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Na-related anodes with excellent rate capability and ultra-stable cyclability are being pursued significantly to overcome the slow kinetics of currently available compounds on account that the sodium-ion battery is an ideal energy storage device technology for grid-scale electricity networks. Herein, we demonstrate a novel concept for the construction of a nanoarchitecture with robust charge transfer networks, which is composed of MoS2/C superstructure nanoflowers embedded in carbon nanonets (MoS2/C-CNNs). Impressively, the optimized nanoarchitecture exhibited an ultra-fast Na-ion storage feature, a superior reversible capacity of 245.2 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1, and a promising retention of 78.9% after 8000 cycles. The interconnected 3D carbon nanonetworks, derived from the carbonization of sugarcane bagasse via a novel “self-splitting process”, were found to be extremely beneficial for the acceleration of electron transport and Na+ diffusion, while alleviating the volumetric strain of MoS2 during the Na+ insertion/extraction processes. Furthermore, computational analysis was performed to reveal the underlaid mechanism, demonstrating that the MoS2/C superstructures can significantly ameliorate the electronic conductivity of MoS2 and lower the Na+ diffusion barrier, which tend to facilitate the electron and Na+ transport at the atomic level. This work demonstrates that the construction of robust 3D ion/electron traffic networks at various scales is an efficient strategy to develop electrodes with adequate rate capability and remarkable cyclability.

Optimal operation of energy storage systems plays an important role in enhancing their lifetime and efficiency. This paper combines the concepts of the cyber–physical system (CPS) and multi-objective optimization into the control structure of the hybrid energy storage system (HESS). Owing to the time-varying characteristics of HESS, combining real-time data with physical models via CPS can significantly promote the performance of HESS. The multi-objective optimization model designed in this paper can improve the utilization of supercapacitors, reduce energy consumption, and prevent the state of charge (SOC) of HESS from exceeding the limitation. The new control scheme takes the characteristics of the components of HESS into account and is beneficial in reducing battery short-term power cycling and high discharge currents. The rain-flow counting algorithm is applied for battery life prediction to quantify the benefits of the HESS under the control scheme proposed. A much better power-sharing relationship between the supercapacitor and the lithium–ion battery (LiB) can be observed from the SIMULINK results and the case study with our new control scheme. Moreover, compared to the traditional low-pass filter control method, the battery lifetime is quantifiably increased from 3.51 years to 10.20 years while the energy efficiency is improved by 1.56%.

This paper studies hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) based PV grid-connected inverter system. The MATLAB / Simulink is used to build the model of photovoltaic grid-connected inverter system. The adapter boards are connected to the inverter's physical control board to build a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform and perform corresponding functional test, that is an MPPT static performance test of PV source. Through the test, the performance is analyzed and the result deviation in the hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform is less than 0.1%. What’s more, the experiment is not restricted by the power performance and weak light in the actual environment. Thus the development process can be greatly improved.

The reliable operation of photovoltaic power generation systems is related to the security and stability of the power grid and is the focus of research today. During the operation of photovoltaic inverters, due to the constraints of the on-site environmental conditions, the empirical test of the reliability of photovoltaic inverters is mainly based on long-term operating data for analysis, which has problems such as long test cycle, high cost, and weak controllability. This paper proposes a new photovoltaic system simulation empirical test method, it uses a hardware-in-the-loop simulation platform to simulate the photovoltaic system, completes the analysis and calculation of the thermal characteristics and failure probability of key components of the inverter, compared with the case without considering the thermal characteristics of the bus capacitor, its reliability is reduced by 18.4%, which shows that the empirical test of photovoltaic systems can be completed through the hardware-in-the-loop simulation method.