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The adhesion of fixed orthodontic appliances and dental enamel is an important procedure, which must be correctly planned with the materials assigned for each clinical situation, which can be variable due to the dental surface, the medical and stomatological history of the patient. In addition, to allow effective treatment in clinical practice, factors affecting cementation must be taken into account, which may be related to clinical materials such as acid etching, bracket type, bracket design and size, adhesive, and adhesion to restorative materials. Also, they may be related to the dental surface, such as fluorosis, a defect in the dental surface that affects the quality of the enamel. On the other hand, there are extrinsic factors such as mouthwashes, smoking or dental whitening. Finally, it is imperative to mention that this literary review was carried out through previous studies, where they evaluated orthodontic adhesion techniques to achieve better clinical management, which allow the success of orthodontic treatment, such as shear bond strength, adhesion index remnant, in vivo survival analysis and microscopic evaluation of the microfracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: The role of leukotrienes (LTs) in airway inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, has been extensively reported. The measurement of LTs in sputum supernatants, which is commonly done via enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), may prove to be useful for assessing airway inflammation. Despite the many advantages of EIA, these methods suffer from a lack of selectivity. Therefore, a selective and reliable method for the analysis of LTs in human sputum is needed. In this study we developed and validated a sensitive and specific method using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS), to measure simultaneously cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) in human sputum. Sputum supernatants obtained by ultracentrifugation were stabilized by protease inhibitors, spiked with stable isotopic internal standards, and subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) and UHPLC separation. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions were optimized and measured on a mass spectrometer. The limit of detection (LOD) for LTE4 and LTB4 was 9.8 and 19.5pg/mL, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for LTE4 and LTB4 was 19.5 and 39.0pg/mL, respectively. The dynamic range of the LTE4 assay was from 9.8 to 5000pg/mL, whereas for the LTB4 assay was from 19.5 to 10,000pg/mL. The intra- and inter-day % coefficient of variation (%CV) was <6.5% and <10%, for both LTE4 and LTB4, respectively. Spike recovery ranged from 105% to 111% for both analytes. In addition, twenty-two sputum samples were analyzed for cysLTs and LTB4. Fourteen of these samples were purchased commercially and eight were collected during the course of a clinical trial. LTB4 was detectable in all samples tested and it ranged from 79 to 7220pg/mL. LTE4 was detectable in most of the sputum samples (12.3–891pg/mL), whereas LTC4 and LTD4 were below limit of detection for majority of sputum samples. The in vitro conversion of LTC4 and LTD4 into LTE4 was observed. The measurement of LTB4 was sensitive to low pH and high temperature. The use of UHPLC–MS/MS method will allow a more accurate and reliable quantitation of LTs in human sputum, which in turn, may lead to a better understanding of the role of LTs in airway disease pathways and the application in associated clinical treatments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: To compare the shear bond strength of brackets cemented to dental enamel according to the cementation techniques., Material and Methods: Experimental study. We used 90 premolars and placed them in printed polylactic acid (PLA) filament models to simulate the dental arch shape and to then cement brackets using the direct, indirect technique with Transbond™XT and indirect technique with Orthocem®. Then, we carried out a shear bond strength test using a universal testing machine, and we evaluated the enamel surface using the adhesive resin remaining index. Dunn's test was used for the inferential statistical analysis of shear bond strength, and Fisher's exact test was used for the adhesive resin remaining index., Results: The shear bond strength of the brackets recorded mean values of 16.74±4.48Mpa, 15.93±6.49Mpa and 12.09±5.07Mpa in the direct, indirect technique with Transbond™XT and indirect technique with Orthocem® respectively. At an inferential level, a lower statistically significant difference was found in the indirect group with OrthoCem® in contrast to the other two groups. In the evaluation of resin remaining after detachment, the direct technique group registered 46.7% of teeth with more than half of resin remaining and the indirect technique groups with Transbond™XT and Orthocem® registered less than half of resin remaining with an incidence of 53.3% and 43.3% respectively. At an inferential level, a statistically significant difference between groups was evidenced., Conclusions: The indirect cementation technique using Transbond™ XT is more recommended since it presents a higher shear bond strength than using Orthocem®. Key words: Orthodontics, Adhesion, orthodontic adhesives, shear bond strength., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (Copyright: © 2024 Medicina Oral S.L.)

Chronic monitoring of bladder volume can improve the clinical diagnosis and the choice of therapeutic approach for patients suffering from urinary dysfunction. It can also be employed to notify patients or healthcare personnel when the bladder should be emptied. An early warning can be triggered either when functional bladder capacity is reached or when an abnormally high postvoiding residual volume remains in the bladder after an unfinished voiding. Currently, neuroprosthetic implants are used in the treatment of refractory patients with overactive bladder, with urgency-frequency or with voiding complications. These implants can further enhance their performance, and also reduce their adverse-effects, by implementing a conditional stimulation based on the ongoing information of bladder volume. In this paper, we review the measurement methods used in past studies, we analyze and assess them, and lastly we pinpoint the one that we consider the optimal one for chronic monitoring of bladder volume.