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A teacher in a medical college is like a compass who has the responsibility and the power to guide budding medical students in their educational journey to become effective and efficient members of the healthcare team. The purpose of the current review is to justify the significance of curriculum evaluation, explore the role of teacher in the capacity of curriculum evaluator, enlist various methods and tools to perform curriculum evaluation, and identify the challenges and suggest potential solutions to overcome them. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out on the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines and a total of 16 articles were selected based upon their suitability with the current review objectives and analyzed. Keywords used in the search include curriculum evaluation in the title alone only (viz. curriculum [ti] AND medical [ti]; curriculum evaluation [ti] AND methods [ti]; curriculum evaluation [ti] AND approaches [ti]; curriculum evaluation [ti]). A number of strategies can be employed to perform the evaluation of the medical curriculum, ranging from obtaining feedback from medical students at the end of each professional phase to assessing content, teaching methods, assessment, and attainment of learning outcomes. The process of evaluation of medical curriculum by teachers is a complex and challenging one and needs careful planning and execution of different aspects. These identified challenges clearly provide evidence that teachers have to be given the necessary training, resources, and institutional support to enable them to conduct effective medical curriculum evaluation. In conclusion, teachers in their capacity as curriculum evaluators remain the most important stakeholder in ensuring continuous improvement in the quality of education delivered to students. Owing to their in-depth awareness of classroom dynamics, the learning process, and the awareness about unique needs of students, their involvement in curriculum evaluation can ensure alignment between the delivered curriculum and the needs of the society.

In the field of health care, cultural competency refers to the ability of healthcare professionals to acknowledge, respect, and accordingly respond to the varied needs, beliefs, values, and practices followed by persons and the communities they serve. The purpose of the current review is to explore the role of cultural factors and trauma experience, and identify the strategies that can be employed to train and assess medical students in cultural competency pertaining to trauma patients. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out on the PubMed and Google Scholar search engines and a total of 21 articles were selected based on their suitability with the current review objectives. Cultural factors play a defining role in determining the experiences of trauma patients, and how these patients and family members perceive, cope, and recover from such traumatic events. To meet the diverse needs of the community, the medical curriculum has to be flexible and must include the component of cultural competency. Like any other domain, medical educators must plan for the assessment of cultural competencies while delivering trauma education, as it will provide insights into the readiness of the students to deliver culturally sensitive and effective care to trauma patients. In conclusion, the inclusion of cultural competency training within trauma care in the medical curriculum carries immense utility as it can help healthcare professionals to effectively communicate and respond to the varied needs of trauma patients, regardless of their cultural backgrounds. This calls for the adoption of a combination of teaching–learning methods and assessment methods by medical educators so that medical students can be empowered to deliver culturally sensitive medical care to trauma patients.

Exposure to the local community is crucial and pivotal to deliver contextual learning to medical students and thereby aid in the process of attaining subject-specific competencies. In the field of medical education, community health immersion refers to a set of systematic and immersive educational experiences for medical students to expose them to sociocultural and health-related attributes of the general population. Community health immersion has been linked with multiple merits that are crucial in the making of a competent medical graduate, who is well equipped to deliver patient-centered care. Even though there are multiple benefits to community health immersion nevertheless, its implementation in the community might vary based on institutional support and local community-related factors. There is an immense need to overcome these challenges to ensure optimal benefit, and this will essentially require the adoption of a multipronged approach with the help of all the concerned stakeholders.

Rumen ecology plays vital role in the digestion, absorption and assimilation of ingesta in cattle. Digestive disorders in cattle directly affects the economics of dairy farm due to impact on production, hence the present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of herbal rumen ecology modulator AV/RMF/17 and Ruchamax on rumen liquor profile in goats. Total healthy twenty-one female goats were selected and divided randomly into three equal groups. Group (T1) was untreated control while, group T2 & T3 were supplemented with herbal Rumen modulator (AV/RMF/17) and Ruchamax (M/s Ayurvet Ltd. Baddi, HP) @ 1.5 kg/ tone of feed and 1 kg/ tone of feed for 45 days respectively. Physical, biochemical examination of rumen liquor and growth parameters were evaluated. Among physical properties colour, consistency and odour recorded on 0 day observed which was observed to be greenish brown with watery consistency while odour was slightly amonical, which changes to greenish brown with viscous consistency and aromatic odour in T2 and T3 group within 7th day post treatment. Biochemical examination of rumen liquor reveals significantly decreased pH, TTA, TVFA and lactic acid in control group which were significantly increased in T2 and T3 groups in post treatment period as compared to control. Growth parameters viz. body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were also improved as compared to untreated control. From overall observation indicated that animal treated with AV/RMF/17 and Ruchamax therapies showed better results on physical, biochemical examination of rumen liquor and improvement in performance parameters indicates normalization of rumen microflora. [Vet. World 2010; 3(5.000): 230-233]

Rumen ecology plays vital role in the digestion, absorption and assimilation of ingesta in cattle. Digestive disorders in cattle directly affects the economics of dairy farm due to impact on production, hence the present study was planned to evaluate efficacy of herbal rumen ecology modulator AV/RMF/17 and Ruchamax on rumen liquor profile in goats. Total healthy twenty-one female goats were selected and divided randomly into three equal groups. Group (T1) was untreated control while, group T2 & T3 were supplemented with herbal Rumen modulator (AV/RMF/17) and Ruchamax (M/s Ayurvet Ltd. Baddi, HP) @ 1.5 kg/ tone of feed and 1 kg/ tone of feed for 45 days respectively. Physical, biochemical examination of rumen liquor and growth parameters were evaluated.Among physical properties colour, consistency and odour recorded on 0 day observed which was observed to be greenish brown with watery consistency while odour was slightly amonical, which changes to greenish brown with viscous consistency and aromatic odour in T2 and T3 group within 7th day post treatment. Biochemical examination of rumen liquor reveals significantly decreased pH, TTA, TVFA and lactic acid in control group which were significantly increased in T2 and T3 groups in post treatment period as compared to control.Growth parameters viz. body weight gain, feed consumption and FCR were also improved as compared to untreated control. From overall observation indicated that animal treated with AV/RMF/17 and Ruchamax therapies showed better results on physical, biochemical examination of rumen liquor and improvement in performance parameters indicates normalization of rumen microflora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waterborne illnesses are a significant concern worldwide. The management of water resources can be facilitated by artificial intelligence (AI) with the help of data analytics, regression models, and algorithms. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations depends on understanding, communicating, and measuring the value of water and incorporating it into decision-making. Various barriers are used from the source to the consumer to prevent microbiological contamination of drinking water sources or reduce contamination to levels safe for human health. Infrastructure development and capacity-building policies should be integrated with guidelines on applying AI to problems relating to water to ensure good development outcomes. Communities can live healthily with such technology if they can provide clean, economical, and sustainable water to the ecosystem as a whole. Quick and accurate identification of waterborne pathogens in drinking and recreational water sources is essential for treating and controlling the spread of water-related diseases, especially in resource-constrained situations. To ensure successful development outcomes, policies on infrastructure development and capacity building should be combined with those on applying AI to water-related problems. The primary focus of this study is the use of AI in managing drinking water and preventing waterborne illness., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Maroju et al.)

A critical health concern for older adults is suicide, particularly for those above the age of 60 years. Despite this, research on suicide in this age group is relatively scarce compared to studies on younger populations. This article is intended to summarize the existing literature on etiological/risk factors, including problems with one's physical and mental health, social isolation, money, and life changes like retirement and the death of a spouse and methods for preventing suicide specific to the geriatric population. We conducted a comprehensive literature search to identify the original reports and reviewed publications through various databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and the CDC. We gathered information on Google from reputable sources such as the WHO and the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB). Our review found that the risk factor of suicide in the geriatric population includes physical illness, familial issues, financial issues, and hopelessness. The suicide rate for older adults declined, dropping from 16.17 per 100,000 individuals to 14.25 per 100,000 individuals aged 50 to 69 years and from 27.45 per 100,000 individuals to 24.53 per 100,000 individuals for those over 70 years. A more significant proportion of elderly suicide attempters come from rural than urban locations. Young individuals have better professional opportunities in urban areas, but older people are dispersed to underdeveloped or rural areas, where they are more likely to experience social isolation. By systematically identifying these risk factors, we can develop prevention and intervention strategies to decrease the suicide rates among the geriatric population., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Dhole et al.)

There are still many areas of India without proper medical facilities. In such a setting, technology can play a facilitating role, particularly in reaching out to remote locations and offering a greater standard of care at a lower cost. The method of treating and diagnosing patients remotely through communication networks is known as telemedicine. When more patients get access to telemedicine, payers take more notice of how much less expensive it is than traditional medicine, and doctors are aware of its benefits. Telemedicine is a more beneficial technology that can expand access to preventive treatment and may lead to long-term health. Telemedicine has the potential to greatly affect public health. This paper reviews the current state of the art of telemedicine in India. Nearly 50 years ago, telemedicine was shrugged off as a complicated, expensive, and inefficient technology. Because of how quickly the information technology and telecommunications disciplines are advancing, telemedicine is today a viable, dependable, and useful technique. Practitioners and medical experts from a variety of fields have experienced success with telemedicine. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for strong primary healthcare networks for a more effective public health response during health emergencies and exposed the fragmentation of healthcare delivery systems. Although primary care is the first point of contact between the general public and the healthcare system, it has not recently grown much focus or funding. Even in the post-COVID-19 environment, telemedicine offers the potential to get through enduring barriers to primary care in India, such as a shortage of qualified medical professionals, issues with access, and the cost of in-person care. Telemedicine has the power to speed up the delivery of universal health coverage while strengthening primary care. There is a widening gap between people and those who offer basic health services as the population in India has grown, and the average lifespan has increased. Telemedicine helps with palliative care, early identification, a better cure, prevention, and rehabilitation in the treatment of cancer. Due to a shortage of primary care delivery networks and referral units, secondary and tertiary care facilities' health systems are overworked. To successfully use telemedicine, proper planning and operating processes are required. Thus, the development and implementation of telemedicine will improve patient care and India's primary healthcare system in the future. Finally, telemedicine's cost-effectiveness will likely be its most significant outcome., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Maroju et al.)

Introduction Menstruation is an essential phenomenon in an adolescent girl's life. In India, females who are menstruating are considered impure and teenage girls are not allowed to undertake home chores or engage in religious or cultural events during their period. Up-to-date knowledge about menstruation, beginning in early adolescence, would improve safe practices and relieve the distress of millions of women. Material and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls (10-19 years) residing in a tribal area of Nagpur District from January to March 2022. Three tribal residential schools (Ashram Shala) were selected from a total of six in Hingana Taluka of Nagpur District, using simple random sampling to fulfill the required sample size of 272. Demographic details, age at menarche, awareness of menstruation, sources of information about menstruation, menstrual hygiene practices, and restrictions observed during menstruation were assessed. Results The average age at menarche was 13.04+0.96 years (range 11-16 years). Only 45.17% of girls were aware of the menarche and menstrual cycle before its onset. The duration of the menstrual cycle ranged from 21-35 days in most of the girls (90.69%), and it was regular in 85.86% of girls. Duration of bleeding was two to six days for the majority of the girls (87.93%). Around 73.79% of girls were using sanitary pads, while 26.21% of girls were using clothes. The most important restrictions imposed on the girls during menstruation were not being allowed to attend religious functions (97.93%), followed by not being allowed to attend classes (65.86%). The use of sanitary pads was significantly more in late adolescent girls than in early adolescent girls (ꭓ 2 =14.97, p=0.0001), girls who have literate mothers than girls with illiterate mothers (ꭓ 2 =5.17, p=0.02), and girls belonging to higher socioeconomic classes (class I, II, III) than lower ones (class IV, V) (ꭓ 2 =44.23, p<0.0001). Conclusion The tribal adolescent girls still don't exercise proper hygiene throughout their periods. During menstruation, the majority of girls are still subjected to various restrictions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2022, Borkar et al.)

Background: Cold chain and vaccine logistic is a key driver of immunization program. It has been observed that besides intensification of routine immunization, more strategic interventions are essential to strengthen the different aspects of immunization services like cold-chain management and monitoring/supportive supervision. The present study was considered as a part of ongoing UNICEF funded Project on Supportive Supervision of Routine Immunization in Rajnandgaon and Bilaspur districts undertaken by the Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, and Rajnandgaon with the objectives to assess the background information about cold chain points (CCPs), to observe the vaccine storage and handling practices, and to study the knowledge and practices of VCCH., Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional facility based study was conducted from August 2017 to February 2018. Among60 CCPs, 48 from Rajnandgaon and 12 from Bilaspur district were considered for analysis. Structured questionnaires as a part of standard tool prescribed by Government of India was used for the collection of required data., Result: In 92% CCPs, the temperature of cold chain equipment (CCE) was recorded twice a day. In 93% CCPs, vaccines were correctly stored in ILR. In 75% CCPs, icepacks were correctly stored in DF, 90% vaccine cold chain handler (VCCH) could correctly demonstrate temperature reading from thermometer, 91% could tell about stages of VVM correctly., Conclusion: Most CCPs in both districts are doing good enough, and there is a scope of improvement in all the parameters by means of ongoing project of Strengthening of Supportive Supervision of Routine Immunization in both districts. It was evident that Rajnandgaon district scored more than Bilaspur in some parameters related to vaccine storage and handling practices., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.