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Microbiota composition may play a role in the development, prognosis, or post-infection of COVID-19. There are studies evaluating the microbiota composition at the time of diagnosis and during the course of COVID-19, especially in adults, while studies in children are limited and no study available in children with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). This study was planned to compare intestinal microbiota composition in children diagnosed with MIS-C and acute COVID-19 infection with healthy children. In this prospective multicenter study, 25 children diagnosed with MIS-C, 20 with COVID-19 infection, and 19 healthy children were included. Intestinal microbiota composition was evaluated by 16 s rRNA gene sequencing. We observed changes of diversity, richness, and composition of intestinal microbiota in MIS-C cases compared to COVID-19 cases and in the healthy controls. The Shannon index was higher in the MIS-C group than the healthy controls (p

© 2022 European Sleep Research Society.Studies describing paediatric sleep patterns are needed by taking culture into consideration. The aim of this study was to identify parent-reported sleep–wake patterns in young children and explore possible factors influencing sleep problems. The mothers of 2,434 young children enrolled from well-child outpatient clinics in Turkey completed an online survey including sociodemographic variables, Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Generalised Anxiety Disorder scales. Overall, young children in Turkey go to bed late (10:00 p.m.), awaken twice per night for 30 min, and obtain 11.5 h of total sleep, showing no sex-specific differences. Distinct night-time sleep patterns emerged after 18 months of age. Importantly, although currently breastfed healthy children were 3.8-times less likely to sleep through the night, total sleep duration and exclusive breastfeeding duration were higher in children who were not sleeping through the night. Overall, bedsharing was identified in 11.5%, and only room sharing was reported in 52.9%. Parental perception of a child's sleep as problematic was 35.8%. Mothers with higher educational attainment were more likely to perceive their children's sleep as a problem. Maternal depressive and anxious symptoms and a history of excessive infant crying were the determinants predicting the likelihood of both parent-perceived sleep problems and poor sleepers. The present analysis of sleep structure in infancy and toddlerhood provides reference data for well-child visits. These findings highlight the importance of considering maternal anxiety, depression and behaviour management techniques to cope with fussy infants in addressing childhood behavioural sleep problems.

Intensive chemotherapy can cause long-lasting immunosuppression in children who survived cancer. The immunosuppression varies according to the type of cancer, intensity of chemotherapy and age of the patient. A sufficient immune reconstruction when has been completed in childhood cancer survivors, the re-vaccination program can achieve sufficient antibody levels for some of the life-threatening vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. This study evaluates the serological status of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases before and after the intensive chemotherapy treatment. Antibodies against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, hepatitis A and B were tested with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Antibody titers were measured firstly at the leukemia diagnosis time when the chemotherapy was not started. The second evaluation of antibody titers was studied at 6 months after the cessation of chemotherapy for all patients. Forty-six patients with the mean age of 6.1 ± 4.5 years were participated in this study. Changing to seronegative after treatment was significantly different in measles, rubella, hepatitis A and hepatitis B (p

Amac: Bu calismanin amaci lise ogrencileri arasinda enerji icecegi tuketim sikligini ve bu durumun algilanan stres ve uyku kalitesi uzerine olan etkilerini arastirmaktir. Gerec ve Yontemler: Kesitsel tipteki bu calismaya 2806 cocuk katildi. Hazirlanan anket formu uygulandi. Anket formun ilk bolumu ogrencilerin sosyodemografik ozelliklerini ve enerji icecegi tuketme durumlari sorgulandi. Algilanan stres ve uyku kalite indeksleri uygulandi. Bulgular: Ogrencileri ortalama yasi 15.73 ± 1.16 yil saptandi. Enerji icecegi tuketim sikligi %70,8 (1988) belirlendi. Erkek cinsiyet, ayrilmis ailenin ferdi olmak, duzensiz uyku aliskanligi, enerji iceceklerinin sagliksiz oldugunu ve bagimlilik yapici oldugunu dusunmek tuketim sikligini etkileyen faktorler olarak saptandi. Ortama algilanan stres ve uyku kalite indeks puanlari sirasiyla 28.95 ± 7.22 ve 6.56 ± 2.84 hesaplandi ve enerji icecegi tuketen ogrencilerin puanlari tuketmeyenlere oranla daha yuksekti. Sonuc: Bu calismada enerji icecegi tuketim sikligi oldukca yuksek saptandi. Enerji icecegi kullanimi algilanan stres duzeyini ve uyku kalitesini olumsuz etkilemekteydi. Ogrencilere yonelik bu iceceklerin zararli etkilerini anlatacak egitim programlari hazirlanmalidir.

Anne sutu ile beslenme, yasamin erken doneminde mikrobiyota kompozisyonunu etkileyen onemli bir faktordur. Emzirmenin, bebeklerde mikrobiyota kompozisyonu uzerindeki etkisi 100 yil once tanimlanmistir ve anne sutu oligosakkaritlerinin bagirsak mikrobiyota kompozisyonu uzerine etkisinin oldugu, ozellikle bifidobakterileri arttirdigi gosterilmistir. Anne sutu ile yapilan yeni nesil dizileme calismalari sonucunda, anne sutunun kendine ozgu mikrobiyota icerigine sahip oldugu gosterilmistir. Anne sutu mikrobiyota icerigi ile ilgili daha onceden yapilan calismalarda en sik saptanan bakteriler, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus ve Propionibacterium olarak saptanmistir. Bu bakterilere ek olarak, kisa zincirli yag asitleri uretebilen Veillonella, Propionibacterium ve Faecalibacterium'un da anne sutunde mevcut oldugu gosterilmistir. Anne sutu mikrobiyota iceriginin dogum sekli ve gebelik haftasina gore degistigi gosterilmistir. Elektif sezaryen ile normal spontan dogum arasinda anne sutu bakteriyel icerigi arasinda fark oldugu gosterilmistir. Dogum sekli ve gebelik haftanin ek olarak, annede obezite varligi, annenin hamilelik sirasindaki psikolojik durumu ve intrapartum antibiyotik kullanimi da anne sutu bakteriyel mikrobiyotasini degistirebilmektedir. Anne sutu mikrobiyota bilesiminin (bakteriyom, virom, mikobiyom) sezaryen dogum, prematurite, gestasyon haftasina gore dusuk ya da yuksek dogum agirligi olmasina bagli ya da gecis/matur anne sutu arasinda farklar oldugu gosterilmisti. Ek olarak, anne sutunun el ile ya da pompa ile sagilmasi durumunda da mikrobiyota iceriginde degisiklik oldugu gosterilmistir. Anne sutu mikrobiyotasinin kaynagi halen net olarak bilinmemektedir. Anne sutu mikrobiyotasi icin potansiyel olarak tanimlanan kaynak, annenin bagirsagi ile meme dokusu arasindaki yol, anne cildinden sute transfer ve/ veya bebegin agiz mikrobiyotasidir. Kaynak ne olursa olsun, anne sutu icerisindeki mikrobiyota kompozisyonun, emzirme ile bebege aktarildigi ve bebegin bagirsak mikrobiyotasinin gelismesinde etkili oldugu gosterilmistir. TEDDY calismasinin sonuclari, yasamin ilk 1000 gununde mikrobiyota gelisimi icin en onemli faktorun emzirme oldugunu gostermistir. Prebiyotikler de dahil olmak uzere anne sutu oligosakkarit icerigi de, anne sutu ve bebegin bagirsak mikrobiyotasini etkileyebilmektedir. Anne sutu ile beslenen bebeklerde dogumdan kisa bir sure sonra, bagirsak mikrobiyota iceriginde Bifidobakterilerin baskin tur oldugu gosterilmistir. Anne sutunun bu yararli etkileri icin, annenin mikrobiyota kompozisyonun da saglikli olmasi gerekmektedir. Anne sutunun bebegin bagirsak mikrobiyotasi ve dolayisiyla bagisiklik sistemi uzerinde etkileri oldugu ve enfeksiyon ve hastaliklari ve enfeksiyon ile ilisikisi olmayan hastaliklardan korunma ile sonuclandigi dusunulmektedir. Emzirme-mikrobiyom ve bagisiklik ontogenisi arasindaki etkilesimleri degerlendiren calismalar ile anne sutu mikrobiyotasinin etkilerinin anlasilmasina yardimci olacaktir.

Background: Chronic disease of children can cause changes in the health-related quality of life (HrQoL) of the family members. Aims: To evaluate the HrQoL of healthy siblings of children with chronic disease. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The study included healthy sibling of children with chronic disease (cerebral palsy, epilepsy, diabetes, celiac disease, hematologic/oncologic disease, or asthma) and healthy sibling of healthy children to evaluate the quality of life. We used the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory questionnaire; the physical health and psychosocial health scores were calculated using the responses of the sibling and parent. The primary endpoint was the comparison of HrQoL scores of healthy siblings of children with chronic disease and that of healthy siblings of healthy children. Results: This study included a respective healthy sibling of 191 children with chronic disease and healthy sibling of 100 healthy children. The physical health, psychosocial health, and total health scores of healthy siblings of children with chronic disease were significantly lower than that of healthy siblings of healthy children (p

Meningococcal carriage studies and transmission modeling can predict IMD epidemiology and used to define invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) control strategies. In this multicenter study, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) carriage, serogroup distribution, and related risk factors in Turkey. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from a total of 1267 children and adolescents and were tested with rt-PCR. Nm carriage was detected in 96 participants (7.5%, 95% CI 6.1-9.0), with the peak age at 13 years (12.5%). Regarding age groups, Nm carriage rate was 7% in the 0-5 age group, was 6.9%in the 6-10 age group, was 7.9% in the 11-14 age group, and was 9.3% in the 15-18 age group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p > 0.05). The serogroup distribution was as follows: 25% MenX, 9.4% MenA, 9.4% MenB, 2.1% MenC, 3.1% MenW, 2.1% for MenY, and 48.9% for non-groupable. The Nm carriage rate was higher in children with previous upper respiratory tract infections and with a high number of household members, whereas it was lower in children with antibiotic use in the last month (p < 0.05 for all). In this study, MenX is the predominant carriage strain. The geographical distribution of Nm strains varies, but serogroup distribution in the same country might change in a matter of years. Adequate surveillance and/or a proper carriage study is paramount for accurate/dynamic serogroup distribution and the impact of the proposed vaccination., Eskisehir Osmangazi University Research Grant [201811027], This study has been supported by Eskisehir Osmangazi University Research Grant (201811027).

This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics., The human milk (HM) microbiota is a significant source of microbes that colonize the infant gut early in life. The aim of this study was to compare transient and mature HM virome compositions, and also possible changes related to the mode of delivery, gestational age, and weight for gestational age. Overall, in the 81 samples analyzed in this study, reads matching bacteriophages accounted for 79.5% (mainly Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and Siphoviridae) of the reads, far more abundant than those classified as eukaryotic viruses (20.5%, mainly Herpesviridae). In the whole study group of transient human milk, the most abundant families were Podoviridae and Myoviridae. In mature human milk, Podoviridae decreased, and Siphoviridae became the most abundant family. Bacteriophages were predominant in transient HM samples (98.4% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 92.1% in the premature group, 89.9% in the C-section group, and 68.3% in the large for gestational age group), except in the small for gestational age group (only ~45% bacteriophages in transient HM samples). Bacteriophages were also predominant in mature HM; however, they were lower in mature HM than in transient HM (71.7% in the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, 60.8% in the C-section group, 56% in the premature group, and 80.6% in the large for gestational age group). Bacteriophages still represented 45% of mature HM in the small for gestational age group. In the transient HM of the normal spontaneous vaginal delivery group, the most abundant family was Podoviridae; however, in mature HM, Podoviridae became less prominent than Siphoviridae. Myoviridae was predominant in both transient and mature HM in the premature group (all C-section), and Podoviridae was predominant in transient HM, while Siphoviridae and Herpesviridae were predominant in mature HM. In the small for gestational age group, the most abundant taxa in transient HM were the family Herpesviridae and a species of the genus Roseolovirus. Bacteriophages constituted the major component of the HM virome, and we showed changes regarding the lactation period, preterm birth, delivery mode, and birth weight. Early in life, the HM virome may influence the composition of an infant’s gut microbiome, which could have short- and long-term health implications. Further longitudinal mother–newborn pair studies are required to understand the effects of these variations on the composition of the HM and the infant gut virome., This study was financially supported by the Eskisehir Osmangazi University Research Grant (2018/2148). This work was also supported by grants to AM from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-105969GB-I00), Generalitat Valenciana (project Prometeo/2018/A/133) and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Background: Febrile seizure is the most common neurological disorder in childhood. The exact pathophysiology of febrile seizures is unknown. Recent studies showed the role of vitamin K in nonhematological and inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to investigate the serum vitamin K levels in children with febrile seizures. Aims: To evaluate vitamin K levels in children with febrile seizures. Study Design: Prospective case-control study. Methods: This multicenter study examined representative populations in 8 different cities in Turkey between April 1, 2018 and April 1, 2019. Blood samples were taken from all children at presentation. Vitamin K1, vitamin K2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: A total of 155 children were included in the study—84 children with febrile seizures and 71 children in febrile control group. Serum vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 levels were also higher in children with febrile seizures than in the controls. The results of statistical analysis showed that vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 levels were correlated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1 beta, and interleukin 6 levels. The median vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 levels of children experiencing their first febrile seizure were higher than those in children with recurrent febrile seizures. Type of febrile seizure has no effect on serum vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 levels. Conclusion: In children with febrile seizures, vitamin K levels are higher than those in the control group. These new findings may contribute to elucidating the etiopathogenesis of febrile seizures.

Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlıklailişkili alanlarda öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinde enerji içeceğitüketimi, algılanan stres ve uyku kalitesinin incelenmesidir. Çalışma 2017-2018akademik yılında Tıp, Diş Hekimliği ve Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültelerinde öğrenimgörmekte olan 2095 öğrencide gerçekleştirilen kesitsel tipte bir araştırmadır.Çalışmanın verileri Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Pittsburg Uyku Kalitesi indeksinide içeren bir anket form ile toplandı. öğrencilerin 1255’i(%59.9) enerjiiçeceği tükettiğini bildirdi. Enerj içeceği tüketimi erkeklerde, 21 yaşındanbüyüklerde, sigara içenlerde, alkol ve kahve tüketimi olanlarda ve enerjiiçeceklerinin bağımlılık yapıcı etkisinin olmadığı düşünenlerde daha sıktı.Enerji içeceği tüketenlerin %13.8’si enerji içeceği tüketirken sağlık şikayetiyaşadığını bildirirken; en sık bildirilen sağlık şikayetleri çarpıntı, sıkidrara çıkma ve uykusuzluktu. Enerji içeceği tüketiminin üniversiteöğrencilerinde oldukça sık olduğu görüldü. enerji içeceği tüketenler vetüketmeyenler arasında Algılanan Stres Ölçeği ve Pitssburguyku kalitesi indeksinden alınan puanlar arasında bir fark saptanamadı. Enerjiiçeceklerinin potansiyel sağlık etkileri arasında farkındalık oluşturulmasınaihtiyaç olduğu düşünüldü., Theaim of this study was to analyze energy drink consumption, perceived stress andsleep quality among health science students. This cross-sectional study wasconducted at the faculties of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science in2017–2018 with the participation of 2095 students.The data were gathered usinga questionnaire as well as Perceived Stress Scale and Pittsburg Sleep QualityIndex. Energy drinks were consumed by as many as 1255(%59.9) respondents.Energy drink consumption was more common among men, above 21 years, smokers,alcohol and coffee drinkers and believing that energy drinks are not addictive.In the 13.8% of the study group who consumed energy drink stated that they hadexperienced a health complaint while consuming energy drink and the mostfrequently reported health complaints were palpitations and the othercomplaints were frequent urination, insomnia. Energydrink consumption is prevalent among health science students. There was nosignificant difference between mean scores of the Perceived Stress Scale of thestudents who consumed and not consumed energy drinks in the study and thePitssburg Sleep Quality Index. There is a need to raising awareness aboutenergy drink’s potential health effects.

Novel, one bay-substituted perylene bisanhydride (6) and two bay-substituted perylene bisimides (7, 10) have been successfully synthesized with a large and swallow tail type, 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituents at the bay area (1 and 7 positions). The non-bay-substituted perylene bisimides with the same N-substituents were prepared as model compounds (3, 9) for comparison. Absorption and fluorescence, electrochemical, spectro-electrochemical, morphological properties of the compounds were investigated, and then, density functional theory (DFT) simulations were conducted. The compounds 6, 7 and 10 have shown J-aggregated featureless, very broad absorbance through the UV-vis-NIR region with a strong fluorescence quenching attributed to efficient intramolecular electron transfer from electron donor 2-decyl-1-tetradecanoyl substituent to PDI acceptor and scaffolds allow pi-pi intermolecular interactions, induced molecular aggregation. The absolute positions of LUMO and HOMO values for 3, 9, 6, 7 and 10 in solutions were - 3.91/ - 6.09 eV, - 3.93/ - 6.08 eV, -4.02/ - 5.90 eV, - 4.02/- 5.91 eV and - 4.02/ - 5.97 eV, respectively. The onset reduction potential of compounds 6, 7 and 10 are lower than those of compounds 3 and 9. Similarly, the onset oxidation potential values of the compounds 6, 7 and 10 are smaller than those of the non-bay-substituted perylene dyes 3 and 9. The synthesized compounds (3 with 7; 9 with 10) can be exploited as an off-on fluorescence probes for photonic applications.

Objective: To find out the preferences and habits of medical school students’ in video gaming and social media use, with determinant characteristics of their habits. Material and Methods: A descriptive questionnaire was conducted to the 4rd and 5th grade students of four different faculties of medicine in four cities. Results: Nine hundred thirty-two medical school students participated in this survey, 46.5% of them were males. The rate of playing video games was 60%, war games were the most favorite game types. The rate of playing video games was higher in males than females (p

Intestinal and human milk microbiota studies during infancy have shown variations according to geographical location, delivery mode, gestational age, and mother-related factors during pregnancy. In this study, we performed metagenomic mycobiota analyses of 44 transient and mature human milk among five different groups: mothers of normal spontaneous delivery-term (NS-T), caesarean delivery-term (CS-T), premature (PT), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Fungi were detected in 80 out of the 88 samples. Regarding the number of observed fungal species, the NS-T group was more homogeneous (less variable) comparing the other groups (P

EgeUn###, Introduction: Bacterial meningitis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults. Better understanding of the seroepidemiology of meningitis is critical for both the selection and implementation of an effective meningitis vaccine for the national immunization program. Because physicians play a crucial role in the implementation of this vaccine, the aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes, behaviors, and knowledge of healthcare professionals in Turkey regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of bacterial meningitis, especially pneumococcal and meningococcal meningitis. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional electronic survey with a national convenience sample of 339 physicians (171 pediatric age specialists [PAS] and 168 adult patient specialists [APS]) in Turkey. A web-based questionnaire which consisted 28 questions about the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of bacterial as well as knowledge and/or attitudes about meningococcal vaccines, was designed. Results: Approximately 72.9% (n = 247) of the respondents followed a patient with meningitis in the last year. A 49.5% of participants preferred to perform computerized cranial tomography (CCT) for suspected meningitis cases before lumbar puncture (LP) at 75-100% frequency (27.5% PAS; 72% APS, p ). In addition 27.1% of the respondents reported using a routine steroid as an adjunctive treatment (19% PAS; 35% APS, p ). For meningococcal meningitis, 72.5% of the participants preferred to use third-generation cephalosporins (63.1% PAS; 82.1% APS, p ). For pneumococcal meningitis, approximately 50% of the participants preferred to use a third-generation cephalosporin plus glycopeptide (41.5% PAS; 58.9% APS, p < .05). While 32.7% of the sample preferred to administer a 7-day course of antibiotics for meningococcal meningitis, 40.9% preferred a course of 14 days or more. For pneumococcal meningitis, 88.4% of the sample preferred a 10-14 day course of antibiotics. In addition, 67% of the PAS group and 50% (p < .001) of the APS group thought that a conjugated meningococcal vaccine should be a part of the National Immunization Program. The top five groups recommended for routine immunization included all children, asplenia/splenectomy patients, immunodeficient patients, those who planned to travel to endemic areas, including Hajj, and military personnel. Conclusion: In this large convenient sample of physicians in Turkey, we showed that there are heterogenous approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis, also differences between pediatricians and non-pediatricians regarding their beliefs and attitudes, which may be due to differences in the epidemiology and clinical presentation between children and adults. We observed appropriate but unnecessary extended courses of antibiotics for meningitis. Most of the participants thought that children are a vulnerable risk group that should potentially be immunized and that meningococcal vaccines should be included in the National Immunization Program. Our results imply that more awareness is needed regarding diagnosis, treatment, and further recommendations for meningitis at the country level in Turkey.

Emzirme yenidogan ve sut cocugu beslenmesinde altin standart olup ve tum bebeklerin ilk alti ayda tek basina anne sutu ile beslenmesi onerilmektedir. Anne sutu icerisinde bulunabilecek ve bebege gecebilecek istenmeyen toksin ve metabolitlerin belirlenmesi onemlidir. Anne sutu mikotoksin duzeyleri ile ilgili calismalar kisitlidir ve ulkeler arasinda farkliliklar bulunabilmektedir. Bu calismada, anne sutu aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) duzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve annenin diyet aliskanliklari ile olasi iliskisinin degerlendirilmesi planlandi. Bu calismada AFM1 calisilmak uzere 3-5 ml anne sutu ornegi alindi ve analize kadar saklandi. Tum annelere, hamilelik ve dogum sonrasi donemde mikotoksin maruziyeti ile iliskili olabilecek bazi gidalarin tuketimiyle ilgili anket uygulandi. AFM1 toksini, HELICA Aflatoksin M1 ELISA Testi ile ve “Multi-residue Method Based on Chip” teknolojisi ile degerlendirildi. Yalniz ane sutu ile beslnenen bebeklerde gunluk total AFM1 alimi hesaplandi. Calismaya 7-90 gunluk bebekleri olan 17-41 yas arasi 90 anne calismaya dahil edildi. Anne sutu AFM1 duzeyi medyan 3,59 ng/L olup, 2,76 ile 5,99 ng/L arasindaydi. Tum calisma grubunda ELISA yontemi ile esik deger olarak saptanmis olan 5 ng/L’nin uzerinde olan sadece uc ornek mevcuttu. Rezidu duzeylerinin “multichip” teknolojisi ile degerlendirildigi ikinci yontem ile hicbir anne sutu orneginde AFM1 saptanmadi. Yalniz anne sutu ile beslenen 63 bebegin, anne sutu ile gunluk total AFM1 alimi medyan 0,54 ng/kg (0,41-0,90 ng/kg/gun) olup, besinler icin belirlenen gunluk alim limiti duzeyinin cok altinda idi. Anne sutu AFM1 duzeyleri annenin beslenme ozellikleri arasinda iliski saptanmadi (p>0.05). Anne sutu mikotoksin duzeyleri ile ilgili daha onceki calismalarimizda yuksek anne sutu okratoksin, zearalenone ve deoksinivalenol duzeylerini gosterilmis olmasina ragmen, anne sutu AFM1 duzeyleri farkli saptama testleri ile normal sinirlardaydi. Anne sutu aflatoksin duzeylerindeki bolgeler arasindaki farkli bulgular, annelerin gebelik ve lohusalik donemindeki farkli beslenme aliskanliklari ile iliskili olabilir. Anne sutu tum bebekler icin temel besin ogesi oldugundan ve anne sutu icerisindeki toksin ve endokrin bozucularin belirli araliklar ile degerlendirilmesi ve anne beslenmesindeki muhtemel toksin kaynaklarinin diyetten uzaklastirilmasi gereklidir.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of menstruation-related headache and the impact of associated factors in adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in seven randomly selected high schools, and 3,886 girls attending those schools were invited to take part. After the consent of the school principals, a final total of 2,485 girls (63.9%) were involved in the study. A specific questionnaire was distributed to adolescent girls (14-19 years old). The first part of the survey investigated the features of menstruation (age at first menstruation, duration of period, pad fully soaked per day). The last part of the questionnaire surveyed the presence of headache during the menstrual period. The severity of headache was measured using a visual analog scale. Last, participants were requested to complete the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The prevalence of menstruation-related headache and associated factors were studied. RESULTS Mean subject age was 15.89 ± 1.07 years (range, 14-19 years) and mean age at menarche was 12.96 ± 1.09 years old. The prevalence of menstruation-related headache was 25.9% (n = 646). Onset of menstruation at

One new 2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine containing perylene diimide and oligomer were designed, synthesized, and characterized. The absorption, electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, morphological characteristics have been investigated. Density functional theory (DFT) computational studies confirmed the compounds' structural and electrochemical features. The weight-average molecular mass (Mw) of 3500 g/mol was obtained for the helical oligomer 4 from the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements, indicating the heptamer structure formation. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of compounds 3 and 4 were −5.83/−3.93 and −6.10/−4.01 eV, respectively. The photovoltaic parameters Voc, Isc, FF and ηcell of diimide 3 based DSSC are 0.316 V, 0.432 mA/cm2, 0.08 and 0.011% respectively. Those parameters for the oligomer dye 4 are 0.318 V, 0.455 mA/cm2, 0.15 and 0.0211%, respectively.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of bacterial meningitis in children. It can progress and carries a serious risk of mortality and morbidity despite effective treatment. Cochlear implantation is a fairly successful procedure for restoring hearing in cases of sensorineural hearing loss. Moreover, patients with cochlear implants are at increased risk of contracting pneumococcal meningitis compared to the general population. The development of meningitis is associated with pathogens in the middle ear that contaminate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a result of congenital anomalies in the cochlea, and the cochlear implant. A 4-year-old girl presented to our clinic with fever, vomiting, and weakness. A physical examination showed an axillary temperature of 38.3°C, heart rate of 134/min, respiration rate of 50 breaths/minute, and arterial blood pressure of 120/88 mmHg. The patient also had a neck stiffness and her Kernig and Brudzinski signs were positive. It was discovered that the patient had undergone cochlear implantation approximately five months prior due to bilateral congenital sensorineural hearing loss. She had also received the Haemophilus influenzae type b and PCV-13 vaccines in line with the national immunization calendar. Her laboratory findings showed a leukocyte count of 21.900/mm3 (neutrophils 90% and lymphocytes 10%) and her procalcitonin level was 1.22 ng/ml. An uncountable number of neutrophils was identified in her cerebrospinal fluid, which led to the initial diagnosis of meningitis. There was also 1 mg/dl of glucose (blood glucose, 102 mg/dl) and 706 mg/dl of protein in her cerebrospinal fluid. Empirically, vancomycin (60 mg/kg/day) and ceftriaxone (100 mg/kg/day) were started. Following 5 days of antibiotic treatment, penicillin-susceptible S.pneumoniae was yielded in her CSF culture and identified as serotype 24B. S.pneumoniae with the same antibiotic sensitivity was also identified in her blood culture. Since rhinorrhea was observed on day 16 of hospitalization, she underwent an operation to repair the fistula tract. A computerized tomography cranial scan was performed after the development of acute mental fog at postoperative day 3 and showed brain edema and a thrombus in the right middle cerebral artery. The patient died on day 42 of hospitalization due to multiple organ failure. To our knowledge, this is the first case of meningitis reported in our country associated with S.pneumoniae serotype 24B in a patient with a cochlear implant. While there has been a decrease in the prevalence of invasive pneumococcal disease with routine administration of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, a relative increase has been observed in its non-vaccine serotypes. This is relevant not only to patients with more risk factors, such as a cochlear implant, but also those who are at lower risk for pneumococcal infection.

Pilomatriksoma genellikle hayatın ilkon yılı içinde ortaya çıkan benign bir tümör olarak tanımlanır.Pilomatriksomalar genellikle soliter bir tümör olarak bulunur. Tanısı temelolarak kliniktir, ancak kesin tanısı histopatoloji ile konulur. Önerilentedavisi cerrahi eksizyondur. Sırt bölgesinde cilt altında şişlik şikayeti ilegetirilen dört yaşında erkek hastada, ultrasonografi ile kitlenin kalsifiyeolduğu saptandı. Kitlenin eksizyonel biyopsi patolojisi pilomatriksoma ileuyumlu bulundu., Pilomatrixoma is generallydefined as a benign tumor that occurs during the first decade of life.Pilomatrixomas are usually found as a solitary tumor. The diagnosis is mainlyclinical, but the definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. The recommendedtreatment is surgical excision. A four-year-old male patient was brought withswelling under the skin on his back. The mass was detected by ultrasonographycalcified. Excisional biopsy pathology was consistent with pilomatrixoma.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is the most common causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. This spore-forming, obligate anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus is becoming responsible for an increasing number of infections worldwide, both in community and in hospital settings, whose severity can vary widely from an asymptomatic infection to a lethal disease. While discontinuation of antimicrobial agents and antibiotic treatment of the infection remain the cornerstone of therapy, the use of probiotics, especially Saccharomyces boulardii, and more recently of fecal microbiota transplantation have become valid forms of prevention and/or therapy and are here critically examined.

Aim There is no scale of social attitude towards childhood epilepsies. In this research study, it was aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale based on three-component attitude model to measure society's attitudes towards childhood epilepsy. Material and methods This study was conducted in a province in Central Anatolia with 314 participants (150 males and 164 emales) aged between 18 and 68 years. The data in the study were obtained by applying a draft scale consisting of 52 items. Correlation analysis was performed to determine item discrimination of the items included in the draft scale; exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed to determine the scale's structure validity and Cronbach alpha internal-consistency coefficients were used to determine the scale's measurement reliability. Results In the study, a two-factor structure with an eigenvalue above 1, which explained 52.39% of the variance, was obtained as a result of principal component analysis and Horn's parallel analysis. Following confirmatory factor analysis, the factor structure modeled in exploratory factor analysis was confirmed within the context of standard fit values. The Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient (measurement reliability of the scale) was between 0.75 and 0.85. The Childhood Epilepsy Attitude Scale consists of 12 items included in two factors: (i) Affective and Behavioral Attitude and (ii) Cognitive Attitude. The scale is a 5-point Likert-type scale. Conclusion According to the data obtained in the study, the scale is a valid and reliable data collection tool that can be used for measuring individuals' attitudes towards childhood epilepsy. It is thought that this scale can be used in studies related to childhood epilepsy.

Clostridium difficile (C. diff) is the most common causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. This spore-forming, obligate anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus is becoming responsible for an increasing number of infections worldwide, both in community and in hospital settings, whose severity can vary widely from an asymptomatic infection to a lethal disease. While discontinuation of antimicrobial agents and antibiotic treatment of the infection remain the cornerstone of therapy, the use of probiotics, especially Saccharomyces boulardii, and more recently of fecal microbiota transplantation have become valid forms of prevention and/or therapy and are here critically examined.

The quality of life determination of children with chronic disease is closely related to treatment success. Quality of life assessment studies revealed that it was not limited to the individual, the quality of life of the family members also had to be assessed. Along with the child being diagnosed with chronic illness, some changes occur in the family structure, and in family roles. Quality of life assessment studies in healthy siblings generally indicate a global influence. These children live in different senses such as closure, aggression, depression, anxiety, guilt, and isolation. Psychosocial impact (short or long-term) of healthy siblings have been associated with disease type, severity, disease duration, age, sex, and ability to cope. Further comprehensive studies among healthy siblings of children with chronic disease about quality of life are needed. Building support groups (especially family support groups) to express feelings and thoughts freely for healthy siblings can positively affect the well-being and self-esteem of the child.

Background: Febrile seizure is the most common childhood neurological disorder, is an important health problem with potential short- and long-term complications, also leading to economic burden and increased parental anxiety about fevers and seizures occurring in their children. There are no routine recommendation to detect etiological causes of FS for neurological perspective, further knowledge about the etiological causes of FS in children will support preventive measures and follow-up strategies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the percentage of respiratory viruses in children with FS. Methods: This prospective multicenter study, entitled “Viral etiological causes of febrile seizures for respiratory pathogens (EFES Study)” examined representative populations in eight different cities in Turkey between March 1, 2016 and April 1, 2017. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken from all children at presentation. A respiratory multiplex array was performed to detect for influenza A and B; respiratory syncytial virus A and B; human parainfluenza virus 1-2-3 and 4; human coronavirus 229E and OC43; human rhinovirus; human enterovirus; human adenovirus; human bocavirus; human metapneumovirus. Results: During the study period, at least one virus was detected in 82.7% (144/174) of children with FS. The most frequently detected virus was adenovirus, followed by influenza A and influenza B. Detection of more than one virus was present in 58.3% of the children with FS, and the most common co-existence was the presence of adenovirus and influenza B. In children younger than 12 months, Coronavirus OC43 was the most common, while influenza A was most frequently observed in children older than 48 months (p

Zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are toxic fungal secondary metabolites, found mainly in contaminated food, that are associated with serious health problems. It is important to identify undesirable toxins and metabolites that may be present in human milk. The aim of this study was to evaluate human milk ZEA and DON levels, total daily intake of ZEA and DON; and their possible relationship with maternal dietary habits.We enrolled 90 lactating mothers who had 7- to 90-day-old babies. A dietary questionnaire was completed by each of the mothers. Human milk samples were obtained from 90 mothers, and human milk ZEA and DON levels were evaluated with the solid-phase direct enzyme immunoassay. The total daily intake (TDI) was calculated for the 63 exclusively breastfed infants.ZEA was detected in all human milk samples; median was 173.8 ng/L (35.7-682 ng/L). The calculated median TDI for ZEA was 33.0 ng/kg body weight (bw) (10.4-120.5 ng/kg) among exclusively breast-fed infants, none of them had a TDI that was above the previously defined threshold levels. Human milk ZEA levels were associated with the maternal consumption of meat, fish, dry fig, dried apricot, flaked red spice and spice. The median DON levels was 3924 ng/L (400-14997 ng/L). The median TDI of DON was 750 ng/kg (240-2774 ng/kg) among exclusively breastfed infants and 36% out of them, the TDI for DON was above the previously defined threshold level. Human milk DON levels were associated with the maternal meat consumption.Our findings are indicative of dietary exposure to mycotoxins during the pregnancy and lactation periods in nursing mothers. Further, the excessive TDI values for DON observed in 36% of the exclusively breastfed infants point to the need for further regulations and recommendations on the dietary habits of pregnant/nursing mothers in order to avoid exposure to potential mycotoxins.

The increase of available synthetic cannabinoids poses an emerging public health threat worldwide. Synthetic cannabinoid use has been mainly reported in adolescent cases in pediatric practices; there are few reported cases involving infants affected by unintentional use. In this case report, we present the youngest age of synthetic cannabinoid bonzai exposure in the literature, discussing a 3-month-old child affected by exposure to the parents' use of bonzai in the home environment. Because unintentional exposure to synthetic cannabinoids like bonzai might be encountered, pediatric emergency teams should be aware of this condition and child protection teams should be informed of suspicions of child negligence and abuse as a part of the medical approach.

Ozkiyim tum dunyada cocuklarda ve eriskinlerde onemli toplum sagligi problemleri arasinda yer almaktadir. Ergenlik doneminde ozkiyim dusuncesi ve girisimi -ozellikle de tekrarlayan ozkiyim girisimi- ile iliskili risk faktorlerinin ve erken belirleyicilerinin belirlenmesi buyuk onem tasimaktadir. Bu calismada i lac zehirlenmesi tanisiyla cocuk yogun bakim servisinde yatirilarak tetkik ve tedavi olan ergen ozkiyim olgularinin demografik ve ozkiyim ile iliskili faktorlerin ve ozellikle tekrarlayan ozkiyim girisimi olgularinin iliskili faktorlerinin belirlenmesi planlandi. Calismaya Eskisehir Osmangazi Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Cocuk Acil Unitesi ve Umraniye Egitim Arastirma Hastanesi Cocuk Acil Unitesine ilac zehirlenmesi tanisiyla ardisik basvuran 12-17 yas arasinda ki 80 ozkiyim (12 erkek, 68 kiz) olgusu dahil edildi. Tum olgularin demografik ozellikleri, ozkiyim icin alinan ilac icerigi ve miktari, daha onceden kronik organik ya da psikiyatrik hastalik varligi, ilac kullanimi ve daha onceden ozkiyim girisimi not edildi. Calismalarin istatistik analizi icin SPSS for Windows (16.0, Chicago, IL) paket programi kullanildi. p degerinin

Febril nöbetigenetik temeli mevcuttur. Çalışmamızın amacı febril nöbet geçiren çocuklardaakuaporin 4 gen polimorfizminin ve febril nöbet kliniği üzerine olanetkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Çok merkezli, prospektif olarak yürütülen buçalışmaya febril nöbet geçiren 122 hasta ve kontrol grubu olarak 136 sağlıklıçocuk alınmıştır. Real time hibridizasyon yöntemi ile rs1058424 (A/T) andrs3763043 (C/T) tek nükleotid polimorfizmleri (SNPs) araştırıldı. Yapılananaliz sonucu rs3763043 (A/T) genotip AA, AT veTT sıklığı sırasıyla hasta grubunda % 48.4,%42.6, %9, kontrol grubunda %44,9, %46,3% ve %8,8 saptandı (p> 0.05). rs1058424 (C/T)genotip CC, CT, ve TT sıklıkları ise hasta çocuklarda %61.5, %34.4, %4.1bulunurken bu oranlar kontrol grubunda %64, %29.4 ve %6.6 belirlendi (p>0.05). Hastaların çoğunda febril nöbetbasit tipteydi. İstatistiksel analiz normal genotip basit febril nöbet geçiren çocuklardadaha sık olduğu gösterdi. Polimorfizimle aile öyküsü, nöbet sayısı, süresi gibinöbet özellikleri arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmadı.Ulaştığımız veriler rs1058424 (A/T) ve rs3763043 (C/T) polimorfizmleriarasında bir ilişki olmadığını gösterdi ve bu konuda yapılan ilk araştırmadır., Febrile seizure (FS) has a geneticbackground. The purpose of this study is to search aquaporin-4 (AQP4)gene polymorphisms in children with FS and to explore their effect on theclinical features of FS. This prospective multicenter, case-control included122 patients with febrile seizure and matched with age, sex 136 healthy controlchildren. A real-time hybridization method was used to analyze and detect the rs1058424(A/T) and rs3763043 (C/T) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In patient group, the frequencies of rs3763043 (A/T) genotypes AA, AT and TT were48.4%, 42.6%, and 9% respectively, compared with 44,9%, 46,3% and 8,8%respectively, in control group. The results showed that the frequencies of rs1058424 (C/T) genotypes CC, CT, and TT 61,5%, 34,4% and4,1% respectively in children with febrile seizures, compared 64%, 29,4% and6,6% respectively in controls (p >0.05). The majority of children experienced simple type FS and theirfirst FS. The statistical analysis showed that wild-type genotype was morecommon in children with simple FS. There was no statistically significant effect of the SNPs on thefeatures of FS, such as family history, number of seizure or duration. The dataobtained from molecular analysis show a lack of association between the rs1058424(A/T) and rs3763043 (C/T) SNPs and FS in children. This is the first researchconducted to examine the relationship between AQP4 and FS.