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Objective Venous puncture is the process of obtaining intravenous access to get blood samples. Superficial veins of Upper-Limb, mainly dorsal metacarpal veins and median cubital veins are the commonest site for access. In order to get acquaintance about anatomic variation to perform safe venous puncture, the main objective of this study was to examine the variations in superficial veins of upper limb by using Near-Infrared Illumination Device. Methods A sample size of 50 participants (100 records of both limbs) has been documented. Staff and students of LUMHS of both genders; with the age ranging from 18-60 years, were included in the study. Tourniquet/ Blood Pressure monitor cuff application was applied to visualize superficial cubital veins. Another technique of Near-infrared illumination device (sure view vein illumination system ZD-JM-260-01) was applied to observe superficial veins of hand dorsum in adults with and without Hinna (Mehndi) causing artificial discoloration of skin. Results The Study results showed that 46(92.0%) of the total participants reported Type A right arm cubital fossa. 47(94.0%) reported Type A left cubital fossa. 15(30.0%) of the male participants had Type 6 Right hand dorsum venous arrangement. Likewise, 5(10.0%) of the female participants had Type 6 right hand dorsum venous arrangement. 14(28.0%) male participants had Type 6 Left hand dorsum venous arrangement. Similarly, 7(14.0%) males had Type 2, and 13(26.0%) males had Type 3 left hand dorsum venous arrangements. Likewise, 5(10.0%) of the female participants had Type 3 left hand dorsum venous arrangement. Moreover, 03 adult females presented with Henna (Mehndi) already applied on dorsum of hands and superficial veins were as visible as in rest of subjects without application of Henna (Mehndi). Conclusion Type-A was observed most frequently in venous arrangement in cubital fossa of both left and right arms of the participants, while Type 6 was the most generally observed type in hand dorsum of both right and left arms. Moreover. Artificial discoloration of skin caused by Henna (Mehndi) did not seem to effect the visibility of vein structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the effects of motivational videos on the well-being of senior citizens. The study involved 82 participants who were surveyed before and after watching the videos. The results indicated that watching the videos led to an increase in life satisfaction and psychological well-being. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the impact of motivational videos on the emotional and psychological well-being of seniors and suggests that these videos could be a cost-effective way to improve their quality of life. However, the study acknowledges its limitations, such as language barriers and the participants' high initial self-motivation and life satisfaction scores. Overall, the study highlights the potential benefits of using motivational interventions for seniors and calls for further research in this area. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To assess the effects of oxaliplatin on gross appearance, behavior and neural tissue of albino mice and to observe prevention against oxaliplatin induced damage by glutathione. Study Design: Experimental study Place and Duration: Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro in collaboration with Sindh Agricultural University TandoJam from 1st January-30th June 2015. Methodology: Adult mice (n=36) from both genders were grouped and labeled as Control (Group A), Oxaliplatin treatment (Group B), Oxaliplatin plus glutathione (Group C). The gross features (Weight, hair loss, paw edema) and behavior (heat and cold stimulation test, noise stimulation test, hearing test) of the animals were monitored and animals were sacrificed and brains were collected for the histopathology to see the effects of oxaliplatin and its prevention by glutathione. Results: The weight of the animals significantly decreased over the entire period of study as compared to control animals. Also a significant decrease was noticed in hair on the skin of front part of the body in group B. In other parameters; paw edema, mental orientation, object recognition, noise stimulation group B exhibit significant difference to control p<0.05. Heat and cold stimulation tests significantly increased in group B. Microscopic features of brain tissue also showed inflammatory and ischemic changes in group B. All gross and microscopic features were improved with the addition of glutathione. Conclusion: The toxic effects of oxaliplatin, on morphology and behavior and brain of adult albino mice were partially reversed with glutathione supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Bisphenol A (BPA) that is a monomer of plastic products may possibly interfere with epigenetics and be involved in onset and progression of several diseases. This study was aimed to detect the epigenetic effects of in utero BPA exposure in mice offspring. Materials and Methods: All experiments were performed according to the national guidelines for laboratory animals and after ethical approval. Thirty adult BALB/c female mice were divided into 3 equal groups, G1 (controls), G2 (ethanol 0.10 ml/100ml of PBS so that final concentration would be 0.01%) vehicle control and G3 (BPA 10 mg/kg). Chemicals were given twice a week throughout the pregnancy. Once delivered at term, female offspring were observed for body weight, behavior and movements. Blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) were measured at 5 and 15 months postnatal. Animals were sacrificed at 15 months and pancreas, kidney, adipose tissue and uterine tissue were taken and stained with either Hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) or immunostaining and examined under light microscope. Results: Offspring of group G3 revealed abnormal changes of body weight, behavior and movements. Blood glucose, serum insulin, cholesterol and HDLc were high in group G3 offspring compared to controls. H & E staining showed changes in the parenchyma of pancreas, kidneys and uterus, which were confirmed by staining with anti-islet-1, kidney-specific (Ksp) cadherin, and anti-MLH antibody. Conclusion: In utero exposure of BPA exerts diabetogenic and atherogenic effects with less parenchymal tissue in endocrine pancreas, kidney and uterus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of Nigella sativa in methamphetamine induced hippocampal injury. METHODOLOGY: This Experimental study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro, in collaboration with Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam from April 2016 to September 2016 on sixty adult male mice of average 25-40gms. All the animals were housed properly, fed on lab chow and tap water ad libitum. The mice were divided into group A (control), B, C and D were experimental groups. Group A was given normal saline orally at the volume of 1 ml/kg. Group B animals were given METH at volume of 10 mL/kg containing 10.0 mg/kg METH. Group C animals were given Kalonji extract at the volume of 3mg/ml of extract, and Group D animals were given METH plus Kalonji extract at the same volume and dose as mentioned earlier. The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after one week of last injection. Brain of each animal was removed, immersed in 10% formaldehyde solution for microscopic studies. RESULTS: The weight of different groups at baseline was equal in all groups which is reduced at the end of study period. METH treated mice showing hyper cellularity of different layers, in contrast of N.S + METH treated mice showing marked decrease in cellularity of hippocampus. CONCLUSION: The findings of above study shows neuroprotective effect of Nigella sativa against methamphetamine induced cell injury in hippocampus of mice model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the role of ultrasonography (USG) in estimating foetal birth weight in twin pregnancies; and to classify the relationship of actual birth weight and estimated birth weight on ultrasonography. Methodology: It was an observational study on women with twin pregnancies who delivered from January 2009 till August 2018. Out of 27,219 women delivered at North Cumbria University Hospital, United Kingdom, a total of 870 sets of twin pregnancies were identified. We used customised growth chart software made by Perinatal Institute, United Kingdom for the plotting of foetal growth by USG. The estimated foetal birth weight (EFBW) measured on serial growth scans of twin pregnancies closest to the birth date was plotted on the customised growth charts. The EFBW at the time of delivery was predicted by following that centile and the difference between this EFBW and the actual weight was then assessed. Results: Of the 870 women with twin-pregnancy, majority were aged between 30-39 years (n=478, 55%). Primiparous women accounted for 470 (54%) and majority conceived naturally (n=690, 70%). Dichorionic diamniotic twins accounted for 565 (65%). In accordance with our acceptable standard of 250 grams, the majority of twins 64% of twin 1 and 78% of twin 2, the estimated birth weights by USG were within that standard. In 71% (618/870) of cases, the USG estimated birth weights in twin 1 were larger than the actual birth weight and similar picture was seen in 68% (592/870) of second twin. Conclusion: Ultrasound was found to be an accurate tool of determining estimated fetal birth weight. The majority of the USG estimated birth weights were within the agreed standard of 250g difference with the actual birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Death and morbidity are commonly occurred worldwide due to heart diseases and are becoming an increasingly important problem in the developing countries including Pakistan. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) serves as a good assessment tool to document beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program in cardiac patients. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of short-term CR program on LVEF in patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Study Design: Cross sectional and Case series study. Setting: Departments of Cardiology, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2014. Methods: 100 patients of less than 75 years of age with acute uncomplicated anterior wall or anterolateral wall MI, inferior and RV MI. Cases were randomized into two groups of age and sex matched 50 patients each. Group I (study group) patients were administered secondary prevention advice and were started on the CR exercise protocol, Group II (control group) patients were administered secondary prevention advice only. Results: At baseline, LVEF was 42.5% in the study group and 41.4% in the control group patients and was statistically comparable. After 10 weeks study group showed the LVEF of 47.78% and control group had LVEF of 42.26%. The differences are being statistically significant. Conclusion: Significant improvement in LVEF in patients who had been engaged in CR program besides the secondary prevention strategies when compared with the control group patients who followed secondary prevention strategies only. The present study is amplify the beneficial effects of simple CR program, which additionally improves the key cardiac parameters like LVEF in the recovery period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of aspiration thrombectomy (AT) using an Aspiration Catheter (INVATEC SPA DIVER C.E. MAX, Italy) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Study Design: Cross sectional and Case series study. Setting: Department of Cardiology, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad. Period: January 2012 to December 2013. Methodology and Results: Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiography was obtained before (acute LVEF) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and 1 week after (late LVEF) the procedure. Most of the patients with full restoration of ST segment elevation following PCI were higher in the aspiration Catheter control group (90 vs 68%, P < 0.01), (86 vs 62%, P < 0.01) and (90 vs 64%, P < 0.01) respectively. Minimal change in LVEF was observed in patients between the Aspiration Catheter group and control group at 1 week post procedure. Conclusion: Combination of AT using Aspiration Catheter (INVATEC SPA DIVER C.E. MAX) with primary stenting can better outcome, while left ventricle (LV) function had subtle change in AMI when compared to primary stenting after balloon predilation without thrombectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find out the negative laparoscopy rate for suspected ectopic pregnancy. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Electronic medical record databases in North Cumbria University Hospital, Carlisle, United Kingdom. Period: August 2014 to August 2018. Materials and Methods: The data of total 150 laparoscopies performed for ectopic pregnancy management was collected for gestational age at presentation, symptoms, serial beta human chorionic gonadotrophic hormone (HCG) levels, ultrasound findings, time interval for diagnosis, time to surgery and histology. Results: One hundred and fifty patients (52 under 5 weeks and 98 over 5 weeks' gestation) were incorporated into this study. The primary presenting symptoms were pain and vaginal bleeding. Suboptimal rise in serial beta HCG (performed 48 hours apart) was seen in 69 patients (46%) while other 81 patients (54%) had confirmed ectopic on USS and were offered surgical management after the scan. One hundred forty for women (96%) went for surgical management and one patient had conservative management as she was asymptomatic with low HCG(less than 1000IU) at the first visit and rapid drop in serial BHG results. Fifty three women (35%) had surgery on the same day when they had ectopic pregnancies seen on USS, 63 (42%) went to theatre for surgery between 0-6 days, while 34 patients (23%) had surgery between 7-14 days of USS. All women were operated through laparoscopic route and tubal ectopic pregnancies were confirmed at laparoscopy. There was no negative laparoscopy in our study period. Conclusion: Judicious and timely surgical intervention made it possible to treat every case through laparoscopic route with zero negative laparoscopy rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess students' insights about flipped classroom approach for neuroanatomy course and evaluate the effect on their performance in the end unit test. Methodology: This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences for the academic session 2014. Neuroanatomy was chosen to evaluate the flipped classroom model for second year medical students. Three hundred and forty fourth semester medical students attended course. Students were divided into six groups and course contents were delivered into traditional lectures followed by flipping the small group classes. In lectures teacher delivered the topics with the help of multimedia and in flipped class students were encouraged to participate actively. They were provided case scenarios and teaching material before scheduled class. Students' perceptions were assessed by asking them to fill questionnaires. The post unit test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this method. Results: Ninety-six percent of students believed that the flipped classroom approach was better in targeting learning objectives than the conventional teaching, 95% thought that the work-sheet with questions provided before class enabled a better understanding of the subject and 85% were of the opinion that the flip class approach was useful to understand the anatomical basis of neurological problems. The unpaired t test showed highly significant differences between the post unit test scores of this batch in comparison to previous batch who were only taught neuroanatomy with traditional teaching modes. Conclusion: Student response to the flipped classroom structure was very positive, signifying the importance of this approach as attractive method to pursue in future years for medical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of parent's education and better schooling in achievement of medical entrance exam. DESIGN: Descriptive SETTING: Department of Anatomy, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro. METHOD: This study was conducted on first year MBBS students admitted in Batch 2015-2016 at Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro. Total 340 students were included in this study. A questionnaire is used for data collection which was filled by students after verbal consent. RESULTS: Out of total 340 students, 314 filled the questionnaire. Among 314 students 111 (35%) are males and 203 (65%) are female students. Eighty percent (80%) male and eighty five percent (85%) female students had their early education from private schools of high standard while only 20% male and 15% female students had their education from government/ public schools. Regarding parental education, female students has 100% fathers and 89% educated mothers, while for male students 97% fathers and 69% mothers found educated. Overall 90% parents who were educated. CONCLUSION: Although there may several factors, however better schooling and parental education is most powerful factor to influence success rate of children pre medical entrance exam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical education plays the most significant role in shaping medical students lives and their behavior towards the society they come in contact to serve. Various teaching and learning methodologies have been utilized in medical education. The currently available research positively highlights the role and importance of Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME). The teachers implement their teaching methodology and teaching styles on the basis of best available evidence and teaching methods. Teachers adopt various types of evidence to aid decisions about the choice of teaching, learning, assessment, curriculum designing and additional issues in medical education. A move to evidence-based teaching will encourage more and better research into medical education. Faculty members have to upgrade their abilities to the par excellence so that the imparted teaching gets validated and improved. Faculty members have to upgrade their abilities to the par excellence so that the imparted teaching gets validated and improved. If adopted, this approach ensures the provision of opportunities for improved outcomes within the medical profession within the context of research evidence for education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): This study aimed to find out whether the chick cardiomyocyte micromass (MM) system could be employed to predict the teratogenecity of common environmental factors. Different multivitamins and over the counter drugs were used in this study. Materials and Methods: White Leghorn 5-day-old embryo hearts were dissected and trypsinized to produce a cardiomyocyte cell suspension in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium. The cultures were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 in air, and observations were made at 24, 48 and 144 hr, for the detection of cell beating. Cellular viability was assessed using the resazurin assay and cell protein content was assessed by the kenacid blue assay. It was observed that while not affecting total cell number folic acid, vitamin C, sodium fluoride and ginseng did not significantly reduced cell activity and beating. However cadmium chloride significantly reduced the beating, cell viability and cell protein content in micromass cultures. Results: The results demonstrate the potential of the chick cardiomyocyte MM culture assay to identify teratogens/embryotoxins that alter morphology and function, which may result in either teratogenic outcome or cytotoxicity. Conclusion: This could form part of a screen for developmental toxicity related to cardiac function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object ives of this study were to determine the association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reduc tase (MTHFR) gene variant C67 7 T with non -syndromic cl eft lip/palate (NSCLP) in Pakistani population and compare the m aternal serum foli c acid levels in NSCLP-affected and healthy group. A c om parative cross sec ti onal study was conducted between 2017 and 2019 at Liaquat U niversity of Medi cal and Health Science s, Jamshoro. Sixty motherinfant dy ads were recruited (n=120), inc luding NSCLP-affected and healthy infants alo ng with t heir mother s. The MTHFR C677T vari ant exhibited si gnificant association with NSCLP in dominant and over-domi nant models. No differences in maternal serum folic acid levels were obse rved between both th e groups; however, the folic acid intake during pre-conception period was associated w ith decreased risk for NSC LP. Our stu dy suggested that MTHFR 677 CT genotype was related with decreased risk for NSCLP in Sindhi, Pakistani, population. Pre -conception folic acid may decrease the ri sk for ora l clefts.