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Phenological shifts, by initiating reproductive events earlier, in response to advanced seasonal warming is one of the most striking effects currently observed in wild populations. For sea turtles, phenological adjustment to warming conditions could be the most effective short-term adaptation option against climate change. We calculated future phenological changes required in seven important loggerhead (Caretta caretta) nesting populations to continue achieving a high hatching success and a sex ratio that lies within current ranges. Considering temperature-mediated phenological changes, we found that most populations (six out of seven) will not be able to keep pace with a warming climate. Under an optimistic climate warming scenario (RCP4.5), these populations will face a climatic debt, that is, a difference between required and expected phenological changes, and warming will substantially reduce hatching success and induce a feminization of hatchlings, which may jeopardize their reproductive sustainability. Our approach offers the possibility to quantify the efficiency of phenological shifts in oviparous reptiles by considering physiological, developmental and phenological processes. C1 [Monsinjon, Jonathan R.; Guillon, Jean-Michel; Girondot, Marc] Univ Paris Saclay, Univ Paris Sud, Lab Ecol Systemat Evolut, CNRS,AgroParisTech, F-91405 Orsay, France. [Wyneken, Jeanette] Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. [Rusenko, Kirt] Gumbo Limbo Nat Ctr, 1801 N Ocean Blvd, Boca Raton, FL 33432 USA. [Lopez-Mendilaharsu, Milagros; Lara, Paulo; Santos, Alexsandro; dei Marcovaldi, Maria A. G.] Fundacao Pro Tamar, Rua Rubens Guelli,134 Sala 307, Salvador, BA, Brazil. [Fuentes, Mariana M. P. B.] Florida State Univ, Dept Earth Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Marine Turtle Res Ecol & Conservat Grp, North Woodward Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. [Kaska, Yakup] Pamukkale Univ, Sea Turtle Res Ctr DEKAMER, Denizli, Turkey. [Tucek, Jenny; Nel, Ronel] Nelson Mandela Univ, Dept Zool, ZA-6031 Port Elizabeth, South Africa. [William, Kristina L.] Caretta Res Project, POB 9841, Savannah, GA 31412 USA. [LeBlanc, Anne-Marie; Rostal, David] Georgia Southern Univ, Dept Biol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA.

Local climatic conditions can influence sea turtle embryonic development and hatchling viability. Therefore, it is crucial to understand these influences as well as potential ramifications to population stability under future climate change. Here, we examined the influences of five climatic variables (air temperature, accumulated and average precipitation, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed) at different temporal scales on hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) hatchling production at ten nesting beaches within two regions of Brazil (five nesting beaches in Rio Grande do Norte and five in Bahia). Air temperature and accumulated precipitation were the main climatic drivers of hawksbill hatching success across Brazil and in Rio Grande do Norte, while air temperature and average precipitation were the main climatic drivers of hatching success at Bahia. Solar radiation was the main climatic driver of emergence rate at both regions. Conservative and extreme climate scenarios show air temperatures are projected to increase, while precipitation projections vary between scenarios and regions throughout the 21st century. We predicted hatching success of undisturbed nests (no recorded depredation or storm-related impacts) will decrease in Brazil by 2100. This study shows the determining effects of different climate variables and their combinations on an important and critically endangered marine species.

A case-control study was conducted in Uruguay, including 876 male cases of lung cancer and 876 male hospitalized controls, frequency matched for age (ten-year intervals), residence and hospital. The following explanatory variables were included in the study: fried red meat, barbecued red meat, boiled red meat, and salted red meat. These items were log transformed and energy-adjusted by the residuals method. The following potential confounders were included into the models: age, residence, hospital, education, family history of lung cancer, body mass index, smoking index, alcohol drinking, mate consumption, total energy intake, non-meat fatty foods and total fruits. The main objective was to estimate the odds ratios associated with lung cancer risk. Whereas fried meat, barbecued meat, and salted meat were positively associated with risk (OR of the highest quartile of salted meat versus the lowest, 2.90, 95 % CI 1.99-4.25, p-value for trend

Background: Previous studies have suggested that egg consumption may increase the risk of colorectal cancer and some other cancers. However, the evidence is still limited. To further explore the association between egg intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 11 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1996 and 2004, including 3,539 cancer cases and 2,032 hospital controls. Results: In the multivariable model with adjustment for age, sex (when applicable), residence, education, income, interviewer, smoking, alcohol intake, BMI, intake of fruits and vegetables, grains, dairy products, total meat and other fatty foods, mate tea and energy, there was a significant increase in the odds of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.19-3.44), upper aerodigestive tract (OR=1.67, 95% CI: 1.17-2.37), colorectum (OR=1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.63), lung (OR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.10-2.29), breast (OR=2.86, 95% CI: 1.66-4.92), prostate (OR=1.89, 95% CI: 1.15-3.10), bladder (OR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.30-3.83) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.71, 95% CI: 1.35-2.17) for a high vs. low egg intake. Conclusions: We found an association between higher intake of eggs and increased risk of several cancers. Further prospective studies of these associations are warranted.

There is strong evidence that meat intake increases the risk of colorectal cancer. However, for other cancer sites there is currently less convincing evidence. To further explore the association between meat intake and cancer risk we conducted a case-control study of 26 cancer sites in Uruguay between 1988 and 2000, including 6892 cancer cases and 1832 hospital controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals of various cancers for intake of total meat, red meat, beef, lamb and processed meat. There was a statistically significant increase in the odds of cancers of the mouth and pharynx (OR=1.63), esophagus (OR=3.30), larynx (OR=1.85), stomach (OR=4.02), colorectum (OR=1.78), lung (OR=1.59), sarcomas (OR=2.27), prostate (OR=1.58), bladder (OR=1.68), kidney (OR=1.96), nervous system (OR=3.12), thyroid (OR=2.38) and of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=1.79), myeloma (OR=3.28) and all cancer sites combined (OR=1.61) with high intake of total meat and similar findings were found with red meat, beef and lamb. Intake of processed meat was associated with increased odds of cancers of the pharynx (OR=1.90), esophagus (OR=1.51), larynx (OR=2.03), stomach (OR=4.39), colorectum (OR=1.76), breast (OR=1.23), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (OR=2.01), leukemia (OR=2.11) and with all cancer sites combined (OR=1.32). Our results confirm earlier findings of increased risk of gastrointestinal cancers with higher meat intake and suggest that meat consumption increases the risk of multiple other cancer sites.

The native species of amphibians and reptiles of Uruguay were categorized according to the IUCN Red List criteria. Out of 47 amphibian species, seven are listed as Critically Endangered (CR), five as Endangered (EN), one as Vulnerable (VU), three as Near Threatened (NT), and two as Data Deficient (DD); the remaining species are considered to be Least Concern (LC). Among the 64 species of reptiles evaluated, one is listed as Critically Endangered (CR), seven as Endangered (EN), two as Vulnerable (VU), one as Near Threatened (NT) and seven as Data Deficient (DD); the rest are considered to be Least Concern (LC). The use of these results as an additional criterion in the definition of protected areas in Uruguay will contribute towards the conservation of the aforementioned threatened species and their associated ecosystems. Las especies nativas de anfibios y reptiles de Uruguay fueron categorizadas de acuerdo a los criterios de la Lista Roja de UICN. De las 47 especies de anfibios, siete se encuentran En Peligro Crítico (CR), cinco En Peligro (EN), una Vulnerable (VU), tres Casi Amenazadas (NT), y dos con Datos Deficientes (DD); las especies restantes son consideradas como Preocupación Menor (LC). Entre las 64 especies de reptiles evaluados, una se encuentra en Peligro Crítico (CR), siete En Peligro (EN), dos como Vulnerables (VU), una Casi Amenazadas (NT) y siete con Datos Deficientes (DD); las especies restantes son consideradas como Preocupación Menor (LC). El uso de estos resultados como un criterio adicional en la definición de áreas protegidas en Uruguay contribuirá hacia la conservación de dichas especies amenazadas y sus ecosistemas asociados.