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The distribution of pedunculate oak in Bosnia and Herzegovina is important in connecting the southern and eastern provenances of the Balkan Peninsula with provenances from Central Europe. However, due to over-exploitation, pedunculate oak is almost extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This research aims to determine the heredity and production potential of the pedunculate oak from 28 provenances in the Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance test through the genetic gain of thickness and height growth. The results will be used in selection of best provenances in terms of genetic gain. For this research, height and root collar diameter of pedunculate oak plants in Bosnian-Herzegovinian provenance tests were measured in 2012, 2016 and 2020. The provenance test was established in 2009. It contains 28 provenances from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Heredity and selection differential were assessed using analysis of variance. Possible genetic gain if using five best and one best provenance were determined. The results of the genetic gain for height obtained using data from 2012 and 2020 were low. The results obtained for 2016 indicate that the genetic gain for height, using five best provenances would be 7.62%, and using the best provenance 9.98%. Results of the genetic gain for root collar diameter obtained for 2016 and 2020 were low. For 2012, the genetic improvement using five best provenances would be 4.28%, and using the best provenance 6.32%. The results indicate that by selecting the best provenances of pedunculate oak and their propagation, we can achieve a significant increase in plant height and thickness, i.e., the yield of wood mass. As research concerns juvenile material, it is necessary to continue systematic monitoring, to determine the actual heredity and genetic age, when the trees reach their physiological maturity, and when the annual value oscillations become uniform.

Phenological research of plant species is of great importance in the context of adaptation to climate change and changing environmental factors, especially in dynamic urban environments, such as the area of Sarajevo. This research aims to determine trends in the phenological pattern of hybrid plane trees in the area of Sarajevo so that recommendations can be made for the use of plane trees in greening urban and suburban areas since they largely depend on microclimatic conditions. In this paper, the authors researched the variability of leafing phenology of maple (Platanus × acerifolia (Ait) (Wild)) at six different localities in the area of Sarajevo. Observations were made in the spring of 2009, 2014, 2016, and 2020. Six phenological phases in the spring aspect of leaf development were monitored (0 - dormant buds, 1 - beginning of bud opening, 2 - open buds, 3 - leaf opening, 4 - young leaves, 5 - fully developed leaves). The results showed differences in the beginning and end of phenological phases by years and localities. Analysis of variance showed statistically significant differences in the duration of leaf development phases caused by the year of observation, locality, and the interaction of locality and year, which indicates the influence of seasonal climatic elements and micro-location conditions, as well as their interaction on the occurrence of phenophases. The results of this research can be used to recommend the use of plane trees in selected locations, with the selection of appropriate provenances and respect for phenological characteristics. Research needs to be continued and extended to leaf rejection research, which is particularly significant given the frequent heavy snowfall during the winter months in the investigated area.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) occurs at the southern margin of its distribution range, close to the glacial refugia of this species. To assess the patterns of genetic diversity distribution at the rear edge of the Holocene colonization, we studied genetic variation in 20 pedunculate oak populations using 14 allozyme loci. Despite considerable differences among populations, neither the numbers of alleles nor genetic diversity showed any geographical trend within the studied area, although small isolated populations showed generally lower allelic richness. The Bayesian analysis of population structure indicated a kind of geographical pattern. We identified no signs of a recent bottleneck. The proximity to multiple glacial refugia explains the outcomes. Nasl. z nasl. zaslona. Opis vira z dne 23. 12. 2021. Bibliografija: str. 38-40. Abstract.

Field maple (Acer campestre L.) is naturally distributed in most of Europe, with the exception of its northern parts. Field maple can serve as a valuable model for researching the sensitivity of its populations to habitat fragmentation, considering lack of silvicultural treatments in its stands. The research aims to determine interpopulation and intrapopulation variability of field maple populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the nursery test. The authors researched measured root collar diameter, height, observed forkness and calculated slenderness coefficient of the one-year-old generative material from 18 Bosnian-Herzegovinian populations of field maple, produced in the nursery of Žepče. The descriptive statistics and variance analysis was performed. All analyzed traits showed a high degree of intra-population as well as interpopulation variability, as confirmed by the analysis of variance. The highest average height had provenance Bosanski Brod (46.08 cm) and the smallest Bosanska Dubica (19.11 cm). Kreševo provenance had the highest average root neck diameter (8.27 mm) and Bosanska Dubica (5.24 mm) the lowest. A very low percentage of forkness (6.86%) was determined, and the values of the slenderness coefficient were acceptable for all provenances. The results indicate need for further systematic research on this ecologically valuable species.

Field maple (Acer campestre L.) is naturally distributed in most of Europe, with the exception of its northern parts. Field maple can serve as a valuable model for researching the sensitivity of its populations to habitat fragmentation, considering the lack of silvicultural treatments in its stands. The research aims to determine the interpopulation and intrapopulation variability of field maple populations from Bosnia and Herzegovina in the nursery test.The authors researched measured root collar diameter, height, observed forkness and calculated slenderness coefficient of the one-year-old generative material from 18 Bosnian-Herzegovinian populations of field maple, produced in the nursery of Žepče. The descriptive statistics and variance analysis was performed.All analyzed traits showed a high degree of intrapopulation as well as interpopulation variability, as confirmed by the analysis of variance. The highest average height was found in the provenance Bosanski Brod (46.08 cm) and the smallest in Bosanska Dubica (19.11 cm). Kreševo provenance had the highest average root neck dia-meter (8.27 mm) and Bosanska Dubica (5.24 mm) the lowest. A very low percentage of forkness (6.86%) was determined, and the values of the slenderness coefficient were acceptable for all provenances.The results indicate the need for further systematic research on this ecologically valuable species.

U testu provenijencija hrasta lužnjaka (Quercus robur L.) u Bosni i Hercegovini koji je osnovan 2009. godine istraživana je varijabilnost visina biljaka i promjera vrata korijena na biljkama iz 27 provenijencija. Osim toga, analizirane su i korelacije između visina stabala i promjera vrata korijena s morfološkim svojstvima listova iz prirodnih populacija. Sjeme za osnivanje testova provenijencija, kao i listovi koji su korišteni u morfometrijskoj analizi, sakupljeni su u istim populacijama. Provedenim istraživanjima utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike za svojstvo visine i promjera vrata korijena. Varijabilnost je potvrđena i Duncan-ovim testom, i to na način da su biljke s obzirom na svojstvo visina grupirane u 11 skupina te s obzirom na svojstvo promjer vrata korijena u četiri skupine. Klasterskom analizom nije utvrđeno grupiranje populacija s obzirom na geografske i ekološke udaljenosti populacija. Korelacijskom analizom potvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između visine biljaka i promjera vrata korijena te između morfoloških svojstava listova i visine biljaka i promjera vrata korijena. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na to da se na temelju određenih morfoloških svojstava može provoditi selekcija provenijencija u mlađim fazama razvoja., Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L., Fagaceae) is an economically and ecologically valuable species that has almost completely disappeared from the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina due to over-exploitation, and through reintroduction and breeding activities it should be returned and protected in areas optimal for its growth. This study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between the morphological traits of pedunculate oak leaves in populations where the seed for establishing provenance test was collected with the root collar diameter and height of plants growing in the provenance test.In the first part of this study, leaves from 27 natural populations of pedunculate oak throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina were measured (Table 1). Ten leaves per tree were measured from ten trees per population. The following traits were measured (Figure 1): K1 - leaf blade length in mm, K2 - leaf petiole length in mm, K3 - the distance of the widest part of the blade from the blade base (on the right side) in mm, K4 - width of the right half-blade at the height from K3 in mm, K5 - (maximum) width of the left half-blade in mm, K6 - incision of the leaf from the central nerve in mm, K7 - incision of the blade base. The second part of the research includes the measurement of heights and root collar diameters of pedunculate oak plants in the provenance test in Žepče in the spring of 2020. The provenance test was established in 2009 from seeds from the same populations and from the same trees from which the leaf material was collected for morphometric analysis. Data were processed in the statistical program SPSS 26.0. Descriptive analysis, analysis of variance, multiple Duncan test, and cluster analysis using the Average Linkage Method for the traits of the height and root collar diameter of plants in the provenance test were performed. A correlation analysis between the morphological traits of the leaves in the populations and the growth of provenances in the provenance test using the Pearson coefficient was also performed. Mutual correlations of leaf traits, correlations between height and root collar diameter of plants in the provenance test, and correlations between leaf traits and height and root collar diameter of plants in the provenance test were calculated.Analysis of variance for the height and root collar diameter showed statistically significant differences among the investigated provenances, which was confirmed by Duncan’s test (Table 2, 3 and 4). The highest average value of plant height for 2020 had provenance Drvar (445.8 cm), followed by Jelah and Vinac, while the lowest average value had provenance Visoko - Muhašinovići (262.3 cm) (Figure 2). Overflow of provenances was registered for the height. The highest average value of root collar diameter had provenance Živinice (Figure 3), followed by the provenances Jelah and Drvar (10.7 cm), while the lowest value had provenance Nević polje (7.4 cm). The results of the conducted descriptive statistical analysis for morphological leaf traits are shown in Table 5. There was no clear pattern in the formation of groups (Figure 4), which is a consequence of the earlier historical negative effect of man on the pedunculate oak population. A significant positive correlation between height and root collar diameter was recorded at the 0.01 level (Table 6). A positive significant correlation was also registered between the height and leaf traits, except for the petiole length which did not show a significant correlation. A positive correlation was registered between the root collar diameter and all investigated leaf traits except for the petiole length and the incision of the leaf blade base of the leaf blade.Given the obtained variability among the studied provenances, as well as significant correlations of height and root collar diameter of plants in provenance test with leaf traits, the obtained results should be used in the selection of seed trees and stands, i.e., planning measures for conservation and reintroduction of pedunculate oak in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) is a key species in the mixed mountain forests of the Dinaric Mountain range, where is typically co-occurs with European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and a number of other less dominant species, including Norway spruce (Picea abies). In these forests silver fir is an ecologically and economically important species providing high quality wood and a large range of ecosystem services. Silver fir is very sensitive to particular anthropogenic stressors. For example, many studies have reported several decades of silver fir decline as a result of air pollution, as well as recruitment failures in areas with high population densities of ungulates. After the reduction of industrial air pollution, the growth and health status of fir improved, showing its resilience and recovery potential. Recently, fir has become more important in European forests, especially as a conifer tree species that, according to some research, can be a source of quality technical wood under a warmer and more drought prone climate. Spruce, which has so far been the main source of technical timber in Europe, is dying out across much of its range due to a combination of adverse environmental factors and biotic disturbance. Whether silver fir will be able to partially take over the role of spruce, however, strongly depends on silvicultural measures. These must, among other, include solutions to promote the weakest part of the development of fir stands, namely regeneration and recruitment, as follows: i) using different selection sylvicultural systems (Dauerwald), ii) substantial and prolonged reduction of ungulate populations, iii) silvicultural treatments to improve the competitive power and growth of silver fir seedlings, iv) using sowing, planting, and silver fir wildlings, and v) testing southern (Submediterranean) provenances of silver fir and its performance under climate change.

Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco) is the most important and most productive species in Eu-rope, outside its natural range. This study aimed to examine the presence of interaction between the effects of the genetic structure of provenances from the United States and Canada and three localities of provenan-ce tests in Bosnia and Herzegovina.For this research, we measured diameters at breast height of all trees, and heights of 10 trees per provenance in three tests of Douglas fir at the age of plants 32 years. Four provenances are represented in all three tests and additional two provenances in two tests. We examined the variance between provenances and habitats using multivariate analysis, for four provenances in all three habitats, and six provenances in two habitats (Bo-sanska Gradiška and Zavidovići).Multivariate analysis of variance for four provenances at all three localities showed that there were no stati-stically significant differences in diameters at breast height and heights caused by the interaction of provenan-ces x localities. Multivariate analysis for six joint provenances at Bosanska Gradiška and Zavidovići tests showed that there were no statistically significant differences for diameter at breast height caused by interac-tion locality x provenance, and there were statistically significant differences caused by interactions of locality x provenances for height.The obtained results can be used for the introduction of Douglas fir on predefined habitats that correspond to the conditions of the experimental plots, as well as for the selection of the best provenances for raising clone plantations or seed plantations