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Adrenaline (AD) is important in information transmission through the human central nervous system. Considering the significant biochemical functions of AD, the development of electrochemical sensors capable of detecting AD levels in living organisms has attracted considerable interest. In this study, AD was detected using electrochemical sensors developed based on Au nanoparticles/ionic liquids/N‐ and P‐co‐doped carbon nanotubes‐modified carbon cloth (AuNPs/ILs/N,P‐MWCNTs/CC) electrodes. AuNPs/ILs/N,P‐MWCNTs/CC composites were prepared on carbon cloth (CC) substrates using ionic liquids (ILs), N‐ and P‐co‐doped multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (N,P‐MWCNTs), and Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) as modified materials. The effects of pH and scanning speed were optimized and tested on the prepared composites. The results of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) experiments showed that the modified ILs, N,P‐MWCNTs, and AuNPs effectively improved the oxidation performance of AD. In addition, the linear range obtained from the DPV scans of the AuNPs/ILs/N,P‐MWCNTs/CC composite material was 30–505 μmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.31 μmol/L. The fabricated sensors have good sensitivity (6.9 μA·mM−1·cm−2) for AD of 30–505 μM. Therefore, the electrochemical sensing method based on the AuNPs/ILs/N,P‐MWCNTs/CC composite material is a promising and reliable AD detection technology that also exhibits good selectivity in the presence of interfering substances such as folic acid and ibuprofen. In practical applications, this material can help realize real‐time AD detection to determine whether athletes use doping and other illegal drugs before competitions and to perform synchronous detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the considerable potential of photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors, they have gained significant attention in the analysis of biological, environmental, and food markers. However, the limited charge mass transfer efficiency and rapid recombination of electron hole pairs have become obstacles in the development of PEC sensors. In this case, considering the unique advantages of carbon-based materials, they can be used as photosensitizers, supporting materials and conductive substrates and coupled with semiconductors to prepare composite materials, solving the above problems. In addition, there are many types of carbon materials, which can have semiconductor properties and form heterojunctions after coupling with semiconductors, effectively promoting the separation of electron hole pairs. Herein, we aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of reports on carbon-based PEC sensors by introducing their research and application status and discussing future development trends in this field. In particular, the types and performance improvement strategies of carbon-based electrodes and the working principles of carbon-based PEC sensors are explained. Furthermore, the applications of carbon-based photoelectric sensors in environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and food detection are highlighted. Finally, the current limitations in the research on carbon-based PEC sensors are emphasized and the need to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity through material modification, structural design, improved device performance, and other strategies are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitive detection of heavy metal ions with high toxicity and mobility is extremely important for environmental monitoring. In this study, nitrogen‐doped biochar (N‐BC) was synthesized using waste mushroom bran as a raw material, and nitrogen atoms were successfully doped onto the surface of the biochar via a facile process using an activation‐carbonation strategy. The functional groups on the surface of the biochar were enriched via doping, and the roughness of the biochar surface was significantly improved. Experimental results showed that N‐BC was an efficient sensing material for electroanalysis; therefore, it was used to construct a novel electrochemical sensing platform. The electrochemical response of the biochar‐modified working electrodes was effectively improved for the detection of heavy metals. Under optimized deposition potential, enrichment time, and pH, the N‐BC‐based sensing platform could detect Pb2+ and Cd2+ separately as well as simultaneously, indicating its significant potential for electrochemical sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]