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This article examines how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. It suggests that the perception of concealment from a partner signals separateness from one's partner and contributes to feelings of perceived partner exclusion. These feelings of exclusion, in turn, should negatively affect relational quality. These predictions are tested in a prospective study among 199 newlywed couples. Results suggest that perceiving concealment reduced marital adjustment and trust and increased conflict over time. Importantly, change in perceived partner exclusion mediated these effects. This article demonstrates that the perception of concealment (a) has deleterious effects on relational well-being in the long run and (b) is harmful in part because it elicits feelings of exclusion. © 2009 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

Although the co-occurrence between adolescent depression and delinquency has been well-studied, the nature of the longitudinal associations is not yet clear. To clarify this we examined whether personality type is a moderator in the longitudinal co-occurrence of depression and delinquency. A total of 338 young and middle adolescents completed questionnaires about depression, delinquency and personality in 3 yearly waves of the CONflict And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). We found that the stable overcontrollers showed the highest mean level on depression and that the stable undercontrollers showed the highest mean level on delinquency. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the longitudinal co-occurrence between depression and delinquency was best described by means of a stability model, in which personality type membership proved to be an important moderator. The three personality types differed significantly on the rank-order stability of both depression and delinquency. Copyright#2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key words: co-occurrence; depression; delinquency; person-centred approach; personality prototypes

In the Netherlands, about 20% of children do not have any contact with their non-resident parent after parental divorce. There are often many reasons underlying the broken contact, but one might well be the process of parental alienation, when the child denigrates and excludes the non-resident parent. This article presents the results of two studies conducted among divorce experts and divorced, non-resident parents. A total of 138 respondents co-operated in our studies. Of the respondents, 58% thought PAS either does not, or rarely occurs in the Netherlands, and 42% thought it does occur. The extent of parental alienation was classified as mild (33%) or moderate (9%). From our factor analysis, it became clear that Gardner's classification of eight separate symptoms of parental alienation was not evident in our research data. We were able to distinguish four separate aspects: two of them concerning alienation due to the resident parent and two concerning alienation due to the child. Our results underpin th...

Natural fast speech differs from normal-rate speech with respect to its temporal pattern. Previous results showed that word intelligibility of heavily artificially time-compressed speech could not be improved by making its temporal pattern more similar to that of natural fast speech. This might have been due to the extrapolation of timing rules for natural fast speech to rates that are much faster than can be attained by human speakers. The present study investigates whether, at a speech rate that human speakers can attain, artificially time-compressed speech is easier to process if its timing pattern is similar to that of naturally produced fast speech. Our first experiment suggests, however, that word processing speed was slowed down, relative to linear compression. In a second experiment, word processing of artificially time-compressed speech was compared with processing of naturally produced fast speech. Even when naturally produced fast speech is perfectly intelligible, its less careful articulation, combined with the changed timing pattern, slows down processing, relative to linearly time-compressed speech. Furthermore, listeners preferred artificially time-compressed speech over naturally produced fast speech. These results suggest that linearly time-compressed speech has both a temporal and a segmental advantage over natural fast speech. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Contains fulltext : 64085.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Background: Siblings may support each other, but also reveal fierce rivalry and mutual aggression. Supportive sibling relationships have been linked to the development of psychosocial competence of children. In the present longitudinal study, we will focus on the development of perceived support in sibling dyads and on the influence of sibling support and sibling problem behavior on psychosocial adjustment in adolescence. Method: In a three-wave longitudinal sample of 285 Dutch families with two adolescent children (11 - to 15-year-olds), these two siblings judged the support perceived from each other. In addition, they themselves and their parents judged their internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. The relation of sibling support and sibling problem behavior with internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors was examined while controlling for support from parents and friends and, over time, controlling for the autoregressive effects of problem behavior. Results: Support perceived from a sibling is mostly negatively related to externalizing problems; sibling problem behavior is strongly related to internalizing problems. Differential developmental trajectories of adolescents' adjustment are associated with siblings' support and problem behavior. Conclusion: The results indicate that adolescents' relationships with both older and younger siblings are characterized by modeling processes.

The effects of variables derived from a work stress theory (the effort-reward imbalance theory) on the power in the high frequency (HF_HRV) band of heart rate (0.14-0.40 Hz) throughout a work day, were determined using multilevel analysis. Explanatory variables were analysed at two levels: at the lowest level (within-day level), the effects of positive mood, negative mood, demand, satisfaction, demand-satisfaction ratio, and time of day were assessed. At the highest level (the subject level), the effects of sleep quality, effort, reward, effort-reward imbalance, need for control, type of work (profession), negative affectivity, gender and smoking on HF_HRV were assessed. Need for control has a negative effect on HF_HRV after controlling for time of day effects, i.e. subjects with a high need for control have a lower vagal control of the heart. In the long run, these subjects may be considered to be at increased health risk, because they have less of the health protective effects of vagal tone. The interaction between effort-reward imbalance and time of day has a positive effect on HF_HRV, i.e, the cardiac vagal control of subjects with a high effort-reward imbalance increases as the day progresses. It is discussed that this probably reflects reduced effort allocation, ensuing from disengagement from the work demands. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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This thesis addresses the question what role discursive language and thought can have in acquiring knowledge of God, according to Johannes Scottus Eriugena in his main work, Periphyseon and Ludwig Wittgenstein in his early writings, especially Tractatus Logico-philosophicus. In recent debates on the relation between religion and rationality there has been a growing tendency to place speaking about God outside the bounds of any rational discourse. Explicitly atheistic authors espouse the view that rational thinking can only lead to arguments against the existence of God. Current authors on negative theology tend to consider religion, and especially mysticism, as a matter not primarily of thought, but of experience. It is remarkable how both the Periphyseon and Tractatus logico-philosophicus establish a connection between extreme forms of rational thinking and religious experience, i.e. between logic and mysticism. Since they use analogous methods in their investigations, this similarity may show how discursive and logical thinking can be used to get closer to God, even if one is sceptical (as e.g. negative theology is) of its possibilities. The strategy employed by both authors consists of three stages. The first one is a negative or apophatic stage, in which the authors establish the limit for gaining or communicating knowledge or using ordinary language. Next they nevertheless find (or construct) a way of speaking which helps them to acquire (a kind of) knowledge of God. This is still a logically founded, rational way of speaking. Then, in the third stage they reach what may be called the final position. This position is of interest because of what it tells about the eventual relation of God and man, and about man’s prospect to reach the divine. The end (deification, ethical behaviour or religious / ethical discourse) is based on discursive speaking and logical reasoning, yet it lies one step beyond the text of the book, beyond the arguments used. The authors confirm this by taking a position outside their own discourses: Eriugena does so by addressing his reader in the epilogue, Wittgenstein by giving directions for the interpretation of the Tractatus. The conclusion is that reason, which is the essence of man, has failed to reach its goal, but on the other hand has shown man how the goal can yet be reached. Wittgenstein claims to have solved the problem of philosophy, but he has also shown how little is achieved by this and where to find what is really important. Therefore on reaching the final position a paradox still prevails. However, the methodological principles used may not have shattered the knowledge that God is beyond the grasp of reason (Eriugena) or that the elucidating sentences are really nonsense (Wittgenstein), but these principles have yielded a deeper insight into what it is such knowledge entails

This historical study of Puritan spirituality focuses on the theme of spiritual warfare in English Puritan writings of the period 1587-1684. Within Puritan spirituality the metaphor of spiritual warfare stands out. On his path of life to the future kingdom of God the believer meets the enemies of Satan, sin and flesh, who all intend his doom. In order to make the different ramification of this spiritual confrontation clear, this study has chosen to analyse various representative writings on precisely this theme. The dissertation's historical part begins in chapter 1 with a description of the early modern English context of the Puritan movement prior to 1625. In this period the Puritan movement occupies an ambivalent position as far as the relation between church and society is concerned. One the one hand the Puritan movement comes up in a reformed church with a broas 'calvinistic or reformed consensus'. From the start, however, the movement also criticizes the lack of continuous reformation with the English Established Church. Chapters 2-7 discuss the way in which the selected publications portray the different opponents, followed by a sketch of the Christian soldier. Having examined the strength of his opponents, this part of the book also explores the various ways in which the believer can react effectively. The following authors are discussed: William Perkins, William Gouge, John Downame, Thomas Brooks, William Gurnall, John Owen, Isaac Ambrose, Richard Gilpin, and John Bunyan. The thematic part of the dissertation starts with chapter 8, which interprets the Puritan writings about the spiritual combat back in the pastoral setting of Puritan practical divinity. Great importance should be attached to the pastoral context of English congregations in the post-reformation Establshed Church. Chapter 9 deals with the use of biblical exegesis in Puritan writings about spiritual warfare. Chapter 10 applies a more thematic approach to the spiritual enemies Satan, world, and flesh, while chapter 11 deals with the theme of spiritual resistance. Chapter 12 discusses 'religious despair' as a theme that goes to the heart of Puritan spirituality, pervading most writings about spiritual combat. A comparative and concluding part rounds off this study. Chapter 13 illustrates the unique dynamics of Puritan spiritual conflict by bringing in the voices of different West-European authors, such as Jean Gerson, Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, Ignatius of Loyola and Theodore Beza. Containing the book's conclusion, chapter 14 argues that the prominent place of spiritual warfare in Puritan spirituality is best explained based on a convergence of interconnected factors: pastoral, spiritual, ecclesiastical and social. The dissertation concludes by saying that the combination of Trinity, historia salutis, and affective piety can be seen as constitutive of the Puritan position in the history of West-European spirituality in general and of Puritan spiritual warfare literature in particular.

This historical study of Puritan spirituality focuses on the theme of spiritual warfare in English Puritan writings of the period 1587-1684. Within Puritan spirituality the metaphor of spiritual warfare stands out. On his path of life to the future kingdom of God the believer meets the enemies of Satan, sin and flesh, who all intend his doom. In order to make the different ramification of this spiritual confrontation clear, this study has chosen to analyse various representative writings on precisely this theme. The dissertation's historical part begins in chapter 1 with a description of the early modern English context of the Puritan movement prior to 1625. In this period the Puritan movement occupies an ambivalent position as far as the relation between church and society is concerned. One the one hand the Puritan movement comes up in a reformed church with a broas 'calvinistic or reformed consensus'. From the start, however, the movement also criticizes the lack of continuous reformation with the English Established Church. Chapters 2-7 discuss the way in which the selected publications portray the different opponents, followed by a sketch of the Christian soldier. Having examined the strength of his opponents, this part of the book also explores the various ways in which the believer can react effectively. The following authors are discussed: William Perkins, William Gouge, John Downame, Thomas Brooks, William Gurnall, John Owen, Isaac Ambrose, Richard Gilpin, and John Bunyan. The thematic part of the dissertation starts with chapter 8, which interprets the Puritan writings about the spiritual combat back in the pastoral setting of Puritan practical divinity. Great importance should be attached to the pastoral context of English congregations in the post-reformation Establshed Church. Chapter 9 deals with the use of biblical exegesis in Puritan writings about spiritual warfare. Chapter 10 applies a more thematic approach to the spiritual enemies Satan, world, and flesh, while chapter 11 deals with the theme of spiritual resistance. Chapter 12 discusses 'religious despair' as a theme that goes to the heart of Puritan spirituality, pervading most writings about spiritual combat. A comparative and concluding part rounds off this study. Chapter 13 illustrates the unique dynamics of Puritan spiritual conflict by bringing in the voices of different West-European authors, such as Jean Gerson, Desiderius Erasmus, Martin Luther, Ignatius of Loyola and Theodore Beza. Containing the book's conclusion, chapter 14 argues that the prominent place of spiritual warfare in Puritan spirituality is best explained based on a convergence of interconnected factors: pastoral, spiritual, ecclesiastical and social. The dissertation concludes by saying that the combination of Trinity, historia salutis, and affective piety can be seen as constitutive of the Puritan position in the history of West-European spirituality in general and of Puritan spiritual warfare literature in particular.

In deze oratie staat een zinsnede van Fjodor Dostojewski (1821-1881) en van Arnon Grunberg (1971) centraal: "Ons verhaal is uit". Deze slotzin van Dostojewski's Misdaad en straf verwijst naar het einde van geloof, hoop en liefde, een onderwerp waarover Grunberg in de Volkskrant van 26 april 2010 een essay publiceerde. Hierin schrijft Grunberg: "Mens zijn betekent erkennen dat het vertrouwen in de wereld onherstelbaar gebroken is. Ontkenning van die breuk zou ondraaglijk hypocriet zijn." Wat wil het zeggen als geloof, hoop en liefde tot een einde komen? Wat betekent het voor theologen? En voor onze samenleving?

In deze oratie staat een zinsnede van Fjodor Dostojewski (1821-1881) en van Arnon Grunberg (1971) centraal: "Ons verhaal is uit". Deze slotzin van Dostojewski's Misdaad en straf verwijst naar het einde van geloof, hoop en liefde, een onderwerp waarover Grunberg in de Volkskrant van 26 april 2010 een essay publiceerde. Hierin schrijft Grunberg: "Mens zijn betekent erkennen dat het vertrouwen in de wereld onherstelbaar gebroken is. Ontkenning van die breuk zou ondraaglijk hypocriet zijn." Wat wil het zeggen als geloof, hoop en liefde tot een einde komen? Wat betekent het voor theologen? En voor onze samenleving?

Data from three studies were used to investigate whether the establishment of a no-smoking agreement is related to lower odds of adolescent smoking. The prevalence of a no-smoking agreement was first explored by using a national sample involving 4,501 Dutch adolescents. Second, data from a longitudinal study among 595 early adolescents and their parents were used to test whether establishing a no-smoking agreement prevents adolescents from smoking. Third, the authors tested among 856 early-and mid-adolescents and their parents, whether in addition to the establishment of a no-smoking agreement, the frequency and quality of communication on smoking issues had an effect on adolescent smoking. The findings do not support that establishing a no-smoking agreement is an effective deterrent with regard to adolescent smoking. Parents who want to prevent smoking might consider focusing their efforts on establishing a good quality of communication on smoking issues whereas parents who just talk a lot about smoking issues without considering the quality of their communication might do more harm than good.

Menander: Het stuk chagrijn — Dýskolos

Lucretius. De Natuur der dingen — De rerum natura

The dissertation addresses the issue to what extent, and in what manner, Calvin was influenced in his exposition of the prophetic book of Daniel by the contextual circumstances in the period in which he worked on the exegesis of Daniel. A related question of importance is what influence his exposition exerted on his audience and, through them, on the churches of the French Reformation. The structure of the study determined that the first chapter would deal with the historical context of the Praelectiones on Daniel. This makes clear that Calvin worked on the exposition of Daniel during one of the most crucial periods of the history of the Reformation in France—1559-1561—when the French throne was at stake in the power struggle between the Catholics and the Huguenots. Calvin did his utmost to contain the forces that were released and threatened to lead to a revolt against the suppression of his co-religionists. The second chapter explores the role of Calvin's exegetical lectures in his over-all work in Geneva. Questions that are addressed are: (a) who were part of his audience; and: (b) where do we position the praelectiones in the light of the traditional biblical exegesis by the church? The third chapter analyzes Melanchton's approach to Daniel. Melanchton's commentary on Daniel was an important source for Calvin, which he gratefully consulted. But there are clear differences in emphasis. The reason why the study pays attention to Melanchton is, by making a comparison, to more clearly accentuate the specific nature of Calvin's exposition. In a similar way the views of Oecolampadius on Daniel are dealt with. This Swiss reformer also influenced Calvin and his approach is analyzed by comparing his views with Calvin's. The fifth chapter constitutes the core of the study. It offers an analysis of the regnum Christi theme, as it appears in various connections in Calvin's exposition. Here, the way in which Calvin views world history—which is painted in some detail in the four empires of Daniel—is at issue. The unique aspect of Calvin's exposition—which differs from all contemporary Daniel exegetes of his time—is, that Daniel's prophecy contains no predictions regarding the history subsequent to Christ's coming and his establishing of the church. Daniel does not offer any eschatological prophecy, which can be translated into political events. Calvin regards this as a highly significant adage. Precisely because Daniel's message does not directly relate to political events in his time, it can have a very special spiritual meaning for the believers in his days. Daniel teaches the believers how, in times of persecution, to patiently bear their cross, until God will set them free in the eternal kingdom of his glory. The study ends with some concluding observations, in which it is established that, in the final phase of his life, Calvin became more prudent rather than more radical, as has often been assumed. Against the background of the approaching Wars of Religion, he did what he could to prevent his followers from starting a revolt, since he feared that armed resistance would only bring further problems for the cause of Christ in France.

The dissertation addresses the issue to what extent, and in what manner, Calvin was influenced in his exposition of the prophetic book of Daniel by the contextual circumstances in the period in which he worked on the exegesis of Daniel. A related question of importance is what influence his exposition exerted on his audience and, through them, on the churches of the French Reformation. The structure of the study determined that the first chapter would deal with the historical context of the Praelectiones on Daniel. This makes clear that Calvin worked on the exposition of Daniel during one of the most crucial periods of the history of the Reformation in France—1559-1561—when the French throne was at stake in the power struggle between the Catholics and the Huguenots. Calvin did his utmost to contain the forces that were released and threatened to lead to a revolt against the suppression of his co-religionists. The second chapter explores the role of Calvin's exegetical lectures in his over-all work in Geneva. Questions that are addressed are: (a) who were part of his audience; and: (b) where do we position the praelectiones in the light of the traditional biblical exegesis by the church? The third chapter analyzes Melanchton's approach to Daniel. Melanchton's commentary on Daniel was an important source for Calvin, which he gratefully consulted. But there are clear differences in emphasis. The reason why the study pays attention to Melanchton is, by making a comparison, to more clearly accentuate the specific nature of Calvin's exposition. In a similar way the views of Oecolampadius on Daniel are dealt with. This Swiss reformer also influenced Calvin and his approach is analyzed by comparing his views with Calvin's. The fifth chapter constitutes the core of the study. It offers an analysis of the regnum Christi theme, as it appears in various connections in Calvin's exposition. Here, the way in which Calvin views world history—which is painted in some detail in the four empires of Daniel—is at issue. The unique aspect of Calvin's exposition—which differs from all contemporary Daniel exegetes of his time—is, that Daniel's prophecy contains no predictions regarding the history subsequent to Christ's coming and his establishing of the church. Daniel does not offer any eschatological prophecy, which can be translated into political events. Calvin regards this as a highly significant adage. Precisely because Daniel's message does not directly relate to political events in his time, it can have a very special spiritual meaning for the believers in his days. Daniel teaches the believers how, in times of persecution, to patiently bear their cross, until God will set them free in the eternal kingdom of his glory. The study ends with some concluding observations, in which it is established that, in the final phase of his life, Calvin became more prudent rather than more radical, as has often been assumed. Against the background of the approaching Wars of Religion, he did what he could to prevent his followers from starting a revolt, since he feared that armed resistance would only bring further problems for the cause of Christ in France.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

Conflict is an inevitable feature of social relationships. When people interact, disagreements may arise. Especially in close relationships, people sometimes disagree. Although conflict might jeopardize relationships, conflict is not necessarily detrimental. The way conflicts are handled is important in determining whether conflicts are functional or dysfunctional. Moreover, the way conflicts are handled might reveal information about the nature of relationships and their developmental status. In the current dissertation, the role of conflict resolution in adolescents’ relationships with their parents and friends was investigated in four empirical studies. Data of 323 adolescents and their both parents –that participated in the longitudinal project called CONAMORE (CONflict And Management Of RElationships) – are used. In the first study, we demonstrated the importance of investigating combinations of conflict resolution styles by parents and adolescents. We found that adolescents who used an aggressive conflict resolution style with parents reported higher levels of delinquency, but only when their mothers also used this aggressive conflict resolution style or when their fathers withdrew from conflicts. In the second study, we showed that parents and adolescents change the way they handle conflicts with each other over time towards more positive conflict resolution and less negative conflict resolution, reflecting a realignment of these relationships towards greater egalitarianism. In addition, we found two types of parent-adolescent dyads, one characterized by positive conflict resolution and one characterized by negative conflict resolution by both parents and adolescents. These either positive or negative pathways of conflict resolution were maintained by both parents and adolescents. The third study examined whether transmission of conflict resolution styles from the marital relationship to the adolescent-parent relationship occurred and we indeed found that conflict resolution styles in the marital relationships predicted conflict resolution styles in the adolescent-parent relationship two years later. Finally, in our fourth study, we were able to investigate the daily dynamics of conflict and conflict resolution in adolescent relationships with parents and friends by means of a daily diary method. We demonstrated that perceived relationship satisfaction was highest in a particular relationship on days on which no conflict occurred, second highest on days on which constructive conflict occurred and lowest on days on which unconstructive conflict occurred. Moreover, we demonstrated that whereas unconstructively handled conflict with best friends was related to higher relationship satisfaction the next day, conflict with parents was not related to relationship satisfaction the next day.

God and history: a Christological dilemma – The reconfiguration of the image of God and Jesus Christ by seven twentieth century Dutch theologians This dissertation will make a contribution to the research on the history of theological ideas in the Netherlands in the twentieth century. The works of seven important Dutch theologians have been examined from the perspective of the reconfiguration of the classical Christological dogmas. It concerns the oeuvre of the Protestants O. Noordmans, A.A. van Ruler, H. Berkhof, A. van de Beek and of the Roman Catholic theologians G.P. Kreling, P. Schoonenberg and E. Schillebeeckx. The introduction (1.0) specifies the field of research, describes the state of scholarship with regard to the history of theology in the twentieth century in the Netherlands and explains the method and the structure of the study. Chapter two elaborates on the problem of the role of God in human history as a Christological dilemma. 2.1 sketches the controversy between a ‘Logos-sarx-christology’ and a ‘Logos-antropos-christology’ within the Early Church. The Council of Chalcedon (451) finally defines the person of Jesus Christ as ‘Vere Deus et vere homo’. In the seventh century however, the relation between the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ is interpreted in such a way that the human nature does not have a hypostasis in itself. From the perspective of the doctrine of the anhypostasia, it seems difficult to safeguard Jesus’ true and full humanity. Since the Enlightenment these teachings have been challenged. The three pillars of church authority – the authority of Scripture, creeds and ecclesiastical magisterium, based on apostolic succession – began to stagger. 2.2 outlines the first quest of the historical Jesus in the nineteenth century. An antithesis arose between the ‘historical Jesus of biblical scholarship’ and the ‘Christ of Christian faith’. The Dutch Reformed Church did not know how to deal with the huge scientific and cultural developments of the century and suffered from inner divisions on the question of the substance of Christian faith. Likewise, the Roman Catholic Church, after its regained institutional autonomy in the Netherlands halfway this century, started a fight against modernity (2.3). After the First World War the Dutch and European view of life changed dramatically. Many feared the end of Western civilisation. The Second World War even deepened the consciousness of the ambiguity of history. However, a sense of responsibility to rebuild Western society awoke a new hope for a better future (2.4). Against this background the chapters 3-9 draw the theological portraits of the seven theologians mentioned above. They all make a reconstruction of Christian tradition and they try to express the original message and meaning of Jesus Christ for their own time. Chapter 10 argues that in fact all of them are seeking for the ‘catholicity’ of Christian faith. They have to admit that Western Europe becomes more and more a secularized continent and that it no longer seems possible to speak of ‘a universal truth’. Even the presence of God in history can be easily disputed. Nevertheless, all these theologians confess, each of them in his own way, that the person and life of Jesus in all their historical particularity have a decisive and universal meaning for the salvation of humankind. Only when the full and true humanity of Jesus is recognized, he may be confessed as the Christ of God, born from the Spirit of God, crucified and risen for doing the will of The Father and so bringing near the kingdom of God through justice, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit (Rom 14,17) as a promise and challenge “for our salvation”.

God and history: a Christological dilemma – The reconfiguration of the image of God and Jesus Christ by seven twentieth century Dutch theologians This dissertation will make a contribution to the research on the history of theological ideas in the Netherlands in the twentieth century. The works of seven important Dutch theologians have been examined from the perspective of the reconfiguration of the classical Christological dogmas. It concerns the oeuvre of the Protestants O. Noordmans, A.A. van Ruler, H. Berkhof, A. van de Beek and of the Roman Catholic theologians G.P. Kreling, P. Schoonenberg and E. Schillebeeckx. The introduction (1.0) specifies the field of research, describes the state of scholarship with regard to the history of theology in the twentieth century in the Netherlands and explains the method and the structure of the study. Chapter two elaborates on the problem of the role of God in human history as a Christological dilemma. 2.1 sketches the controversy between a ‘Logos-sarx-christology’ and a ‘Logos-antropos-christology’ within the Early Church. The Council of Chalcedon (451) finally defines the person of Jesus Christ as ‘Vere Deus et vere homo’. In the seventh century however, the relation between the divine and human nature of Jesus Christ is interpreted in such a way that the human nature does not have a hypostasis in itself. From the perspective of the doctrine of the anhypostasia, it seems difficult to safeguard Jesus’ true and full humanity. Since the Enlightenment these teachings have been challenged. The three pillars of church authority – the authority of Scripture, creeds and ecclesiastical magisterium, based on apostolic succession – began to stagger. 2.2 outlines the first quest of the historical Jesus in the nineteenth century. An antithesis arose between the ‘historical Jesus of biblical scholarship’ and the ‘Christ of Christian faith’. The Dutch Reformed Church did not know how to deal with the huge scientific and cultural developments of the century and suffered from inner divisions on the question of the substance of Christian faith. Likewise, the Roman Catholic Church, after its regained institutional autonomy in the Netherlands halfway this century, started a fight against modernity (2.3). After the First World War the Dutch and European view of life changed dramatically. Many feared the end of Western civilisation. The Second World War even deepened the consciousness of the ambiguity of history. However, a sense of responsibility to rebuild Western society awoke a new hope for a better future (2.4). Against this background the chapters 3-9 draw the theological portraits of the seven theologians mentioned above. They all make a reconstruction of Christian tradition and they try to express the original message and meaning of Jesus Christ for their own time. Chapter 10 argues that in fact all of them are seeking for the ‘catholicity’ of Christian faith. They have to admit that Western Europe becomes more and more a secularized continent and that it no longer seems possible to speak of ‘a universal truth’. Even the presence of God in history can be easily disputed. Nevertheless, all these theologians confess, each of them in his own way, that the person and life of Jesus in all their historical particularity have a decisive and universal meaning for the salvation of humankind. Only when the full and true humanity of Jesus is recognized, he may be confessed as the Christ of God, born from the Spirit of God, crucified and risen for doing the will of The Father and so bringing near the kingdom of God through justice, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit (Rom 14,17) as a promise and challenge “for our salvation”.

This study addresses semantic and syntactic issues concerning the combination of elements of the category P (adpositions, verbal prefixes and particles) with verbs of motion and (change of) location in the description of motion events. The general proposal is guided by the idea of a division of labour between spatial PPs and verbal predicates in structuring an event and contributing to its overall aspectual make-up. It is postulated that there are two main ways to combine PPs with verbs, namely as predicate modifiers (VP adjuncts) or as secondary resultative predicates (complements to V). Special attention is paid to the latter possibility, which is analysed as involving complex predicate formation and deriving an accomplishment event structure. Empirical support for this analysis is brought forward by a detailed investigation of English, Dutch, German, Russian and Czech data. Furthermore, a broader range of data discussed in the literature, such as Romance languages and data from language acquisition, is taken into account to address the more general cross-linguistic variation in the description of motion events. New constraints on such complex predicate formation are formulated and direct parallels are drawn to complex predicate formation with other secondary resultative predicates, in particular adjectives. This thesis is of relevance to researchers of various linguistic backgrounds concerned with the interaction between semantics and syntax, typology, and more specifically to those interested in the area of event structure, inner aspect, and spatial meanings.

This study addresses semantic and syntactic issues concerning the combination of elements of the category P (adpositions, verbal prefixes and particles) with verbs of motion and (change of) location in the description of motion events. The general proposal is guided by the idea of a division of labour between spatial PPs and verbal predicates in structuring an event and contributing to its overall aspectual make-up. It is postulated that there are two main ways to combine PPs with verbs, namely as predicate modifiers (VP adjuncts) or as secondary resultative predicates (complements to V). Special attention is paid to the latter possibility, which is analysed as involving complex predicate formation and deriving an accomplishment event structure. Empirical support for this analysis is brought forward by a detailed investigation of English, Dutch, German, Russian and Czech data. Furthermore, a broader range of data discussed in the literature, such as Romance languages and data from language acquisition, is taken into account to address the more general cross-linguistic variation in the description of motion events. New constraints on such complex predicate formation are formulated and direct parallels are drawn to complex predicate formation with other secondary resultative predicates, in particular adjectives. This thesis is of relevance to researchers of various linguistic backgrounds concerned with the interaction between semantics and syntax, typology, and more specifically to those interested in the area of event structure, inner aspect, and spatial meanings.

This dissertation addresses the question of the mapping from syntactic structures to morphological cases. Case is a set of variations in the form of the noun or its associated categories (determiners, pronouns, or adjectives) which is sensitive to syntactic context, particularly argument structure, or semantic interpretation, and generally independent of other nominal features such as number and gender. The central question regards the relationship between cases and adpositions in those contexts in which they overlap, and how recognition of this relationship can be integrated into a consistent treatment of cases, one that accounts for the full range of cases in rich paradigms such as those in the Finno-Ugric languages. The analysis is couched in terms of the Principles and Parameters framework (Chomsky 1981, Chomsky 1986, Chomsky 1995), with the mapping between morphology and syntax working along the lines of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993). The working hypothesis is that at least some cases and adpositions are syntactically identical, differing at the post-syntactic morphological level. The main observation that emerges from the following investigation is that several syntactic subdivisions can be made, both amongst cases (variations in the form of the noun), and amongst adpositions (separate words adjacent to the noun), relating them to the categories P, D and Phi (a projection for number and person features). At the same time some cases and some adpositions perform the same functions: the same set of divisions can be made amongst cases as amongst adpositions. From a syntactic perspective, case is an epiphenomenon, relating to several separate nominal categories. In the morphology, case becomes identifiable as differing from adpositions in many languages, cases forming part of another word and adpositions standing as separate words, as idenitified on language-specific diagnostics for wordhood. Supporting evidence for this claim from several different languages is considered, the main analysis focusing on detailed studies of Hungarian and Finnish and the way in which they compare with English. Nothing in the Principles and Parameters approach to Case predicts the overlap between case and adpositions or the range and variability of cases. The existing possible solutions for such overlap have not been integrated into the standard approach to case. This dissertation seeks to fill this gap, proposing an integrated approach. The overlap of cases and adpositions is explained by their spelling out the same range of categories (P, D and Phi) in syntax, forming part of the extended projection of the noun, the difference being derived at the morphological level. The analyses presented focus largely on Hungarian and Finnish for detailed argumentation and exemplification of the mapping from syntax to morphology that would result in paradigms of syntactically non-equivalent objects.

This dissertation addresses the question of the mapping from syntactic structures to morphological cases. Case is a set of variations in the form of the noun or its associated categories (determiners, pronouns, or adjectives) which is sensitive to syntactic context, particularly argument structure, or semantic interpretation, and generally independent of other nominal features such as number and gender. The central question regards the relationship between cases and adpositions in those contexts in which they overlap, and how recognition of this relationship can be integrated into a consistent treatment of cases, one that accounts for the full range of cases in rich paradigms such as those in the Finno-Ugric languages. The analysis is couched in terms of the Principles and Parameters framework (Chomsky 1981, Chomsky 1986, Chomsky 1995), with the mapping between morphology and syntax working along the lines of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993). The working hypothesis is that at least some cases and adpositions are syntactically identical, differing at the post-syntactic morphological level. The main observation that emerges from the following investigation is that several syntactic subdivisions can be made, both amongst cases (variations in the form of the noun), and amongst adpositions (separate words adjacent to the noun), relating them to the categories P, D and Phi (a projection for number and person features). At the same time some cases and some adpositions perform the same functions: the same set of divisions can be made amongst cases as amongst adpositions. From a syntactic perspective, case is an epiphenomenon, relating to several separate nominal categories. In the morphology, case becomes identifiable as differing from adpositions in many languages, cases forming part of another word and adpositions standing as separate words, as idenitified on language-specific diagnostics for wordhood. Supporting evidence for this claim from several different languages is considered, the main analysis focusing on detailed studies of Hungarian and Finnish and the way in which they compare with English. Nothing in the Principles and Parameters approach to Case predicts the overlap between case and adpositions or the range and variability of cases. The existing possible solutions for such overlap have not been integrated into the standard approach to case. This dissertation seeks to fill this gap, proposing an integrated approach. The overlap of cases and adpositions is explained by their spelling out the same range of categories (P, D and Phi) in syntax, forming part of the extended projection of the noun, the difference being derived at the morphological level. The analyses presented focus largely on Hungarian and Finnish for detailed argumentation and exemplification of the mapping from syntax to morphology that would result in paradigms of syntactically non-equivalent objects.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

When studying family relationships, researchers often are interested in relational phenomena at an individual level, such as whether an individual child thrives in a particular family context; relational phenomena at the dyadic level, such as whether the mother is more committed than the father to the relationship; and relational phenomena at the familial level, such as whether some families are more satisfied with their relationships than other families. These three levels of relational phenomena, that is, individuals, dyadic relationships, and groups have to be distinguished and are reciprocally related within the family system (Hinde, 1997; Laursen & Bukowski, 1997). However, their theoretical and methodological interdependence represents a challenge for empirical investigation. The family as a group includes the individual family members and relationships, but these parts combine in such a way that new structures emerge which have their own meaning and are more than a collection of its members and relationships and which may affect relationships and the relationship partners (Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000). Both statistical methods and theoretical frameworks are needed that allow us to disentangle the three levels and the influence they exert on each other and to capture the truly social nature of family relationships.

The aim of this study is to examine the role of parental support and control on young adolescent smoking initiation, increase, continuation, and cessation. Longitudinal data gathered every 6 months over a one-year period were collected in Utrecht, The Netherlands, for 1,012 adolescents in 2000. Logistic regressions demonstrated that low parental control predicted adolescent smoking initiation but neither support nor control predicted adolescent smoking increase or continuation. Parental smoking status was important in adolescent smoking continuation and cessation. Suggestions based on these findings are made for prevention programs. A limitation is that the study only utilized adolescent reports.

In the summer of 1616 fifteen chambers of rhetoric, that include lay societies which composed and performed erudite vernacular plays on formal occasions, met for a festival in Vlaardingen. This chapter analyses the published texts on three related questions. The first concerns the representation of the political and religious problems that confronted the Dutch Republic in 1616. These cluster around the relative merits of war and peace, the rivalry between stadholder Maurice and the landsadvocaat Oldenbarnevelt, and the associated religious controversies. Secondly, the chapter considers the perception of an ideal society that emerges from these plays and poems. The ideal society is hierarchically structured and derives its legitimacy from God. Finally, the chapter questions the assertion made in recent studies that plays like these contributed to a public debate, or even to the formation of a climate of public opinion. Keywords: Dutch Republic; ideal society; landsadvocaat Oldenbarnevelt; stadholder Maurice; Vlaardingen