiousness and neuroticism, managerial family load related to greater family-work enrichment, and cognitive family load related to greater family satisfaction and job performance. Yet, emotional family load had uniformly negative potential consequences including greater family-to-work conflict, sleep problems, family and job exhaustion, and lower life and family satisfaction. Our research sets the stage for scholars to forge a path forward to enhance understanding of this phenomenon and its implications for individuals, their families, and the organizations for which they work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the experiences of working from home (WfH) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on working mothers through the lens of "mental load." Remote study, often lauded as a way to reduce work/life conflicts, can bring new multifaceted challenges for working mothers and, as this study shows, suddenly shifting to remote work led to the boundaries among work, care, and domestic labour becoming blurred. The data used here are from narrative interviews collected as part of the RESpondIng to outbreakS through co-creaTIve inclusive equality stRatEgies (RESISTIRÉ) Horizon 2020 project, which analyses the impact of COVID-19 policies on gendered inequalities across the EU27 and Türkiye, Serbia, UK, and Iceland. We draw on 12 narratives from working mothers in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Ireland, Estonia, Greece, Portugal, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Slovakia. Employing thematic analysis, the analysis of these narratives, illuminates the challenges and opportunities of WfH and highlights its impact on mental load. While adding to the research on WfH and working mothers, the analysis also illustrates the lessons to be taken forward as well as underscoring the importance of mental load both theoretically and empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During dialogue, people reach mutual comprehension through the production of feedback markers such as "yeah" or "okay." The purpose of the current study was to determine if mental load affects feedback production, as there is currently no consensus as to how mental load constrains the way in which dialogue partners reach mutual comprehension. In two experiments, pairs of participants interacted in order to complete a collaborative puzzle game. We manipulated the amount of mental load experienced by each participant by giving them a series of digits to memorize (or no digits) before the beginning of the game. In Experiment 1, the participants were given no information about their partner's mental load. In Experiment 2, each participant was told whether their partner had received digits to memorize. We found that although some results were identical in both experiments (directors produced more words, longer utterances, and fewer feedback markers than matchers), the effect of mental load was different in both experiments. Indeed, whereas in Experiment 1, mental load mainly affected the number of words and speech turns produced, in Experiment 2, participants who had to follow the instructions of their partner and were under low mental load produced more feedback markers when their partner was under high mental load. Taken together, these results help disentangle the contribution of experienced and perceived mental load on collaboration in dialogue. They also highlight the importance of being explicitly aware of each other's mental load in interpersonal coordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental load affects the work efficiency and mental health of operators, and it has a vital effect on the efficiency and reliability of human–machine systems. In this study, the evaluation index system of operators' mental load was used to quantitatively evaluate the mental load state of workers. The system was established by selecting indices from the operators' physiological parameters, subjective feelings, and time perception. We propose an extended cloud evaluation model of mental load states that combines cloud model (CM) theory with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and provides mental load levels. An energetic material initiation experiment was conducted to evaluate the mental load state of the operators using the proposed method, and the results of a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and subjective questionnaire were used to verify the performance of the method. The results show that the extended CM evaluation method scientifically and reliably quantified the mental load state. Applying the AHP-TOPSIS integration extended with the CM theory evaluation method in mental load state evaluation provides a new scientific method for studying the quantification of the mental load state and occupational health of workers in hazardous environments. The results of this study are a reference for assessing the mental state of personnel and analyzing occupational suitability for dangerous posts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fe Journal: Feminist Critique / Fe Dergi: Feminist Elestiri is the property of Ankara University, Women's Studies Center (KASAUM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to adapt to the arrival of the aging society in China, compared with the young people, the mental load of the elderly was analyzed when facing different crossing scenes at the signalized intersection. Eight different pictures of three intersections in Nan'an District of Chongqing were selected as the stimuli of the experimental scene. The eye-movement data of the subjects were collected with an eye movement meter. Through factor analysis, taking gaze, blink and pupil diameter as typical indicators to quantify the mental load of pedestrians waiting to cross the street. The result shows that the maximum mental load of the elderly is scene 2 (1. 38). The largest relative difference between the mental load of the two types of pedestrians is in scene 4, where the elderly is 55. 02% higher than the young. Some elderly people are more vulnerable to the influence of signal lights and road posts. The elderly people pay more attention to the yellow steps and dark gentle slopes in scene 4 (16. 59% ). The percentage of the elderly's gaze time for the gray roadblocks in scene 2 is 20. 44%, and for the blue-white roadblocks in scene 8 is 27. 01%, indicating that conspicuous roadblocks can significantly improve the elderly's attention to distant safety facilities. The research results can provide some reference for improving the safety setting of elderly people crossing the street. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiences of virtual reality (VR) can easily break if the method of evaluating subjective user states is intrusive. Behavioral measures are increasingly used to avoid this problem. One such measure is eye tracking, which recently became more standard in VR and is often used for content-dependent analyses. This research is an endeavor to utilize content-independent eye metrics, such as pupil size and blinks, for identifying mental load in VR users. We generated mental load independently from visuals through auditory stimuli. We also defined and measured a new eye metric, focus offset, which seeks to measure the phenomenon of "staring into the distance" without focusing on a specific surface. In the experiment, VR-experienced participants listened to two native and two foreign language stimuli inside a virtual phone booth. The results show that with increasing mental load, relative pupil size on average increased 0.512 SDs (0.118 mm), with 57% reduced variance. To a lesser extent, mental load led to fewer fixations, less voluntary gazing at distracting content, and a larger focus offset as if looking through surfaces (about 0.343 SDs, 5.10 cm). These results are in agreement with previous studies. Overall, we encourage further research on content-independent eye metrics, and we hope that hardware and algorithms will be developed in the future to further increase tracking stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental fatigue has shown to be one of the root causes of decreased productivity and overall cognitive performance, by decreasing an individual's ability to inhibit responses, process information and concentrate. The effects of mental fatigue have led to occupational errors and motorway accidents. Early detection of mental fatigue can prevent the escalation of symptoms that may lead to chronic fatigue syndrome and other disorders. To date, in clinical settings, the assessment of mental fatigue and stress is done through self-reported questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires is questionable, as they are highly subjective measurement tools and are not immune to response biases. This review examines the wider presence of mental fatigue in the general population and critically compares its various detection techniques (i.e., self-reporting questionnaires, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol levels, electroencephalogram, and saccadic eye movements). The ability of these detection tools to assess inhibition responses (which are sensitive enough to be manifested in a fatigue state) is specifically evaluated for a reliable marker in identifying mentally fatigued individuals. In laboratory settings, antisaccade tasks have been long used to assess inhibitory control and this technique can potentially serve as the most promising assessment tool to objectively detect mental fatigue. However, more studies need to be conducted in the future to validate and correlate this assessment with other existing measures of mental fatigue detection. This review is intended for, but not limited to, mental health professionals, digital health scientists, vision researchers, and behavioral scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the experiences of working from home (WfH) during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact it has on working mothers through the lens of “mental load.” Remote study, often lauded as a way to reduce work/life conflicts, can bring new multifaceted challenges for working mothers and, as this study shows, suddenly shifting to remote work led to the boundaries among work, care, and domestic labour becoming blurred. The data used here are from narrative interviews collected as part of the RESpondIng to outbreakS through co-creaTIve inclusive equality stRatEgies (RESISTIRÉ) Horizon 2020 project, which analyses the impact of COVID-19 policies on gendered inequalities across the EU27 and Türkiye, Serbia, UK, and Iceland. We draw on 12 narratives from working mothers in Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Ireland, Estonia, Greece, Portugal, Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Slovakia. Employing thematic analysis, the analysis of these narratives, illuminates the challenges and opportunities of WfH and highlights its impact on mental load. While adding to the research on WfH and working mothers, the analysis also illustrates the lessons to be taken forward as well as underscoring the importance of mental load both theoretically and empirically.

Abstract Mental load affects the work efficiency and mental health of operators, and it has a vital effect on the efficiency and reliability of human–machine systems. In this study, the evaluation index system of operators’ mental load was used to quantitatively evaluate the mental load state of workers. The system was established by selecting indices from the operators’ physiological parameters, subjective feelings, and time perception. We propose an extended cloud evaluation model of mental load states that combines cloud model (CM) theory with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and provides mental load levels. An energetic material initiation experiment was conducted to evaluate the mental load state of the operators using the proposed method, and the results of a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and subjective questionnaire were used to verify the performance of the method. The results show that the extended CM evaluation method scientifically and reliably quantified the mental load state. Applying the AHP-TOPSIS integration extended with the CM theory evaluation method in mental load state evaluation provides a new scientific method for studying the quantification of the mental load state and occupational health of workers in hazardous environments. The results of this study are a reference for assessing the mental state of personnel and analyzing occupational suitability for dangerous posts.

This paper presents the development of a virtual rehabilitation game and mental load with different difficulty blocks. The game was controlled with body tracking and physiological signals - acrlong ECG and acrlong EDA - were recorded throughout the session. Several parameters - acrlong HR (HR), acrlong HRV (HRV), acrlong SCL (SCL), acrlong SCR (SCR), energy expenditure...- were extracted from these signals to check mental load influence on them. Mental load was found to affect the variation in kinetic power and instantaneous heart rate; a Support Vector Machine with linear kernel was trained with these two variables and an 82.3% accuracy rate was obtained. Furthermore, the mental load was reflected in the number of errors made by the volunteers, in the selection time and in the number of rounds in the game.

Mental fatigue has shown to be one of the root causes of decreased productivity and overall cognitive performance, by decreasing an individual’s ability to inhibit responses, process information and concentrate. The effects of mental fatigue have led to occupational errors and motorway accidents. Early detection of mental fatigue can prevent the escalation of symptoms that may lead to chronic fatigue syndrome and other disorders. To date, in clinical settings, the assessment of mental fatigue and stress is done through self-reported questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires is questionable, as they are highly subjective measurement tools and are not immune to response biases. This review examines the wider presence of mental fatigue in the general population and critically compares its various detection techniques (i.e., self-reporting questionnaires, heart rate variability, salivary cortisol levels, electroencephalogram, and saccadic eye movements). The ability of these detection tools to assess inhibition responses (which are sensitive enough to be manifested in a fatigue state) is specifically evaluated for a reliable marker in identifying mentally fatigued individuals. In laboratory settings, antisaccade tasks have been long used to assess inhibitory control and this technique can potentially serve as the most promising assessment tool to objectively detect mental fatigue. However, more studies need to be conducted in the future to validate and correlate this assessment with other existing measures of mental fatigue detection. This review is intended for, but not limited to, mental health professionals, digital health scientists, vision researchers, and behavioral scientists.

How to capture domestic work? The Time Use Surveys are a powerful tool for measuring and characterizing domestic production. However, by being based on diaries for activity recording, they record more activities requiring physical effort than those relating to “mental load”. This article proposes to show how image and sound make it possible to overcome this limitation and to access the mental dimensions of domestic work. It is suggested that the use of audiovisual filming, as a complement to other methods of data collection (diaries for activity recording, interview, direct observation), can be a means of enriching analyzes on themes such as domestic work. Also, this article is intended as a contribution to researches on “mental load”.

Driving safety strongly depends on the driver's mental states and attention to the driving situation. Previous studies demonstrate a clear relationship between EEG measures and mental states, such as alertness and drowsiness, but often only map their mental state for a longer period of time. In this driving simulation study, we exploit the high temporal resolution of the EEG to capture fine-grained modulations in cognitive processes occurring before and after eye activity in the form of saccades, fixations, and eye blinks. A total of 15 subjects drove through an approximately 50-km course consisting of highway, country road, and urban passages. Based on the ratio of brain oscillatory alpha and theta activity, the total distance was classified into 10-m-long sections with low, medium, and high task loads. Blink-evoked and fixation-evoked event-related potentials, spectral perturbations, and lateralizations were analyzed as neuro-cognitive correlates of cognition and attention. Depending on EEG-based estimation of task load, these measures showed distinct patterns associated with driving behavior parameters such as speed and steering acceleration and represent a temporally highly resolved image of specific cognitive processes during driving. In future applications, combinations of these EEG measures could form the basis for driver warning systems which increase overall driving safety by considering rapid fluctuations in driver's attention and mental states.

The main purpose was to compare by each training the mental load and fatigue reported by semiprofessional soccer players comparing between regular season phase and the play‐offs. Fifty‐three players (Mage = 24.59 years) for two teams participated during the 2020/21 season. Mental load was measured with a Likert questionnaire. Mental fatigue was quantified with a Visual Analogue Scale. Four trainings were recorded each week (Monday = MD+1, Wednesday = MD‐4, Thursday = MD‐3 and Saturday = MD‐1), with a competitive match on Sunday across 10 weeks (five dates of regular season – five dates of play‐offs). A Linear Mixed Model was performed with R‐studio, using the training days and the competitive phase as independent variables. The influence of time played as co‐variable was also checked. Results showed MD+1 as the more mentally fatiguing day in both phases, although MD‐4 were the training with higher mental load reported (p = 0.001). Comparing phases, mental fatigue was significantly higher during the play‐offs (p = 0.037). With regard time played, players that did not usually play showed a decrease in mental load during the play‐offs. Then, we recommend coaches to use recovery strategies for mental fatigue, avoid mentally fatiguing tasks close to competition and considerer the time played as a factor which may contribute to individual differences in player mental fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate mental fatigue experienced by beach volleyball players during Brazilian Beach Volleyball Tournament. The perception of mental fatigue pre-to-post-match, and perception after a win or loss were compared. A secondary aim was to associate mental fatigue with technical-tactical efforts. Seven senior world class beach volleyball players participated. A total of 30 official matches was analyzed, and seven senior world class beach volleyball players participated. The data were collected throughout national Tournaments Elite Top 8, and a digital platform accessed by the athletes' smartphones was used. A digital visual analogic scale (VAS) anchored 0 - 100 was used to measure subjective mental fatigue and technical-tactical effort. A one way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a difference pre-to-post-match for perceived mental fatigue [F(1.82 29.26)= 6.152; p= 0.007; -2 = 0.278, large effect; power= 0.833] and cubic trend [F(1.00 16.00) = 19.677; p < 0.001; -2 = 0.552, large effect; power= 0.986]. Moreover, subjective mental fatigue was higher after losing an official match (Win: 54.14 ±23.24 Vs. Loss: 69.66 ±27.24; p = 0.064; ES = 0.639, moderate effect), and linear regression identified a relationship between subjective mental fatigue and technical-tactical effort (R2 = 0.47; p < 0.001). In conclusion, increased mental fatigue was observed in world class beach volleyball players after official matches, and losing a match seemed to augment this response. Moreover, 47% of variation in subjective mental fatigue after an official match was explained by technical-tactical effort. Therefore, athletes should avoid cognitive activities immediately prior to official matches. It is possible that resistance to mental fatigue is a contributor to success in an official beach volleyball match, but this requires further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals undergo frequent job stress due to exposure to high cognitive demands. The present research was carried out at the "Héroes del Moncada" polyclinic in the municipality of Cárdenas, Matanzas. The objective is to apply indicators associated to mental fatigue. The indicators applied are: Simple Reaction Time and Yoshitake Test. Statgraphic Centurion 15.0 software is used as a tool for information processing. The results of the research obtained in this study show significant differences between before and after in some of the indicators applied, which evidences the presence of mental workload at the end of the working day. When applying the Yoshitake Test after finishing the assigned activity, all the health personnel of the study sample manifested the presence of subjective sensation of fatigue, highlighting both physical and mental fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Virtual learning environments (VLEs) use a virtual environment to support learning activities. VLEs are commonly used to overcome the temporal and spatial restrictions of learning activities held in conventional face-to-face classrooms. In VLEs, students can participate in learning activities using the internet, and teachers can provide assistive learning tools during the process. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among nursing students' mental load, cognitive load, and affective learning outcomes in terms of their willingness to serve older adults in an interaction-based educational virtual reality (VR) learning environment. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method. A total of 130 students participated in interaction-based VR learning and completed related questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics and stepwise regression for data analysis were used. Results: The research results revealed that in the dimension of willingness to use VR learning materials, perceived usefulness received the highest score (mean 4.42, SD 0.45). In the dimension of nursing ability, students scored the highest in information management and application ability to care for case patients (mean 4.35, SD 0.54). Correlation analysis revealed that cognitive load during learning and willingness to serve older adults were negatively correlated, whereas willingness to use VR learning materials was positively correlated with nursing ability and willingness to serve older adults. Analyzing the regression coefficients of predictor variables revealed that willingness to use VR learning materials (β=.23; t2=2.89, P=.005) and cognitive load during learning (β=-.35; t2=.4.30, P<.001) were predictive factors of nursing students' willingness to serve older adults. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that students' willingness to use VR learning materials and their cognitive load during learning affected their willingness to care for older adults. Therefore, the components of mental or cognitive load generate inconsistent predictive effects on affective variables and willingness to serve older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare professionals undergo frequent job stress due to exposure to high cognitive demands. The present research was carried out at the "Héroes del Moncada'' polyclinic in the municipality of Cárdenas, Matanzas. The objective is to apply indicators associated to mental fatigue. The indicators applied are: Simple Reaction Time and Yoshitake Test. Statgraphic Centurion 15.0 software is used as a tool for information processing. The results of the research obtained in this study show significant differences between before and after in some of the indicators applied, which evidences the presence of mental workload at the end of the working day. When applying the Yoshitake Test after finishing the assigned activity, all the health personnel of the study sample manifested the presence of subjective sensation of fatigue, highlighting both physical and mental fatigue.

BackgroundChina's manufacturing industry is still labor-intensive, and assembly employees in manufacturing industry are facing a great risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). ObjectiveTo investigate and analyze the prevalence and distribution of WMSDs among assembly workers in manufacturing enterprises and explore the relationship between WMSDs and ergonomic exposure factors such as posture load and mental load. MethodsFrom July to September 2017, by convenient sampling, a cross-sectional survey was conducted to select 670 workers engaged in electronic accessories assembly and railway vehicle manufacturing in three manufacturing enterprises in two cities in northern China as the research participants. The posture load assessment was based on the Chinese Musculoskeletal Questionnaire independently developed by our research group. The mental load assessment was based on a revised Chinese version of the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique. An unconditional logistic regression model was used to explore the relationship between ergonomic exposure and WMSDs. ResultsThe overall prevalence rate of WMSDs was 39.6% (265/670) with 43.8% in males and 25.2% in females; the highest prevalence rate was 47.7% in the group aged 40 years and over. The prevalence rate of WMSDs in the electronic accessories assembly workers was 16.9%, that in the railway vehicle manufacturing workers was 57.3%, and the difference was statistically significant (\begin{document}$ {\chi ^2} $\end{document}=112.63, P

Providing accurate and timely public health information is an ongoing challenge for public health officials. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated such challenges and presented unique difficulties in providing public health information, through the parallel rise of an “infodemic” of mis/dis-information. Understanding why individuals select, use and change their public health information seeking behaviors around COVID-19, and the relationship of these decisions relative to participant characteristics, is therefore an important step in understanding and responding to infodemics. This study used a qualitative survey (n = 255) and free-text qualitative questions to ask (1) Why participants use an information source, (2) How participants used an information source, and (3) How information seeking behavior has changed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were primarily women, born in Australia, with de-facto/married relationships, without children at home, with university/college qualifications, and employed full-time or unemployed/retired. Most participants identified “easiness” and “immediacy” as reasons why they chose and used information, with sources primarily used for planning, communication, and decision making. A minority of participants changed their information seeking behavior since the COVID-19 pandemic. Those who did change, desired more immediate and accurate information. Emergent themes of care and anxiety were also noted, raising questions around the impact of mental load and cognitive labor in some female populations. Women may be suffering from increased cognitive labor and a gendering of public health information seeking behavior in the context of COVID-19. The impact of these attributes on women requires greater empirical research and consideration amongst front line practitioners and public health professionals.

When fire disasters are imminent, disaster prevention measures and relief plans are critical. However, "fire education" to equip civilians with the know-how to cope with various emergencies and protect themselves is perhaps more important. To provide learning materials which are interesting, appealing, flexible, safe, and efficient for fire education, this study adopts an augmented reality (AR) technique to create an interactive fire education learning environment. This study constructs an interactive learning environment for fire education and examines the learning effectiveness between an AR card and tangible-user-interface-based (TUI) AR in motivation, fire prevention attitude, and cognitive learning outcome. In the proposed AR interactive learning environment, Kolb's experiential learning cycle is used to guide students' learning process. There were 170 experimental participants in this study; 86 were assigned to the experimental group using the TUI, and 84 to the control group using AR cards. The AR system integrated with experiential learning could improve students' fire prevention attitudes and learning outcomes in both groups. Moreover, the experimental group performed better in the cognitive learning outcome and had lower mental loads than the control group. However, no difference in the fire prevention attitude between the two groups was found. In other words, the "object-linked" characteristics provided by TUI-AR benefits cognitive performance rather than attitude. To conclude, this research presents an important perspective on the introduction of technology into fire education that contributes to the broader body of teaching and learning on school fire education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor imagery brain–computer interface (MI-BCI) systems hold the possibility of restoring motor function and also offer the possibility of sustainable autonomous living for individuals with various motor and sensory impairments. When utilizing the MI-BCI, the user's performance impacts the system's overall accuracy, and concentrating on the user's mental load enables a better evaluation of the system's overall performance. The impacts of various levels of abstraction on visual guidance of mental training in motor imagery (MI) may be comprehended. We proposed hypotheses about the effects of visually guided abstraction on brain activity, mental load, and MI-BCI performance, then used the event-related desynchronization (ERD) value to measure the user's brain activity, extracted the brain power spectral density (PSD) to measure the brain load, and finally classified the left- and right-handed MI through a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The results showed that visual guidance with a low level of abstraction could help users to achieve the highest brain activity and the lowest mental load, and the highest accuracy rate of MI classification was 97.14%. The findings imply that to improve brain–computer interaction and enable those less capable to regain their mobility, visual guidance with a low level of abstraction should be employed when training brain–computer interface users. We anticipate that the results of this study will have considerable implications for human-computer interaction research in BCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Psychodrama und Soziometrie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Experiences of virtual reality (VR) can easily break if the method of evaluating subjective user states is intrusive. Behavioral measures are increasingly used to avoid this problem. One such measure is eye tracking, which recently became more standard in VR and is often used for content-dependent analyses. This research is an endeavor to utilize content-independent eye metrics, such as pupil size and blinks, for identifying mental load in VR users. We generated mental load independently from visuals through auditory stimuli. We also defined and measured a new eye metric, focus offset, which seeks to measure the phenomenon of “staring into the distance” without focusing on a specific surface. In the experiment, VR-experienced participants listened to two native and two foreign language stimuli inside a virtual phone booth. The results show that with increasing mental load, relative pupil size on average increased 0.512 SDs (0.118 mm), with 57% reduced variance. To a lesser extent, mental load led to fewer fixations, less voluntary gazing at distracting content, and a larger focus offset as if looking through surfaces (about 0.343 SDs, 5.10 cm). These results are in agreement with previous studies. Overall, we encourage further research on content-independent eye metrics, and we hope that hardware and algorithms will be developed in the future to further increase tracking stability.

Background: Accidents may occur for varying reasons, including unsafe behaviors, which originate from the safety culture of the organization. Job stress and mental load may also be contributory to accidents. This study aimed to assess safety culture and its relationship with mental load and job stress in a national gas company in Iran. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted over a period of one year. This study used the NASA-TLX task load index, a standard questionnaire approved by the American National Institute of Mental Health to measure job stress, and the standard Health and Safety Executive safety culture questionnaire. All personnel was counted, and the total number of employees was 122. Statistical methods of t-test, correlation coefficient, and averaging have been used. Data were collected and analyzed in SPSS software and Microsoft Excel software. Results: The average mental load of employees was 61.51, i.e., moderate level. The average job stress and employee safety culture were 180.43, i.e., high level, and 331.34, i.e., desired level. The mental load was assessed as moderate, safety culture was optimal, and job stress was high. A significant relation was found between safety culture and mental load (correlation coefficient: -0.278; p = 0.03). Besides, the mental load was significantly related to job stress (correlation coefficient=0.293; p = 0.2).Conclusion: Controlling stress and reducing the mental load in sensitive work environments is important and can lead to a higher level of safety culture in the organization

In the last decade there has been significant growth in the interest and application of using EEG (electroencephalography) outside of laboratory as well as in medical and clinical settings, for more ecological and mobile applications. However, for now such applications have mainly included military, educational, cognitive enhancement, and consumer-based games. Given the monetary and ecological advantages, consumer-grade EEG devices such as the Emotiv EPOC have emerged, however consumer-grade devices make certain compromises of data quality in order to become affordable and easy to use. The goal of this study was to investigate the reliability and accuracy of EPOC as compared to a research-grade device, Brainvision. To this end, we collected data from participants using both devices during three distinct cognitive tasks designed to elicit changes in arousal, valence, and cognitive load: namely, Affective Norms for English Words, International Affective Picture System, and the n-Back task. Our design and analytical strategies followed an ideographic person-level approach (electrode-wise analysis of vincentized repeated measures). We aimed to assess how well the Emotiv could differentiate between mental states using an Event-Related Band Power approach and EEG features such as amplitude and power, as compared to Brainvision. The Emotiv device was able to differentiate mental states during these tasks to some degree, however it was generally poorer than Brainvision, with smaller effect sizes. The Emotiv may be used with reasonable reliability and accuracy in ecological settings and in some clinical contexts (for example, for training professionals), however Brainvision or other, equivalent research-grade devices are still recommended for laboratory or medical based applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]