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Body temperature is an important indicator of health monitoring. However, since animals are covered with fur, it is difficult to obtain their accurate body temperature with the traditional infrared measurement technology. To deal with this problem, this research proposes a non-contact real-time monitoring system using an infrared method combined with object detection. The system is developed based on general infrared thermal imaging technology and an infrared thermal imaging module with an image tracking algorithm. YOLO is used to detect animals, and a thermal imaging camera is used to measure the body surface temperature of animals. The result shows that the proposed system can accurately measure the body temperature of animals without being influenced by animals’ fur. In the future, it can be applied to monitor the body temperature of sick animals in veterinary hospitals.

This study evaluated dose differences in normal organs at risk, such as the lungs, heart, left anterior descending artery (LAD), right coronary artery, left ventricle, and right breast under personalized breast holder (PERSBRA), when using intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This study evaluated the radiation protection offered by PERSBRA in left breast cancer radiation therapy. Here, we retrospectively collected data from 24 patients with left breast cancer who underwent breast-conserving surgery as well as IMRT radiotherapy. We compared the dose differences in target coverage and organs at risk with and without PERSBRA. For target coverage, tumor prescribed dose 95% coverage, conformity index, and homogeneity index were evaluated. For organs at risk, we compared the mean heart dose, mean left ventricle dose, LAD maximum and mean dose, mean left lung receiving 20 Gy, 10 Gy, and 5 Gy of left lung volume, maximum and mean coronary artery of the right, maximum of right breast, and mean dose. Good target coverage was achieved with and without PERSBRA. When PERSBRA was used with IMRT, the mean dose of the heart decreased by 42%, the maximum dose of LAD decreased by 26.4%, and the mean dose of LAD decreased by 47.0%. The mean dose of the left ventricle decreased by 54.1%, the volume (V20) of the left lung that received 20 Gy decreased by 22.8%, the volume (V10) of the left lung that received 10 Gy decreased by 19.8%, the volume (V5) of the left lung that received 5 Gy decreased by 15.7%, and the mean dose of the left lung decreased by 23.3%. Using PERSBRA with IMRT greatly decreases the dose to organs at risk (left lung, heart, left ventricle, and LAD). This study found that PERSBRA with IMRT can achieve results similar to deep inspiration breath-hold radiotherapy (DIBH) in terms of reducing the heart radiation dose and the risk of developing heart disease in patients with left breast cancer who cannot undergo DIBH.

Background: This study used Electrical Spark Discharge Method (ESDM) to fabricate the nano-Au, nano-Ag and nano-Cu colloid. The spark wears down the surface of the electrodes and gets nano-metal particles at standard temperature and pressure and without adding any other chemical materials in the deionized water. Methods: The nano-metal particles are examined by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Zetasizer, Transmission Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and are proven to be nano-metal colloid. Under the comparison of different parameters (discharge pulse width, HV, Ip), the size of nano-metal particles increases with the level of Ip. Results: Under the experiment of light or dark, most of the Absorbance of the nano-Au and nano-Ag colloid is higher than that of the environment under strong light irradiation as long as it is prepared in a pure black environment. The nano-Au and nano-Ag colloid prepared by ESDM have a zeta potential exceeding the absolute value of 30 mV, no matter which parameter is applied or whether there is illumination or not. Conclusion: It represents a good suspension stability of the nano-Au and nano-Ag colloid, but the nano-Cu colloid does not have this feature. The suspension stability is not good.

This study enhanced the discharge energy of an existing micro-electric discharge machining (EDM) system to provide the system with the ability to prepare nano-tungsten (nano-W) colloid. The energy- enhanced EDM system, referred to as the upgraded-micro-EDM system, enables spark discharge using tungsten wires immersed in deionized water to produce nano-W colloids. Compared with the chemical preparation method, the processing environment for preparing colloids will not have nanoparticle escape in this study. Among the nano-W colloids prepared using the upgraded-micro-EDM system and an industrial EDM system, the colloid prepared by the upgraded-micro-EDM system exhibited more favorable absorbance, suspensibility, and particle size. The colloid prepared by the upgraded-micro-EDM system with the pulse on time and off time of 10–10 µs had an absorbance of 0.277 at the wavelength of 315 nm, ζ potential of −64.9 mV, and an average particle size of 164.9 nm. Transmission electron microscope imaging revealed the minimum particle size of approximately 11 nm, and the X-ray diffractometer spectrum verified that the colloid contained only \({\text{W}}_{2.00}\) and W nanoparticles. Relative to industrial EDM applications for nano-W colloid preparation, the upgraded system boasts lower costs and smaller size, and produces nano-W colloid with superior performance. These advantages contribute to the competitiveness of electrical spark discharge method in the preparation of high-quality nano-W colloids.

Along with the rapid development of sensing systems and wireless transmission technology, the scope of application of the IoT has substantially increased, and research and innovation that integrate artificial intelligence. This study integrated civil engineering and electrical engineering to establish a universal and modularized long-term sensing system. Aiming at positive construction in civil engineering, the campus of National Taipei University of Technology was used as the experimental site as a green campus. This paper focused on the cooling effect of the green roof and the temperature difference of the solar panel to effectively isolate the direct sunlight on the roof of the building. To achieve long-term monitoring, energy consumption must be minimized. Considering that the distance between sensor nodes in the experimental site was over dozens of feet, LoRa transmission technology was selected for data transmission. LoRa only consumes a small amount of energy during data transmission, and it can freely switch between work modes, achieving optimal power utilization efficiency. The greening-related research results indicated that the shade from solar panels on the rooftop could effectively reduce the temperature increase caused by direct sunlight on concrete surfaces. The temperature reduction effect was positively correlated with whether the solar panels provided shade. After 1 week of monitoring, we observed that having plants on the rooftop for greening negatively correlated with temperature reduction efficiency. Permeable pavement on the ground was positively correlated with temperature reduction efficiency. However, its temperature reduction efficiency was inferior to that of solar panel shading. The temperature difference between high-rise buildings and the ground was approximately 1–2 °C. At the same elevation, the temperature difference between buildings with and without greening was approximately 0.8 °C. Regarding the sensing system designed for this site, both hardware and software could be flexibly set according to the research purposes, precision requirements of the sites, and the measurement scope, thereby enabling their application in more fields.

This is a study of an antimicrobial test, including yeast, Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus Flavus, on a nanosilver colloid solution. The antibiosis is compared with a standard silver ion solution at the same concentration as in the experimental process. This study proved that the nanosilver colloid prepared by the electrical spark discharge method (ESDM) is free of any chemical additives, has a microbial control effect, and that the effect is much better than the Ag+ standard solution at the same concentration. 3M Count Plate (YM) is used to test and observe the colony counts. The microbial control test for yeast, Aspergillus Niger, and Aspergillus Flavus is implemented in the nanosilver colloid. In addition to Aspergillus flavus, an Ag+ concentration of 16 ppm is enough to inhibit the growth of the samples. At the same concentration, the nanosilver colloid has a much better microbial control effect than the Ag+ standard solution, which may be because the nanoparticle can release Ag+ continuously, so the solution using the ESDM has a more significant microbial control effect.

Metal nanoparticles are typically prepared by using a chemical method, and a suspension is added to control the particle size and concentration of the nanoparticles. In this study, a micro-electric discharge machine (micro-EDM) was used to melt bismuth into nanoparticles, thus yielding a colloidal solution. No chemicals were added during the manufacturing process, and pure water was used as the medium. The colloid was assessed using an electrohydraulic system, and process parameters were adjusted for optimization, additionally, the discharge pulse wave was analyzed. The proposed preparation process is simple, fast, and cost-effective, moreover, the manufacturing process allows for mass production and reduces environmental pollution. Experimental results revealed that the nano-bismuth (nano-bi) colloidal solution was successfully prepared by the micro-EDM, and absorption peaks in the UV-vis spectrum were observed at 234 and 237 nm. Moreover, to optimize the proportional&ndash, integral&ndash, derivative (PID) control parameters to be used in the micro-EDM to prepare the nano-bi colloidal solution, this study derived a mathematical model of the micro-EDM. MATLAB was used to obtain the PID parameters. The discharge success rate (74.1876%) for the nano-bi colloidal solution prepared using our method was higher than that (46.9196%) obtained for a nano-bi colloidal solution prepared using an online adaptation method.

This study employed an electric discharge machine (EDM) and the Electrical Spark Discharge Method (ESDM) to prepare silver iodide nanocolloid (AgINC). Povidone–iodine (PVP-I) was dissolved in deionized water to create a dielectric fluid. Silver material was melted using the high temperature generated by an electric arc, and the peeled-off material was reacted with PVP-I to form AgI nanoparticles (AgINPs). Six discharge pulse wave parameter combinations (Ton–Toff) were employed, and the resultant particle size and suspension of the prepared samples were examined. The results revealed that AgINPs were successfully created using the ESDM. When Ton–Toff was set at 90–90 μs, the zeta potential of the AgINC was − 50.3 mV, indicating excellent suspension stability. The AgINC particle size was 16 nm, verifying that the parameters yielded AgINPs with the smallest particle size distribution and highest zeta potential. Ultraviolet–visible spectrum analyser was performed to analyse the samples, and the spectra indicated that the characteristic wavelength was 420 nm regardless of the Ton–Toff values. X-ray diffraction analysis determined that the AgINPs exhibited two crystal structures, namely β-AgI and Ag. Transmission electron microscopy was performed and revealed that the particles were irregularly shaped and that some of the larger particles had aggregated. The crystal structure was determined to be a mixture of Ag and β-AgI, with a lattice spacing of 0.235 nm and 0.229 nm, respectively. The lattice spacing of the Ag was 0.235 nm. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the prepared AgINC were composed of only Ag and I; no additional chemical elements were detected.

Bismuth (Bi) is used to treat certain diseases, however the Bi powder or colloids used in medicine must be nonpolluting and safe. The use of electrical discharge machines (EDMs) to produce nano-Bi powder is a green process. A nonpolluting and safe nano-Bi colloid can be produced swiftly and easily in deionized water using the electrical spark discharge method, adjusting the discharge pulse width T on, T off and the discharge current I P of the EDM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, the Zetasizer technique, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and other techniques were used to analyze a nano-Bi colloid prepared under various discharge parameters to optimize the preparation of Bi nanoparticles (Bi-NPs) using EDMs. The results of this study indicated that Bi-NP colloids were successfully prepared using EDM. TEM images revealed that the NPs were smaller than 50 nm with only the Bi element in the colloid. Furthermore, the zeta potential of the nano-Bi colloid exceeded 30 mV, which indicated that the suspension of the colloid was excellent. A UV-Vis absorption peak was observed at approximately 234-237 nm.

This study employed the electrical spark discharge method to prepare platinum iodide nanocolloids at normal temperature and pressure. Wires composed of 99.5% platinum were applied as the electrodes, and 250 ppm liquid iodine was employed as the dielectric fluid. An electric discharge machine was applied to generate cyclic direct current pulse power between the electrodes. Five sets of turn-on and turn-off time (Ton–Toff) parameters, namely 10–10, 30–30, 50–50, 70–70, and 90–90 μs, were implemented to identify the optimal nanocolloid preparation conditions. An ultraviolet-visible spectroscope, a Zetasizer, and a transmission electron microscope were used to examine the nanocolloids' properties. The results revealed that the Ton–Toff parameter set of 10–10 μs was the most ideal setting for platinum iodide nanocolloid preparation. With this parameter set, the characteristic wavelengths of the nanocolloid were 285 and 350 nm, respectively; its absorbance values were 0.481 and 0.425, respectively; and its zeta potential and particle size were −30.3 mV and 61.88 nm, respectively. This parameter set yielded maximized absorbance, satisfactory suspension stability, and minimized nanoparticle sizes for the nanocolloid.

This study implemented a micro-Electrical Discharge Machining (micro-EDM) system based on Electrical Spark Discharge Method (ESDM) with real-time monitoring system to fabricate TiO2 nanocolloid. This system is relatively small size and low cost compared with industrial EDM machine. The real-time monitoring and control function of this system was achieved with VisSim software, an RT-DAC4/PCI card, and a designed servo circuit. Among the colloid prepared by micro-EDM system with two PID parameters, the colloid prepared using the PID parameters to get absorbance, average particle size, and suspensibility. The experimental results indicated that the colloid had absorbance of 0.187, ζ potential of -27.4 mV, average particle size of 223.9 nm, and percentage of colloidal particles smaller than 91.28 nm of 78.7% when the micro-EDM system Ton–Toff pulse period was set to 30–30 µs, the colloid production time was set to 20 min, and the PID controller parameter were set to Kp = 0.88, Ki = 0.045, and Kd = 0.035. TiO2 nanocolloid preparation in this study was completed in DW. The preparation process did not cause dust dissipation and was thus a green preparation method with low energy consumption.

This study employed an electrical spark discharge method (ESDM) to prepare a nano-Ag colloid as an antifungal solution. The solution was diluted to two concentrations, and the fungal medium prepared in this study was coated with Aspergillus niger. The nano-Ag colloid solution was mixed with A. niger in various concentrations and dripped onto 3M Petrifilm plates. Inhibited growth observed after several days confirmed the antifungal effect of the nano-Ag colloid on A. niger. Because direct washing produced inaccurate quantitation and yielded A. niger in an excessively high concentration, this study employed an inoculation loop method for A. niger quantitation. The concentrations of A. niger ranged from 10−2 to 10−7%. The optimal colony count was observed on day 2. During an experiment regarding the antifungal effect of the ESDM-prepared nano-Ag colloid on A. niger, 3M Petrifilm plates were employed to observe the growth of A. niger. The colony count of 10−2% A. niger without nano-Ag colloid was approximately 60. After the nano-Ag colloid was added, the colony count substantially decreased to approximately 10. The colony count of 10−7% A. niger was reduced to 11 or lower after the nano-Ag colloid was added. The results confirmed the antifungal effect of the nano-Ag colloid on the growth of A. niger.

This study used the Electric Spark Discharge Method (ESDM) to prepare nano-Ti colloid. The results showed that the process efficiency increased according to the current and selecting different discharge periods (TON-TOFF). The preparation process is pollution-free and very contributive to using TiO2 for photocatalytic reaction to degrade organic compounds. This study used 99.9% pure Ti metal to examine the effects of different discharge parameter settings on the photocatalysis of methylene blue. The experimental results showed that the discharge period (TON-TOFF) has an effect on the characteristics of the prepared nano-Ti colloid but affects its concentration. The nano-Ti colloid, as prepared under different parameters, has poor photocatalytic reaction with methylene blue at the concentration of 50 mg/L. The nano-Ti colloid does not have favorable effect on degrading methylene blue above 50 mg/L. For degrading methylene blue at a low concentration of 10 mg/L, the 100-100 nano-Ti parameter is preferable. For degrading methylene blue at a high concentration of 30 mg/L, nano-Ti colloid with TON exceeding 100 and TOFF fixed at 100 is better. As the nano-Ti colloid prepared by ESDM was free of chemical agents, when TiO2 was used in photocatalytic reaction to degrade organic compounds, there was no secondary pollution to the environment.

In this study, the electrical spark discharge method (ESDM) was used to prepare nano-Au and -Ag colloids. Magnetic stirring and ultrasonication methods were applied to explore the influence of preparation methods on the suspension stability of nano-metal particles. The ESDM was applied under standardized conditions. No chemical substance was added other than deionized water and metals. During the comparison experiment, the nano-characteristics, namely the surface plasmon resonance, absorbance, and zeta potential, of the nano-Au and -Ag colloids prepared using ultrasonication were all found to be superior to those of analogous colloids prepared using magnetic stirring. In addition, the SEM images indicated that the colloids were all nano-scale products. A number of days after the precipitation experiment, irrespective of the application of magnetic stirring or ultrasonication, the SPR for the nano-Au colloids all stabilized at approximately 520 nm, and the values for the nano-Ag stabilized at approximately 392 nm. Additionally, the peak SPR values of nano-Au and -Ag prepared with ultrasonication were higher than the values for the same colloids prepared with magnetic stirring. Regarding absorbance, the values for the nano-Au and -Ag colloids prepared with ultrasonication were higher, suggesting that the products prepared with ultrasonication tend to have higher concentrations.

This study adopted a self-developed real-time monitoring micro electrical discharge machine (micro-EDM) system for nanosilver colloid preparation through the electrical spark discharge method (ESDM). The developed system relies on the parameters modulated through a closed-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and optimized through the Ziegler–Nichols method to get modulated PID parameters, affect the process duration of ESDM. In the present study, samples were prepared under varying process durations and pulse modulation (TON–TOFF) duty cycles. Various instruments were applied to compare the absorbance values, discharge success rates, and particle size distributions of these samples. The results indicated that, compared with the samples prepared through the closed-loop PID controller, the samples prepared through the modulated PID parameters exhibited substantially higher absorbance, discharge success rates, and smaller particle size distribution. The improved discharge success rate is increased to an average of 129% compared to the original parameters. The particle size distributions of samples based on the empirical data averaged 10–20 nm, whereas the samples based on the parameters modulated through the Ziegler–Nichols method were primarily smaller than 10 nm, with the averaged size being 7.068 nm. These confirmed the effectiveness of the Ziegler–Nichols method in optimizing ESDM nanosilver colloid preparation.

This study developed a micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) system for producing TiO2 nanocolloids. When a proportional&ndash, integral&ndash, derivative controller designed using the Ziegler&ndash, Nichols method was adopted to control the interelectrode gap, TiO2 nanocolloids were obtained from spark discharges generated between two titanium wires immersed in deionized water. For a pulse on time&ndash, off time of 40&ndash, 40 &mu, s and a colloid production time of 100 min, TiO2 nanocolloids were produced that had an absorbance of 1.511 at a wavelength of 245 nm and a &zeta, potential of &minus, 47.2 mV. They had an average particle diameter of 137.2 nm, and 64.2% of particles were smaller than 91.28 nm. The minimum particles were spherical. The characteristics of colloids confirmed that the micro-EDM system can produce TiO2 nanocolloids with excellent suspension stability. The colloid production method proposed in this study has the advantages of low equipment cost and no dust diffusion in the process environment. These advantages can improve the competitiveness of the electric spark discharge method for high-quality TiO2 nanoparticle production. The colloids produced in this study did not contain elements other than titanium and oxygen, and they may prevent secondary environmental pollution.

This study explored the preparation method of the micro electrical discharge machine (m-EDM). The electronically controlled system was designed through an electrode system platform transmitting an Arduino microcontroller, a motor linked three axis moving pan head, and 3D printing technology, which replaced the traditional manual method to render the mechanism more stable and convenient to operate and increase the efficiency of the preparation process. The preparation process was optimized through Ziegler-Nichols method, in which the closed loop control system identified the critical coefficient and the shock period through steady state oscillation. According to this method, the PID servo control parameter ratio was adjusted to affect the gap control of the electro spark discharge process.

This paper uses Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), Submerged Arc Discharge Method (SADM), and arc concentrated energy to ionize the medium of DI water. During submerged arc discharge, the silver metal surface melts and is condensed into a metal fluid containing Nano and Sub-micron particles by DI water after high temperature vaporization. There is no chemical byproduct produced in the process, and it is characterized by a simple and rapid process and green preparation. The procedure of this study runs as follows: (1) 200ml DI water is prepared as dielectric fluid; during submerged arc discharge, the electrode silver bar is molten in this dielectric fluid to prepare the Nano-Ag colloid; (2) 150ml DI water containing 5ml Nh3 is used as a dielectric fluid; the electrode silver bar is molten by a submerged arc discharge in this dielectric fluid to prepare the Nano-Ag colloid (Nh3-Ag) to be different from the former one. The two kinds of Nano-Ag colloid are analyzed by a UV-Vis spectrum analyzer and Zetasizer so as to work out the relationship between the surface plasmon resonance generated wavelength and absorbance. The Nano-Ag colloid derived from Nh3-Ag is compared with the Nano-Ag colloid derived from Ag. The Nh3-Ag particles have good stability, and the concentration and Zeta potential are increased.

This study uses the electric spark discharge method (ESDM) to prepare silver nanocolloids (SNC). The devices and material for the preparation include an industrial electric discharge machine (EDM), magnetic stirrer, ultrasonic oscillator, 99.9% pure silver wires, and deionized water (DW). According to the analysis of the field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), UV-Vis and Zetasizer, the prepared SNC has nanoparticles (NPs), the wavelength eigenvalue is 393nm, absorbent concentration is 0.22, and zeta-potential is −38.9mV. The results demonstrate that ESDM can prepare SNC with good suspension stability. In this experiment, which discusses the effect of a magnetic stirrer and an ultrasonic oscillator on the suspension stability of SNC, the analysis of the absorbent concentration of the UV-Vis showed that the agglomerated NPs can be dispersed by using a magnetic stirrer or ultrasonic oscillator. According to the analysis of Zetasizer, the colloids that are remixed by a magnetic stirrer or ultrasonic oscillator contain a large number of NPs. As compared to other SNC preparation methods, ESDM can provide a clean process environment without dust emissions, and no suspending agents are added in the process. As the prepared colloids contain no other derivatives, it can be applied to antibacterial deodoriz ation. If it is used for water purification, secondary pollution can be prevented. If used in cosmetics, personal protective products, and medical purposes, it can avoid adverse effects on the human body.

In this study, TiO

In this study, the Electric Spark Discharge Method (ESDM) was employed with micro-electrical discharge machining (m-EDM) to create an electric arc that melted two electrodes in deionized water (DW) and fabricated nano-Au colloids through pulse discharges with a controlled on–off duration (TON–TOFF) and a total fabrication time of 1 min. A total of six on–off settings were tested under normal experimental conditions and without the addition of any chemical substances. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Zetasizer Nano measurements, and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM–EDX) analyses suggested that the nano-Au colloid fabricated at 10–10 µs (10 µs on, 10 µs off) had higher concentration and suspension stability than products made at other TON–TOFF settings. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the colloid was 549 nm on the first day of fabrication and stabilized at 532 nm on the third day. As the TON–TOFF period increased, the absorbance (i.e., concentration) of all nano-Au colloids decreased. Absorbance was highest at 10–10 µs. The SPR peaks stabilized at 532 nm across all TON–TOFF periods. The Zeta potential at 10–10 µs was −36.6 mV, indicating that no nano-Au agglomeration occurred and that the particles had high suspension stability.

As the industrial electrical discharge machine (EDM) has the defects of high cost and large volume in preparing nanosilver colloid, this study designs a micro-electrical discharge machine (micro-EDM) for preparing nanosilver colloid. This micro-EDM comprises mechanical structure, a PC-Based real-time control system, and a servo circuit. As the electrode-holder of mechanical structure is made by 3D printer, manufacturing costs and implement volume are greatly reduced. The PC-Based real-time control system can implement electrode gap control, discharge circuit control, and real-time process monitoring through the servo circuit. The PC-Based real-time control system is implemented by VisSim software and the RT-DAC4/PCI card, thus, the partial electronic circuit of EDM can be replaced by software through this card to reduce the circuit size and cost. The nanosilver colloid prepared by this micro-EDM is analyzed by precision instruments. The results prove that the micro-EDM can prepare the same nanosilver colloid as that prepared by industrial EDM. The micro-EDM designed in this study has lower cost and smaller volume than traditional EDM, and the discharge condition in the process can be real-time monitored by computer.

This study used the arc discharge generated by an electrical discharge machine to melt metal silver into nano-sized particles. The manufacturing process was free from chemical agents, while only deionized water was used as the dielectric fluid. The process parameters and discharge pulse width were set to prepare silver nanoparticles suspended in the dielectric fluid, and the process was simple and rapid. However, the process parameters were closely related to success in the discharge. Among them, the discharge pulse width had the most significant effect. Therefore, this study developed a successful arcing rate measuring unit and discussed the effect of different process parameters on the success rate of preparing nano-silver colloid. Silver with a purity of 99.9 % was selected as the main research subject. The results showed that under the same process parameters, the arcing rate is not an exact value but a range value, and the 30 μs-30 μs discharge pulse width is identical as the optimum process parameter. When preparing the nano-silver colloid, the higher the processing efficiency, the shorter the diameter of the particle.

This study uses the conductivity method, Electric Spark Discharge Method, and the electrospinning technique to develop a better silver-based antibacterial agent. The preparation process is free of chemical substances and also conforms to the green energy-saving process. The silver iodide was prepared in an iodine agar medium by using the conductivity method. Multiple bacteriostasis experiments showed that the molds grew in the position with iodine of the culture medium after 6 days, as well as in the position with silver iodide after 10 days. The results prove that silver iodide has better bacteriostatic ability than povidone iodine. The nanosilver colloid was prepared in the PVA solution by using the Electric Spark Discharge Method. UV-Vis, Zetasizer, and SEM-EDX analyses proved that the PVA solution contained nanosilver colloid with good suspension stability. Finally, the electrospinning technique was used to spin the PVA solution with nanosilver colloid into the PVA nanofibrous membrane. According to UV-Vis analysis, the absorption peak of this nanofibrous membrane is about 415 nm, meaning this nanofibrous membrane contains nucleate nanosilver colloid, and is very suitable for antiseptic dressing.

In this study, TiO2 nanocolloids were successfully fabricated in deionized water without using suspending agents through using the electric spark discharge method at room temperature and under normal atmospheric pressure. This method was exceptional because it did not create nanoparticle dispersion and the produced colloids contained no derivatives. The proposed method requires only traditional electrical discharge machines (EDMs), self-made magnetic stirrers, and Ti wires (purity, 99.99%). The EDM pulse on time (T on) and pulse off time (T off) were respectively set at 50 and 100 μs, 100 and 100 μs, 150 and 100 μs, and 200 and 100 μs to produce four types of TiO2 nanocolloids. Zetasizer analysis of the nanocolloids showed that a decrease in T on increased the suspension stability, but there were no significant correlations between T on and particle size. Colloids produced from the four production configurations showed a minimum particle size between 29.39 and 52.85 nm and a zeta-potential between -51.2 and -46.8 mV, confirming that the method introduced in this study can be used to produce TiO2 nanocolloids with excellent suspension stability. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy also indicated that the TiO2 colloids did not contain elements other than Ti and oxygen.