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The main purpose of this study was to investigate reciprocal relationships between abusive supervision, subordinates' emotional exhaustion, and job neglect, and to examine the mediating role of emotional exhaustion in the cross-lagged relationship between abusive supervision and job neglect. Besides, we tested the moderating role of self-compassion in the cross-lagged relationship between abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion. We applied a two-wave cross-lagged panel design with a time lag of six months. Participants were 331 staff nurses of public sector hospitals in Islamabad, Pakistan. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire at two points in time. Longitudinal structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to compare nested models. Results of cross-lagged SEM analyses supported the posited reciprocal model, indicating that abusive supervision, emotional exhaustion, and job neglect are mutually related. Results of mediation analysis showed that emotional exhaustion partially mediates the cross-lagged relationship between abusive supervision and job neglect. Further, we found that self-compassion attenuates the positive cross-lagged effect of abusive supervision on emotional exhaustion, and the indirect effect of abusive supervision on job neglect was weaker at higher levels of self-compassion. Our findings suggest that subordinates may find themselves in abusive relationships, in part, because their own behavioral responses to abuse can reinforce abusive supervision. Moreover, we identified the stress-buffering effect of self-compassion on emotional exhaustion., Author(s): Omer Farooq Malik [sup.1] , Nazish Jawad [sup.1] , Asif Shahzad [sup.1] , Aamer Waheed [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00nqqvk19, grid.418920.6, 0000 0004 0607 0704, Department of Management Sciences, [...]

The current study investigated the interaction effect of perceived overqualification and LMX on employee emotional exhaustion, and examined the mediating role of work alienation from the perspective of relative deprivation theory. Using a sample of 297 employees in 12 companies collected in China, we found that perceived overqualification was more positively related to work alienation and emotional exhaustion when LMX was high than when LMX was low. The results of the mediated moderation analysis revealed that work alienation mediated the interaction of perceived overqualification and LMX on emotional exhaustion., Author(s): Huiping Yu [sup.1] , Fu Yang [sup.2] , Ting Wang [sup.2] , Jianmin Sun [sup.3] , Wenjing Hu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.464425.5, 0000 0004 1799 286X, School of [...]

This research was conducted in three independent studies for the purpose of examining the moderating role of deviant behaviors on the job stress and emotional exhaustion relationship. The statistical population of these three studies was the staff member of three independent organizations of Esfahan in Iran. Respectively, 275 (study 1), 351 (study 2) and 385 staff (study 3) was chosen conveniently. The first study's findings showed that deviant behaviors moderate the relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion. That is in low deviant behaviors there is a positive significant relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion, but in high deviant behaviors there in not significant relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion. The third study's findings also showed that deviant behaviors moderate the relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion. That is in low and high deviant behaviors there is a positive significant relationship between job stress and emotional exhaustion. Some theoretical and practical implications have been provided about these three reported studies in this research., Author(s): Mohesn Golparvar[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of I/O Psychology, Psychology and Educational College, Islamic Azad University, Esfahan (Khorasgan) Branch , P.O. BOX:81595-158, Arghavanieh, Jey St., 81551-39998, EsfahanIran Introduction Deviant [...]

Objective: The goal of this study was to understand better the risk of compassion fatigue (the trauma suffered by the helping professional) and burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced sense of personal accomplishment), and the potential for compassion satisfaction (the fulfillment from helping others and positive collegial relationships) among Colorado county child protection staff using the Compassion Satisfaction/Fatigue Self-Test [Figley, C. R., & Stamm, B. H. (1996). Psychometric review of Compassion Fatigue Self-Test. In B. H. Stamm (Ed.), Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation (pp. 127-130). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press]. An additional goal was to test the relationship of these three constructs to each other. Method: A self-report instrument developed by Stamm and Figley was used to measure the risk of compassion fatigue and burnout and the potential for compassion satisfaction among 363 child protection staff participating in a secondary trauma training seminar. Results: Participants were significantly more likely to have high risk of compassion fatigue, extremely low risk of burnout, and good potential for compassion satisfaction. Participants with high compassion satisfaction had lower levels of compassion fatigue (p = .000; mean = 35.73 high compassion satisfaction group, mean = 43.56 low group) and lower levels of burnout (p = .000; mean = 32.99 high compassion satisfaction group, mean = 41.69 low group). Conclusion: Approximately 50% of Colorado county child protection staff suffered from 'high' or 'very high' levels of compassion fatigue. The risk of burnout was considerably lower. More than 70% of staff expressed a 'high' or 'good' potential for compassion satisfaction. We believe compassion satisfaction may help mitigate the effects of burnout. Keywords: Compassion fatigue; Burnout; Secondary trauma; Child welfare

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2005.05.004 Byline: Laura Pickup (a), John R Wilson (a), Beverley J Norris (a), Lucy Mitchell (b), Ged Morrisroe (c) Abstract: Network Rail, who own the railway infrastructure in the UK, have been interested in the assessment of mental workload (MWL) of signallers and control staff for some years. A new model of MWL has been proposed within which to develop a suite of new MWL analytical and empirical assessment tools. One of these is the Integrated Workload Scale (IWS), developed and tested for signallers. This paper describes the development of the IWS and its subsequent testing within two full-scale simulator trials with an NX (entry/exit) panel and an Integrated Electrical Control Centre (IECC) system, and then in the field at signal boxes. The IWS has proven to be a valuable measure of individually experienced peaks and troughs in workload over a period of time or within a particular set of scenarios. It is acceptable to signallers and maps well onto assessments of expected workload on the basis of timeline analysis and subject matter expert commentaries. Author Affiliation: (a) Centre for Rail Human Factors, Institute for Occupational Ergonomics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK (b) CCD Design & Ergonomics Ltd, Golden Cross House, 8 Duncannon Street, London WC2 N4JF, UK (c) Network Rail, 40 Melton Street, Euston, London NW1 2EE, UK Article History: Received 25 October 2004; Accepted 31 May 2005

INTRODUCTION In modern workplaces, people commonly have to deal with increasingly complex problems, such as managing a big company, finding the fault in a power plant, and learning a new […], We investigated the impact of mental fatigue on exploration in a complex computer task. The exploration behavior of participants who underwent a fatigue manipulation (N = 36) was compared with that of a control (nonfatigued) group (N = 32). A distinction was also made between participants with high or low levels of general computer experience. Results showed that fatigued participants used significantly less systematic exploration and made more errors than did nonfatigued participants. Fatigued participants with low computer experience also showed significantly more rigid behavior than did the other participants. No differences were found on the number of subtasks solved. Compared with low-experience participants, highly experienced participants showed significantly more systematic exploration, less unsystematic trial and error, solved more subtasks, and made fewer errors (marginally significant p = .056). Findings were interpreted as the result of reduced task engagement under fatigue and reduced involvement of executive control on behavior. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidelines to prevent detrimental effects of mental fatigue on exploration behavior.

Over a 2-wk. period, 19 volunteers kept structured diaries in which they recorded the contents of naturally occurring cognitive failures, including the hour and date of occurrence, attentional state, and mood state. 36 volunteers who were controls completed a written description of their activity 10 min. prior to the onset as well as account of their moods and attentional states during their occurrence. The recorded cognitive failures were independently classified into three types (perceptual/attentional failures, memory failures, and action failures) by two judges. Each type had a different peak of occurrence over the course of the day. Perceptual/attentional failures and memory failures occurred when the volunteers were in a preoccupied state. The state when every type of cognitive failure occurred was a suppressed mood state with high arousal. These results were discussed based on resource allocation models.

S. Kaplan suggested that one outcome of mental fatigue may be an increased propensity for outbursts of anger and even violence. If so, contact with nature, which appears to mitigate mental fatigue, may reduce aggression and violence. This study investigated that possibility in a setting and population with relatively high rates of aggression: inner-city urban public housing residents. Levels of aggression were compared for 145 urban public housing residents randomly assigned to buildings with varying levels of nearby nature (trees and grass). Attentional functioning was assessed as an index of mental fatigue. Residents living in relatively barren buildings reported more aggression and violence than did their counterparts in greener buildings. Moreover, levels of mental fatigue were higher in barren buildings, and aggression accompanied mental fatigue. Tests for the proposed mechanism and for alternative mechanisms indicated that the relationship between nearby nature and aggression was fully mediated through attentional functioning.

Mental fatigue affects impression formation. Experimental results reveal that a fatigued state causes increased primacy effects. Accountability reduces the effect of fatigue. Fatigue may heighten the need for cognitive closure, which may be causally related to a reduction in cognitive capacity. The effect of mental fatigue thus favors information presented earlier.

Psychological fatigue is defined as a subjectively experienced disinclination to continue performing the task at hand. It generally impairs human efficiency when individuals continue working after they have become aware of their fatigue. It does not depend on energy expenditure and cannot be measured simply in terms of performance impairment. The interacting causal contributions to fatigue are the length of continuous work spells and daily duty periods, time available for rest and continuous sleep, and the arrangement of duty, rest, and sleep periods within each 24-h cycle. Empirical evidence for the separate and combined effects of these factors on fatigue, performance decrement, and accident risk are briefly reviewed, and the implications of these findings for driving and road safety are considered, with particular reference to the professional driver. This study shows that fatigue is insufficiently recognized and reported as a cause of road accidents and that its effects stem largely from prolonged and irregular working hours, rather than simply from time spent at the wheel.

Mental load and stress are interrelated because they both stem from the relationaship between environmental pressures and the resources available to meet these demands. Both need to be differentiated to faciliatate precise theoretical conclusions. The study utilises a 2-dimensional model to explain 2 different states of stress. An 'activated state' is caused by high psychological demands where there is little control and a 'disorganised state' is caused by a heavy workload with a large amount of control. This shows that a large workload does not necessarily cause stress.

The antecedents and outcomes of emotional exhaustion in the airline reservation industry were investigated. The subjects were 859 general sales agents working for a major airline. Questionnaires were administered to measure the subjects' demographic characteristics and affective job reactions. The results indicated that exhaustion had a strong relationship to intent to leave, absenteeism, and job changes. The results imply that exhaustion is a hidden labor cost in work environments characterized by close computer-based observation, particularly when rapid machine-controlled pacing of the work flow and a perceived loss of autonomy are present.

A study investigating the process of recovery from fatigue focusing on the differential characteristics of mental rumination among industrial and knowledge workers is presented. Short-term contract workers showed higher intensity of rumination and considering the type of work, creative workers showed high levels of rumination.

Several mediating variables have been suggested for the effects of crowding on mental task performance. Among these are behavioral constraints imposed by crowds, mental overload, and loss of control. The present field experiment investigated the influence of crowding and providing information about the physiological effects of crowding on task performance and on affect, and the extent to which each of these effects is mediated by the 3 potential mediators. The results indicate that the effects of crowding on physical task performance were mediated by mental overload, and the effects on mental task performance and affect were mediated mainly by behavioral constraints. Directions for future research are suggested.