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Extensive literature on school misbehavior has largely focused on teachers' perceptions of the most frequent and troublesome classroom behaviors and the most commonly used strategies to manage them. Students' perspectives on this topic have received comparatively little attention and most of the few existing studies were conducted with secondary students. This study investigates the perspectives of 115 elementary children on appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, on their causal attributions, and on how schools should manage children's behavior. Their answers to an open-ended questionnaire were analyzed through qualitative thematic content analysis. Results suggest that children are exposed to an extensive number of negatively stated behavior expectations. When asked about causal explanations for behavior occurrences, children mainly mention factors related to themselves, particularly their social and emotional abilities. The frequent mentions of proactive strategies, such as explicit teaching, suggest that children's recommendations on behavior management encompass evidence-based practices. Implications for future research, educational policies, and teachers' training and practices are also provided.

Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to characterize women living with HIV (WLWH) in Belgium. The secondary objective was an exploratory analysis comparing women and men living with HIV (MLWH). Methods. This was a cross‐sectional, observational, multicenter study. Inclusion criteria for the primary objective were all adult treatment‐naïve and experienced WLWH actively being treated at one of the participating centers. For the secondary objective, inclusion criteria were all adult naïve and experienced women and MLWH, actively being treated at a single participating center. Data were collected between December 2022 and March 2023. A multivariable analysis was performed on all women included to evaluate for associations with having hypertension (HTN) or being virologically nonsuppressed (HIV‐1 VL ≥200 copies/mL). In the exploratory analysis of women and MLWH, a multivariable analysis was carried out to evaluate whether female gender was associated with having HTN or being virologically nonsuppressed. Results. Overall, 2797 WLWH were included. The majority were Black (73.5%) and 48.5% were aged ≥50 years. The most common comorbidity was HTN (17.3%) and most individuals were virologically suppressed (HIV‐1 VL <50 copies/mL; 85.6%). Black race was associated with having HTN (p < 0.0001). Prior AIDS‐defining illness (p = 0.02) and a CD4+ T‐cell count <500 cells/µL (p < 0.0001) were associated with being nonsuppressed. A total of 1094 WLWH and 1878 MLWH were included in the exploratory analysis. HTN was higher among WLWH (20.2% vs. 12% MLWH). Female gender was not found to be associated with having HTN (p = 0.86) or being nonsuppressed (p = 0.14). Conclusion. In this analysis of WLWH in Belgium, the results depict an ageing population that is predominantly Black. The most common comorbidity observed was HTN. Women had a low rate of virologic nonsuppression, and female gender was not associated with being nonsuppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The toxicity profile of fac-[Re(CO)3(N–N)L]+ complexes against microbial and tumoral cells has been extensively studied, primarily focusing on modifications to the bidentate diimine (N–N) ligand. However, less attention has been paid to modifications of the axial ligand L, which is perpendicular to the Re–N–N plane. This study reveals that the high toxicity of the fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(Ctz)]+ complex may be attributed to the structural effect of the trityl (CPh3) group present in clotrimazole, as removal of phenyl rings causes a significant decrease in the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, substitution of the 1-tritylimidazole ligand by the structurally related ligands PPh3 and PCy3 maintains similarly high activity levels. These findings contribute to understanding the interactions of toxic complexes with bacterial membranes, suggesting that the ligand structures play a crucial role in inhibiting cell wall synthesis processes, potentially including Lipid II synthesis. Compounds with Ph3E (E = C-imidazole; P) groups also showed to be 10 times more toxic than cisplatin against three mammalian cell lines (IC50: 2–4 μM). In contrast, the analogue 1-benzylimidazole and 1-tert-butylimidazole derivatives were as toxic as cisplatin. We observed that the decomposition of the [Re(I)(CO)3] fragment inside mammalian cell lines liberates CO, which is expected to exert biological effects. Therefore, compounds of this family possessing the structural motif Ph3E seem to combine high antimicrobial and antitumoral activities, the latter being much higher than that of cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) is a general term for the technique referring to small-signal measurements of the linear electrical response of a domain of interest. This method is based on the analysis of the system's electrical response to yield helpful information about its domain-dependent physicochemical properties (generally, the analysis is carried out in the frequency domain). Nowadays, there are many areas of application where IS can be used to evaluate or enhance the development of emerging products and processes. As a contribution to this field of research, this paper presents relevant theoretical–practical aspects of the interpretation and analysis of the electrical behavior of materials based on IS and IS modelling. The work starts by historically introducing IS and then goes through different domains of application of the technique, such as Materials Science and correlated areas. Afterwards, an introduction to IS usage for constructing equivalent electrical circuits is presented, aiming at modelling the materials' electrical behavior, followed by examples from the literature that use the two possible circuit development approaches, the series and the parallel association of circuit elements. Lastly, the authors present a case study of their most recent efforts of a circuit model development of relative humidity (RH) sensors based on heterogeneous mixed metal oxide (MMO) nanostructures, used to understand and identify existing contributions to the overall electrical response of the sensors to moisture; in their case, the electrical response of the MMO sensors was modelled with a high level of superposition between the experimental and fitted data, using a parallel combination of circuit elements, which is an unconventional one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton conductors are ceramic materials with a crystalline or amorphous structure, which allow the passage of an electrical current through them exclusively by the movement of protons: H+. Recent developments in proton-conducting ceramics present considerable promise for obtaining economic and sustainable energy conversion and storage devices, electrolysis cells, gas purification, and sensing applications. So, proton-conducting ceramics that combine sensitivity, stability, and the ability to operate at low temperatures are particularly attractive. In this article, the authors start by presenting a brief historical resume of proton conductors and by exploring their properties, such as structure and microstructure, and their correlation with conductivity. A perspective regarding applications of these materials on low-temperature energy-related devices, electrochemical and moisture sensors, is presented. Finally, the authors' efforts on the usage of a proton-conducting ceramic, polyantimonic acid (PAA), to develop humidity sensors, are looked into. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis treatment is a challenging condition due to its complexity, which involves host inflammatory responses to a severe and potentially fatal infection, associated with organ dysfunction. The aim of this study was to analyze the scientific literature on the immunomodulatory effects of glucans in a murine model of systemic infection induced by cecal ligation and puncture. This study comprises an integrative literature review based on systematic steps, with searches carried out in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase databases. In most studies, the main type of glucan investigated was β-glucan, at 50 mg/kg, and a reduction of inflammatory responses was identified, minimizing the occurrence of tissue damage leading to increased animal survival. Based on the data obtained and discussed in this review, glucans represent a promising biotechnological alternative to modulate the immune response and could potentially be used in the clinical management of septic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have generally characterized school psychologists as a relative homogenous population. Understanding the differences in professional practices and related variables is important for the development of the profession. Using a sample of 446 Portuguese school psychologists, this study used cluster analysis to identify distinct profiles of professional activity, based on practitioners' time distribution among different target audiences (i.e., students, parents, teachers, school board members, school non-professional staff, and other professionals within the school community). Three distinct profiles emerged from the data: a group highly oriented to work with students, a group that distributes time almost equitably between adults and students, and a group that concentrates attention and professional expertise on adults. Practice setting variables, such as school-psychologists-to-student ratio, school-psychologists-to-school ratio, number of referrals per year, and school community level of demand for different activities, were found to be significantly related to cluster membership. No personal- or professional-background-related variables differentiated the three groups. The main implications of these findings are discussed in light of recent literature regarding the models of service delivery for school psychologists.

Introduction: The years preceding school entry are pivotal for children to develop fundamental skills that bolster their learning in literacy and math in the following years. Skills like counting and subitizing stand as key predictors of future math abilities. Hence, the availability of universal screening tools is vital to promptly identify children who are lacking in these skills, allowing for tailored classroom practices to meet their needs. This study aimed to develop a mathematical screening tool and assess its psychometric properties. Methods: The tool encompasses both group and individual tasks, to evaluate counting, cardinality, subitizing, quantity discrimination, addition, and subtraction. The tool was administered twice to 257 children, aged 5-6, in their final year of kindergarten in Portugal, at both the start and end of the school year. Results: The findings reveal that the tasks generally present a low level of difficulty, especially by the end of kindergarten. Factor analysis demonstrated an adequate structure, and all dimensions showed high internal consistency (>0.80). There was a medium-to-high intercorrelation among the various tasks. Correlations between task scores at the beginning and end of the school year were high. Furthermore, scores across all tasks correlated with math achievement in the first grade of primary education. Discussion: These outcomes suggest that the tool is both valid and reliable, making it a useful resource for assessing and intervening in math skills during the critical years before school entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little empirical evidence is available on the professional characteristics and practices of school psychologists in Portugal. This study surveyed a total of 477 Portuguese school psychologists employed in public (80%) and private schools (20%). Portuguese school psychologists are described with regard to demographic, professional, and educational backgrounds, school settings, roles performed, and main target populations served. Evaluating and counseling regular education students, vocational guidance, and special education-related activities emerged as the most time-consuming professional practices. A professional practice primarily focused on students, mainly from the highest education levels, was also observed. Results are compared with findings of previous surveys and reviewed in the context of the current literature on the school psychologist's role. Implications for the field are also provided.