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Introduction: There is adequate literature written on hyponatremia, but not much seen in context of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Patients become prone for this electrolyte derangement when they are afflicted with organ failure especially CKD. This vulnerability becomes even worse in ageing due to impaired sensitivity to fluid intake and often burdened with multiple comorbid. For the adequate management of hyponatremia, knowledge of volume status, age of patients and associated comorbid, and duration of hyponatremia are very important. Patients and Methods: This observational study was conducted in adult CKD admitted patients. Demographic information, history, and examination finding were noted. Then each patient underwent investigation i.e., serum sodium, urea, creatinine, spot urine sodium, chloride, potassium, urine and serum osmolality, random blood sugar and echocardiography and noted in questionnaire. CKD staging was done with the help of Modified of diet and Renal disease (MDRD) equation. Diagnosis/ Impression of patient and need of hypertonic saline (3%saline) were all noted along with final outcome whether sodium improved/unimproved, discharge/expired were noted in pre-formed questionnaire. Results: Analysis was done on 171 CKD patients with female to male ratio: 1.19/1 and mean age 55.8 ± 15.16. Hypertension was most prevalent comorbid. Hypovolemia was the most common volume status seen along with moderate hyponatremia and hypertonicity were frequently observed features. 23 out of 171 patients were symptomatic, 44(25.7%) had low Left Ventricular function. Mortality was noted at 9.4%. Conclusion: Overall outcome of patient remained satisfactory despite of presence of CKD and significant number of patients were severe hyponatremic. Predominant management for hyponatremia remained conservative along with treatment for primary disease. Symptomatic hyponatremia and low LV function were found to be contributing to bad outcomes while severity of hyponatremia did not influence badly.

In the present investigation, friction spot extrusion welding was investigated for dissimilar AA2024-T3 and AA5754-O materials, under the effect of three different shoulder plunge depths of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.45 mm, keeping other parameters constant. The welded specimens were evaluated by visual inspection, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscattered diffractions, and tensile testing. The results revealed that the effective metallurgical bonding and mechanical locking were obtained in case of weld produced by plunge depth of 0.45 mm. The metallurgical bonding is obtained between extruded material and surfaces of predrilled cavity, whereas mechanical locking is obtained through filling an extruded material in the predrilled cavity. The plunge depth variations influence the grain structures of processed zones. Increased plunge depth of 0.45 mm results in effective materials mixing with zigzag pattern of oxide layer mixed in the stir zone. In case of weld produced by plunge depth of 0.25 mm, the oxide layer was found as separating layer between workpieces. The weld produced by maximum plunge depth of 0.45 mm was resulted to higher fracture load of 5198 N. Trans-granular ductile fracture was observed for weld produced by plunge depth of 0.45 mm.

Semiconductor devices and microelectronic devices are widely used in many applications such as central processing units. These devices produce a huge amount of heat that must be dissipated properly because their operation is sensitive to operating temperature. Under high operating temperatures, physical damage is expected because of thermal stresses harming the structure of the components and increasing the failure rate. The thermal management of these devices is mandatory to fulfill the recommended operating conditions. The complexity of applying even the most powerful single-phase liquid cooling arrangement is that the semiconductor component temperature increases linearly with increasing heat dissipation rate. Consequently, the temperature of the device could reach higher than the maximum temperature limit. Unlike the single-phase flow, the two-phase flow boiling–cooling system can provide more robust thermal management, uniform temperature distribution over the surface and high heat dissipation by the latent heat. Hence, the flow boiling in microscale devices is an effective cooling technique for high dense-power electronic components. The current study used ethanol, acetone, and Novec-7000 coolants with high, medium, and low boiling points, respectively to study the flow boiling in a microchannel device. The effects of the volumetric flow rate and heat flux were experimentally investigated. A graphite sheet was used as thermal interface material (TIM) for further enhancing the heat dissipation, and wall temperature uniformity was assessed under boiling conditions. The Novec-7000 coolant showed outstanding cooling capabilities under ultra-high-heat flux conditions. When TIM was used, effective heat flux increased by 0.62% and 1.62% for acetone and Novec-7000, respectively. Moreover, the experimental results showed that the boiling point is a critical parameter in the system performance of flow boiling–cooling.

The conception at which, modernly, buildings are being aspired to achieve to be net zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) are broadly recognized. The heat loss through the windows of buildings is one of the factors contributing to high energy consumption for space heating ensuing in preventable carbon emissions. This talk/paper aims to present the novel constructions and performance attributes of the advanced smart vacuum insulation technologies that are: (i) Vacuum Glazing (VG), (ii) Triple Vacuum Glazing (TVG), (iii) Electrochromic Vacuum Glazing (EVG), (iv) Semi-transparent Photovoltaic Electrochromic Vacuum Quadruple Glazing (STPV-EVQG), (v) Translucent Vacuum Insulation Panel (TVIP), and (vi) Fusion-sealed Vacuum Glazing (FVG). The experimental results show VG achieved U-value of 0.97 Wm-2K-1, it was further reduced with TVG that achieved U-value of 0.33 Wm-2K-1. To control the solar heat gains from 0.41 (transparent mode) to 0.13 (opaque mode), ECG is constructed that achieved a U-value of 0.82 Wm-2K-1, it required electrical power of < 0.4 Wm-2. To make it self-reliant, the semi-transparent PV glazing was integrated to EVG to supply the power and store the generated energy using NiMH battery, the STPV-EVQG achieved U-value of 0.7 Wm-2K-1. Due to the cost/edge-effects of hermetic glass edge-sealing materials, a new structured core transparent vacuum insulation panel (TVIP) is constructed, to accomplish insulation for the windows without edge sealing effects, that achieved U-value of 1.72 Wm-2K-1 but suffered the vacuum pressure degradation. The development of a novel cost-effective fusion seal for the construction of fusion-sealed vacuum glazing (FVG) is detailed that achieved the U-value of 1.24 Wm-2K-1.

This thesis models \textit{endogenous} fluctuations in consumer sentiment and sentiment driven endogenous business cycles in the context of a general equilibrium model with rational herds and social learning in consumer durable goods sector about a hidden state of nature. I want to understand the theoretical conditions under which one gets endogenous and asymmetric cycles in this class of models. The learning dynamics are very sensitive to the variances specified for signal distributions and also to how difficult it is to distinguish the two unobservable states. For some values, convergence of public beliefs to the truth is very slow and one gets rational herds on the wrong action and for others, one gets endogenous cycles in public beliefs and investor mass, leading to fast convergence to truth. In addition to endogenous cycles, my theoretical results also show evidence of asymmetric effects of consumer sentiments across business cycle regimes, which I compare with stylized facts about asymmetric causal effects from local projections. I do not aim to achieve precise quantitative goals with this model, but my qualitative impulse responses provide a sentiment, social learning and information based theory of endogenous and asymmetric business cycles.

The notion at which, nowadays, building sector is being recognized to be nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) relies partly on the thermal performance of its fabric insulation. Vacuum glazing (VG) technology attracted the research interest as an option to reduce heat loss through windows. However, the total glazing thermal transmittance (U-value) for VG increases with the use of smaller glazing area due to the edge-seal effects, due to the thermal short-circuit around the edges and the overall construction cost of VG leading to an unaffordable option to deal with energy conservation of buildings. Therefore, this study aims to propose a new structured core transparent vacuum insulation panel (TVIP) to accomplish insulation for the windows without edge sealing effect, with lower cost and can be easily retrofitted to the conventional windows of the existing buildings. To do this, VG and TVIP were constructed and their thermal conductivity were measured using heat flow meter apparatus. In addition, a 3D finite volume model considering the effect of surface to surface radiation, gas conduction, and thermal bridges through the spacer material and sealing material is developed. The model is validated with the experiments in this work and with the data for VG in the literature. The effect of vacuum pressure increase is simulated to mimic the vacuum deterioration problem and the effect of glazing size on the insulation performance of both VG and TVIP were investigated. The results indicate that for a smaller glazing area of less than 30 cm × 30 cm, the TVIP accomplished lower U-value compared with the VG at vacuum pressure of 0.1 Pa and 1 Pa. While, at a vacuum pressure of 10 Pa, the TVIP attained a lower U-value over the entire range of the investigated glazing sizes. Further, the edge-seal effect in the VG is diminished with the use of TVIP. Furthermore, the material cost per unit area of the TVIP is three times less than the cost of VG at laboratory scale. The results of the current study can guide vacuum window designers and researchers to further enhance the performance of TVIP based window to compete for the VG in the markets.

The development of smart windows for residential and commercial buildings is an attractive way to decrease energy consumption in this sector. These windows must provide low solar heat gain with a low overall heat transfer coefficient, avoid humidity and condensation in cold regions, generate clean electricity, and admit comfortable levels of daylight. Therefore, methods for integrating semi-transparent (or 50.8% transparent) CdTe solar cell strings-based glazing with structured-cored mesh translucent vacuum insulation panels and indium sealed vacuum glazing are described for modernizing smart windows. This paper contributes to the net zero-energy building concept, an aspect of a global industrial strategy for climate-change mitigation. This study reports experimental and theoretical studies on the thermal and electrical performances of six different glazing systems.