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Coumarin acting as an optical probe was modified on ethylenediamine β-cyclodextrin, which not only enhanced its molecular binding affinity to glutathione (GSH) by a reversible Michael addition, showing 113 times more affinity than that of coumarin itself, but also achieved dynamic real-time sensing of glutathione in living HeLa cells.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the important oil crops worldwide. Revealing the molecular basis of seed oil synthesis and analyzing key candidate genes may have important implications for enhancing peanut production. In this study, we investigated the dynamic changes in the oil accumulation rate and gene expression levels in developing peanut seeds. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among three varieties at 25–35 days after flowering (DAF) were involved in fatty acid synthesis, carbon metabolism, and pyruvate metabolism. Between 25 and 35 DAF, the up-regulated DEGs in the high-oil varieties, but not in the low-oil variety, were related to acetyl-CoA synthesis. We examined the differences in the varieties at the same stages. We analyzed the lipid metabolism-related genes by protein–protein interaction (PPI), and finally identified 57 DEGs that may influence the peanut oil content. These candidate genes included three genes encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), one gene encoding ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KASIII), one gene encoding hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydrase (HAD), and one gene encoding enoyl-ACP reductase (EAR), which form the Type II fatty acid synthase complex. Additionally, we also found that 11 transcription factors may affect oil content. These identified candidate genes may help to further clarify the molecular basis of the oil accumulation in peanut seeds.

Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most widely grown oilseed crops worldwide, however the events leading to its origin and diversification are not fully understood. Here, by combining chloroplast and whole genome sequence data from a large germplasm collection, we show that the two A. hypogaea subspecies (hypogaea and fastigiata) likely arose from distinct allopolyploidization and domestication events. Peanut genetic clusters were then differentiated in relation to dissemination routes and breeding efforts. A combination of linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies allowed us to characterize genes and genomic regions related to main peanut morpho-agronomic traits, namely inflorescence architecture, inner integument color, growth habit, pod/seed weight, and oil content. Together, our findings shed light on peanut evolutionary history and provide an important genomic framework resource for the genetic improvement of this crop.

The peanut rich in oleic acid in seed oil, also known as high oleic peanut, renders its products superior in human healthy diet, long shelf life and high oxidative stability in food and oil processing. High oleic peanut varieties in China are derived from a handful of high oleic donors with limited genetic background. Improvement of high oleic peanut cultivars by integrating key target traits is crucial for both food security and germplasm enhancement. Several superior high oleic peanut lines have been developed by marker assisted backcrossing in our breeding program. The objective of present study is to characterize bacterial wilt disease resistance and yield related traits in these novel peanut lines. The two-year disease nursery survival rates were used as an indicator for bacterial wilt resistance, and the diagnostic markers identified by QTL mapping were used for molecular verification. Genetic background of high oleic peanut lines was estimated by 40 K genotyping by target sequencing (GBTS) SNP panel. Preliminary and regional yield tests were performed for selected breeding lines in 2021. As a result, an elite high oleic peanut accession Yuhua183 was identified, inheriting the superior characteristics of its recurrent parent such as resistance to bacterial wilt, high shelling percentage and early maturity. The development of Yuhua183 broadened the genetic background of high oleic peanut germplasm, providing valuable genetic resources for peanut breeding and further utilization.

The candidate gene AhLBA1 controlling lateral branch angel of peanut was fine-mapped to a 136.65-kb physical region on chromosome 15 using the BSA-seq and QTL mapping. Lateral branch angel (LBA) is an important plant architecture trait of peanut, which plays key role in lodging, peg soil penetration and pod yield. However, there are few reports of fine mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/cloned genes for LBA in peanut. In this project, a mapping population was constructed using a spreading variety Tifrunner and the erect variety Fuhuasheng. Through bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq), a major gene related to LBA, named as AhLBA1, was preliminarily mapped at the region of Chr.15: 150-160 Mb. Then, using traditional QTL approach, AhLBA1 was narrowed to a 1.12 cM region, corresponding to a 136.65-kb physical interval of the reference genome. Of the nine genes housed in this region, three of them were involved in hormone metabolism and regulation, including one "F-box protein" and two "2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase (2OG oxygenase)" encoding genes. In addition, we found that the level of some classes of cytokinin (CK), auxin and ethylene showed significant differences between spreading and erect peanuts at the junction of main stem and lateral branch. These findings will aid further elucidation of the genetic mechanism of LBA in peanut and facilitating marker-assisted selection (MAS) in the future breeding program.

A high-performance, flexible, and transparent heater based on a hybrid of dry-spun carbon nanotubes (CNT), which is pulled out directly from a super vertically aligned CNT forest, and graphene is fabricated. The electrical, optical, and electromechanical properties of two different kinds of hybrid devices, graphene above or below the CNT film, and simple CNT film heating devices that are made of one or two layers of CNTs, are studied. The results prove that the hybrid structured film heaters are superior to the simple CNT film heaters. The simple single-layer CNT film and double-layer CNT film heaters attain maximum temperatures of 48 and 64 °C with transmittances of 73 and 64% at a wavelength of 550 nm, respectively, whereas the single-layer CNT sheet/graphene/PET and graphene/single-layer CNT sheet/PET hybrid heaters attain maximum temperatures of 81 and 85 °C with transmittances of 68 and 71%, respectively. The 10 000 bending cycle test suggests that the graphene/single-layer CNT sheet/PET heater has good mechanical and thermal stability. Further, defrost test and portable heating with a 9 V battery prove the possibility of using the hybrid heater for vehicle defrosting, portable heating, and wearable devices.

Background: Oil and protein content, as well as fatty acid composition, are important quality traits in peanut. Elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying these traits may help researchers to obtain improved cultivars through molecular breeding techniques.Results: Whole-genome resequencing of an RIL population of 318 lines was performed to construct a high-density linkage map and identify QTLs for peanut quality. The map, containing 4561 bin markers, covered a length of 2032.39 cM with an average marker density of 0.45 cM. A total of 109 QTLs for oil content, protein content, and fatty acid compositions were mapped on the 18 peanut chromosomes. The QTL qA05.1 was detected in four different environments and exhibited a major phenotypic effect on the content of oil, proteins, and six fatty acids. The genomic region spanned by qA05.1, corresponding to a physical interval of approximately 1.50 Mb, contains two polymorphic SNPs between two parents that could cause missense mutations. The two SNP sites were employed as KASP markers and validated using lines with extremely high and low oil contents; these sites may be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of peanut varieties with high oil contents.Conclusions: A high-density genetic map with 4561 bin markers was constructed, and a major and pleiotropic QTL located on LG05 was stably detected for oil, protein and fatty acids across four different environments.

With the effective development of the healthy China strategy and national fitness, as an important group of national fitness, young people play a special role in the development of my country's sports industry. In recent years, youth sports clubs have played a very important role in youth amateur sports activities. The role has made a great contribution to the development of youth sports in my country. In order to promote this type of club to better serve young people, this article uses research methods of literature and logical analysis to study the nature of youth sports clubs as the starting point to clarify the problems and difficulties encountered in the development of youth clubs, and a new optimization path is proposed to provide a reference for the construction of the development model of youth sports clubs.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted immense attention owing to their outstanding power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, their counter electrodes are commonly produced by evaporating metals, such as Ag and Au, under high vacuum conditions, which make the PSCs costly, thereby limiting their large-scale production. In this study, a free-standing hybrid graphene/carbon nanotube film was carefully designed to replace noble metal PSC counter electrodes to reduce the cost and increase the stability of PSCs. A highly conductive and stable hybrid carbon thin film can be easily transferred to the various desired substrates by a simple rolling process. The PSCs with hybrid graphene/carbon nanotube films showed a high PCE of 15.36%. Moreover, the devices exhibited excellent stability and could retain 86% of their initial PCE after storage for 500 h in a high-moisture atmosphere (RH 50%). The outstanding stability of PCEs can be attributed to the efficient moisture blocking by the multilayered graphene/carbon nanotube present in the hybrid film. The thin, flexible, and easy-to-synthesize free-standing hybrid graphene/CNT film with high conductivity showed great potential for realizing the low-cost production of highly stable PSCs.

High temperature exposure is widely used as a physical mutagenic agent to induce 2n gametes in Populus. However, whether high temperature exposure affects induced 2n pollen viability remains unknown. To clarify whether high temperature exposure affected the induced 2n pollen viability, 2n pollen induced by 38°C and 41°C temperatures, pollen morphology, 2n pollen germination in vitro, and crossing induced 2n pollen with normal gametes to produce a triploid was, based on observations of meiosis, conducted in Populus canescens. We found that the dominant meiotic stages (F = 56.6, P < 0.001) and the treatment duration (F = 21.4, P < 0.001) significantly affected the occurrence rate of induced 2n pollen. A significant decrease in pollen production and an increase in aborted pollen were observed (P

To determine the effects of the hours after pollination and the treatment durations on triploid production and reveal the effective stages of embryo sac chromosome doubling by high temperature exposure. At least three catkins were sampled, and 80 ovules were used for the determination of the embryo sac developmental process. Catkins (2-74 h after pollination) were treated to induce embryo sac chromosome doubling. Cytological observations revealed that the embryo sac development was a consecutive and asynchronous process. Fertilization occurred 50 h after pollination. In the offspring seedlings, 167 triploids were detected and the highest efficiency of triploid production was 87.0%. Among all the induced triploids, the most effective treatment period of inducing embryo sac chromosome doubling is from 26 to 50 h after pollination, and 121 triploids were obtained, representing 72.46% of the sum of all triploids. GLM-Univariate analysis indicated significant differences among the hours after pollination (F = 4.516, p = 0.045). However, the differences between the treatment durations (F = 0.077, p = 0.791) were not significant. Correlation analysis between the proportion of each embryo sac's developmental stage and the percentage of triploid production indicated that the third mitotic division may be the most effective stage for 2n female gamete induction.

High temperature exposure is widely used as a physical mutagenic agent to induce 2n gametes in Populus. However, whether high temperature exposure affects induced 2n pollen viability remains unknown. To clarify whether high temperature exposure affected the induced 2n pollen viability, 2n pollen induced by 38 and 41 °C temperatures, pollen morphology, 2n pollen germination in vitro, and crossing induced 2n pollen with normal gametes to produce a triploid was, based on observations of meiosis, conducted in Populus canescens. We found that the dominant meiotic stages (F = 56.6, p .001) and the treatment duration (F = 21.4, p .001) significantly affected the occurrence rate of induced 2n pollen. A significant decrease in pollen production and an increase in aborted pollen were observed (p .001). High temperature sometimes affected in ectexine deposition and some narrow furrows were also analysed via details of ectexine structure. However, no significant difference in 2n pollen germination rate was observed between natural 2n pollen (26.7%) and high-temperature-induced 2n pollen (26.2%), and 42 triploids were created by crossing high-temperature-induced 2n pollen, suggesting that 38 and 41 °C temperatures exposure will not result in dysfunctional induced 2n pollen.

To reveal the mechanism of low triploid production, meiotic observation, induction of 2n pollen by colchicine, hybridization of colchicine-induced 2n pollen and pollen germination were conducted in Populus tomentosa clone 5088. Meiosis of the PMCs was initiated 24 h after it was cultured in the greenhouse. Results showed that the meiosis developed in a consecutive, asynchronous process. Analysis of the occurrence rate of colchicine-induced 2n pollen using the GLM-univariate revealed significant differences among the dominant meiotic stages (F = 45.822, P = 0.000). Significant differences also occurred among various colchicine injection times (F = 10.150, P = 0.004). The most effective stage for colchicine-induced 2n pollen occurred between the zygotene to diakinesis substages. Sixty-eight triploids were confirmed with both flow cytometric analysis and chromosome number-counting among the 3346 offspring. The highest triploid induction rate was 13.2%—significantly lower than the expected triploid production rate of 47.0%—indicating that the colchicine-induced 2n pollen was weak during fertilization. We found positive correlation between the efficiency of triploid production and the frequency of colchicine-induced 2n pollen (r = 0.961, P = 0.001) which suggests that the triploid production rate increased as the occurrence rate of colchicine-induced 2n pollen increased. Analysis using the GLM-univariate indicated that both pollen types (F = 87.50, P

To determine the effects of the hours after pollination and the treatment durations on triploid production and reveal the effective stages of embryo sac chromosome doubling by high temperature exposure. At least three catkins were sampled, and 80 ovules were used for the determination of the embryo sac developmental process. Catkins (2–74 h after pollination) were treated to induce embryo sac chromosome doubling. Cytological observations revealed that the embryo sac development was a consecutive and asynchronous process. Fertilization occurred 50 h after pollination. In the offspring seedlings, 167 triploids were detected and the highest efficiency of triploid production was 87.0%. Among all the induced triploids, the most effective treatment period of inducing embryo sac chromosome doubling is from 26 to 50 h after pollination, and 121 triploids were obtained, representing 72.46% of the sum of all triploids. GLM-Univariate analysis indicated significant differences among the hours after pollination (F = 4.516, p = 0.045). However, the differences between the treatment durations (F = 0.077, p = 0.791) were not significant. Correlation analysis between the proportion of each embryo sac’s developmental stage and the percentage of triploid production indicated that the third mitotic division may be the most effective stage for 2n female gamete induction.