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Cyst hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis caused by the larvae of the tapeworm belonging to the Echinococcus species. While hydatid disease can affect almost any part of the human body, the liver and lung are the two organs where the disease is most frequently detected. Peritoneal involvement may develop following a hepatic hydatid cyst surgery or as a result of spontaneous micro-ruptures of the hepatic hydatid cyst into the peritoneal cavity. However, with only a few reported cases, primary hydatid cyst in the rectovesical pouch is extremely rare, even in endemic regions. In this study, a 37-year-old man admitted to the emergency department with frequency and nocturia diagnosed as having a primary hydatid cyst in the rectovesical pouch.

AIM: Our aim is to evaluate the role of flatness of index of Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) with early hypovolemic shock in blunt torso trauma patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In the computed tomography (CT) scan, patients with flatness index below 2 were considered as flat IVC patients, and those with 2 or more were considered as non-flattened IVC patients. Demographic data, comorbidities, trauma mechanism, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), lactate level, base excess, shock index (SI), clinical outcomes within 24 hours, and mortality of the flat IVC patients and non-flattened IVC patients were compared. RESULTS: 116 (30.6%) were found to have a flat IVC and 263 (69.4%) patients were found to have a non-flattened IVC. There was no significant difference between flat IVC patients and non-flattened IVC patients in terms of age, gender, comorbidity, and trauma mechanism (p>0.05). Flat IVC patients had a higher SI of 0.9 and above (p

Objective The aim of this study is to measure the average corpus callosum (CC) volume of healthy Turkish humans and to analyze the effects of gender and age on volumes, including the genu, truncus, and splenium parts of the CC. Patients and Methods Magnetic resonance imaging brain scans were obtained from 301 healthy male and female subjects, aged 11 to 84 years. The median age was 42 years (min–max: 11–82) in females and 49 years (min–max: 12–84) in males. Corpus callosum and its parts were calculated by using MRICloud. CC volumes of each subject were compared with those of the age and gender groups. Results All volumes of the CC were significantly higher in males than females. All left volumes except BCC were significantly higher than the right volumes in both males and females. The oldest two age groups (50–69 and 70–84 years) were found to have higher bilateral CC volumes, and bilateral BCC volumes were also higher than in the other two age groups (11–29 and 30–49 years). Conclusion The results suggest that compared with females/males, females have a faster decline in the volume of all volumes of the CC. We think that quantitative structural magnetic resonance data of the brain is vital in understanding human brain function and development.

Objective: We aim to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, who had a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) below 15, and who had cerebral lesions detected in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Method: The age, gender, causes of CO intoxication, clinical signs, neurological findings, GCS, blood carboxyhemoglobin level (COHb), serum pH, lactate, creatine kinase (CK), creatinine kinase-myocardial band MB (CK-MB), troponin-I level, brain MRI findings, treatment, and mortality status of 327 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The median age of patients was 31.5 years (IQR=19.5 years), 72.2% of the patients were women. Neurological findings were detected in 34 (10.4%) of the patients. The frequency of dyspnea was significantly higher in patients with neurological findings (p0.05). Patients with neurological findings were found to have a significantly longer follow-up period, more frequently received hyperbaric oxygen therapy (p

Background: The aim of our study was to present the prevalence of thyroid nodules we incidentally discovered by routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine, to evaluate their clinical significance, and to discuss the current clinical approach to incidental thyroid nodules. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the cervical spinal MRI studies of 512 patients. Thyroid glands were evaluated for morphologic and signal characteristics and examined for the presence of nodule(s). The nodules with a maximum diameter of 5 mm or more were taken into analysis. Results: Of 512 MRI studies, 254 revealed incidental thyroid nodule(s) (49.6%). The mean maximum nodule diameter was 7.48±2.92 mm. Thirty-eight of 254 incidental thyroid nodules were radiologically reported, 35 reported nodules were evaluated by US, and 22 were further analyzed by fine needle aspiration cytology. The final diagnosis of 11 aspirated nodules was an adenomatous nodule, whereas 3 were papillary thyroid carcinoma. One of the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma was a 32-year-old man with a nodule with a maximum diameter of 7 mm. Conclusion: Incidental thyroid nodule is a frequent non-spinal lesion detected by routine cervical spinal MRI. The 3-tiered system which is recommended in the clinical approach to incidental thyroid nodules may miss some clinically significant thyroid nodules. We suggest the criteria of this system to be re-evaluated and modified if necessary. In addition, we would like to emphasize the need for a guideline for radiologists for reporting incidental thyroid nodules on MRI on the basis of a standard clinical approach.

Amaç: Patellar tendon-lateral femoral kondil sürtünme sendromunun (PTLFKSS) etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemektedir ve PTLFKSS'unun tanısı, tedavisi ve prognozu ile ilgili çalışmaların sayısı sınırlıdır. Bu çalışmada amacımız PTLFKSS ile patellofemoral instabilite ilişkisini değerlendirmekti.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Diz manyetik rezonans görüntülemesinde (MRG) PTLFKSS saptanan hastalarda (çalışma grup n=82) ve PTLFKSS saptanmayan hastalarda (kontrol grup n=204) patellofemoral stabiliteyi değerlendirmek için altı morfolojik parametre MRG’de ölçüldü. Bu parametreler Insall-Salvati oranı, ön troklear çıkıntı, sulkus açısı, lateral troklear eğim açısı, patellar eğim açısı ve pateller laterilizasyon ölçümü idi. Ayrıca kondromalazik patella ilişkisi de değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Çalışma grubunda kontrol grubuna göre Insall-Salvati oranı, patellar eğim açısı, patellar lateralizasyon, sulkus açısı ve ön troklear çıkıntı anlamlı olarak daha yüksek ve lateral troklear eğim açısı ise anlamlı olarak daha düşük bulundu. Kondromalazik patella insidansı çalışma grubunda anlamlı derecede yüksekti. Çalışma grubunda kondromalazik patella ile ön troklear çıkıntı arasında pozitif bir korelasyon vardı. Sonuç: PTLFKSS' ye sebep olan faktörler arasında patellofemoral instabilitenin etkili olduğu bulundu. Ölçülen parametrelerin yüksek sensitivite ve spesifiteye sahip olması; bu parametrelerin hem risk faktörü, hem de tanıda kullanılabileceği önerilmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: Patellar tendon-lateral femoral kondil sürtünme sendromu; patellar insitabilite; manyetik rezonans görüntüleme, Aim: The etiology of the patellar tendon–lateral femoral condyle friction syndrome (PTLFCFS) is not fully known and the number of studies on the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PTLFCFS is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between PTLFCFS and patellofemoral instability in magnetic resonance imagingMaterial and Methods: Six morphological parameters were measured in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate patellofemoral stability in patients with PTLFCFS (study group n = 82) and patients without detection PTLFCFS (control group n = 204) in the knee MRI examination. These parameters include the Insall–Salvati ratio, ventral trochlear prominence, sulcus angle, lateral trochlear inclination angle, patellar inclination angle, and patellar lateralization measurement. In addition, the chondromalacia patella relationship was also evaluated.Results: The Insall–Salvati ratio, patellar inclination angle, patellar lateralization, sulcus angle, and ventral trochlear prominence were significantly higher and lateral trochlear inclination angle was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. The incidence of chondromalacia patella was significantly higher in the study group. In the study group, there was a positive correlation between the chondromalacia patella and the ventral trochlear prominence. Conclusion: Among the factors causing PTLFCFS, patellofemoral instability was found to be effective. The measured parameters having high sensitivity and specificity suggest that these parameters can be used as risk factors and for the diagnosis.

Radial longitudinal deficiency is a rare skeletal anomaly characterized by a defect in the development of structures that form the radial half of the forearm. The disorder is associated with a large spectrum of preaxial abnormalities. It is shown that the thumb and preaxial carpal bones are almost always hypoplastic or absent in almost all types of radial longitudinal deficiency. Congenital dislocation of the dysplastic radial head may accompany this rare deformity. Herein, we present a 20-year-old male patient with radial longitudinal deficiency who had a markedly hypoplastic radius but had a thumb and carpal bones with normal size, shape, and joint relations. Further, the right radial longitudinal deficiency of our patient was unusually accompanied by left congenital radial head dislocation. Our case shows that, although rare, radial longitudinal deficiency can present without any carpal and thumb abnormalities. And the current case also shows that a contralateral sided congenital radial head dislocation may accompany radial longitudinal deficiency.

Aim To profile gingival tissue levels of human beta-defensin (hBD)-2 and hBD-3 in relation to gingival inflammation, Th17-related cytokine concentrations, Porphyromonas gingivalis counts, and gingipain and total protease activities. Materials and Methods Gingival tissue and subgingival plaque samples were collected from 21 periodontitis patients including 48 periodontal pocket sites with marginal, mild, or moderate to severe inflammation. hBD levels were determined by immunodetection, P. gingivalis counts with real-time polymerase chain reaction, protease activities with fluorogenic substrates, and cytokine concentrations with Luminex technique. Data were statistically analysed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests and Spearman correlation coefficients. Results Subgingival plaque counts of P. gingivalis (p = .001) and gingipain activity (p

Cerebral cavernomas are simple vascular malformations that are mostly located in the brain parenchyma and usually remain asymptomatic. With the incidence of 0.5%, they are the most commonly identified cerebral vascular malformations in general population. However, with only 138 reported cases to date, intraventricular cavernomas are exceptionally rare. They may either remain asymptomatic or cause serious clinical conditions depending on their size and location. Sectional imaging methods are essential in their diagnosis. And in symptomatic cases, complete surgical removal is the treatment of choice. Here, we present a 67-year-old lady with an intraventricular cavernoma in the third ventricle of whom the symptoms were mild and ambiguous and therefore we preferred close clinical and radiological follow-up instead of intervening.

Highlights • Osteoid osteoma typically occurs in children or in adolescents. However, it should be noted that this tumor can be detected in older age groups as well. • Although extremely rare, osteoid osteoma may occur in the hallux. • CT is the method of choice in the diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. • Osteoid osteoma should be included in the differential diagnosis list in all patients presenting with foot pain., Introduction Osteoid osteomas are benign osteoblastic bone tumors mostly seen in patients in the second or third decade of life, and they most frequently involve the femur and tibia. Hallux osteoid osteoma is an extremely rare occurrence with only 14 reported cases to date. Presentation of case A 46-year-old woman with a right hallux pain for the last 18 months was admitted. Her foot radiographs showed a small sclerotic focus on the distal phalanx and degenerative changes in the interphalangeal joint of the hallux. The complaints of the patient were attributed to osteoarthritis involving the interphalangeal joint and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered; however, the patient’s condition did not improve, and hallux osteoid osteoma could not be correctly diagnosed until a CT scan was performed. Discussion We present a case of hallux osteoid osteoma in which the diagnosis was delayed greatly due to the unusuality of the lesion location, the advanced age of the patient, and the uncertainty of the clinical and radiographic appearance. Conclusion Although rare, osteoid osteoma may occur in the hallux. Even if the patient age, pain pattern, and radiographic findings do not exactly meet the classical definitions for osteoid osteoma, this tumor should always be included in the differential diagnosis list in patients presenting with foot pain.

Background/aim: A wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders have been shown to be closely related to changes in hippocampal volume (HV). It appears that hippocampal volumetry will be an indispensable part of clinical practice for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders in the near future. The aim of this study was to establish a normative data set for HV according to age and sex in the general population.Materials and methods: Hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging scans of 302 healthy volunteers were obtained using a 1.5 T unit with a 20-channel head coil. The hippocampal volumetric assessment was conducted using the volBrain fully automated segmentation algorithm on coronal oblique T1-weighted magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo (MP-RAGE) images obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. The mean values of HV of groups according to age and sex were calculated. The associations between HV and age and sex were analyzed. Results: The mean HV of the study group was found to be 3.81 ± 0.46 cm3. We found that the mean HV of males (3.94 ± 0.49 cm3) was significantly higher than that of females (3.74 ± 0.42 cm3), and the mean right HV (3.86 ± 0.48 cm3) was significantly higher than that of the left HV (3.78 ± 0.49 cm3) (P = 0.001). Among both females and males, there were statistically significant but poor negative correlations between age and volumetric measurements of both the right and the left hippocampi (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The normative hippocampal volumetric data obtained in this study may be beneficial in clinical applications for many neuropsychiatric diseases, especially for mesial temporal sclerosis and cognitive disorders

To determine the radiologic imaging characteristics of the trauma-related lesions of elderly patients determined to be abused, and to raise awareness among all types of physicians, foremost radiologists, about elder abuse. The most striking features of our findings regarding the fractures were that almost all rib fractures were in the posterior segment and that the long bone fractures were in a distal diaphyseal location in over than half of the cases. The rates of concurrent joint dislocation, soft-tissue lesion(s) and old fracture(s) were 12%, 54.3% and 19.6%, respectively. Specific fracture features and certain accompanying findings can be identified in abused elderly patients. The aim of the study was to determine the radiologic imaging characteristics of the trauma-related lesions of elderly patients determined to be abused, and to raise awareness among all types of physicians, foremost radiologists, about elder abuse. Clinical records and radiological images of 92 patients with the diagnosis of elder abuse were retrospectively evaluated in terms of age, gender, the reason for admission to the hospital, the presence or absence of comorbid disease(s), bone fracture location and number, characteristics of the fracture(s), the presence or absence of soft-tissue damage or old fracture(s), and the mortality. Of the patients, 85.9% were brought to the hospital because of a fall. Upper extremity was the most common body segment subjected to trauma (37%), followed by head and neck (30.4%) and chest (30.4%). The most commonly fractured bones were costae, and they were mostly multiple and located in the posterior segment. In long bone fractures, the lesions were located in the distal end of the bone and diaphyseal segment in 56.9% and 53.8% of the cases, respectively. The rates of concurrent joint dislocation, soft-tissue lesion(s) and old fracture(s) were 12%, 54.3% and 19.6%, respectively. The mortality rate was 9.8%. Specific fracture features and certain accompanying findings can be identified in abused elderly patients. We recommend that radiologists increase their skills in interpreting radiographs from potential victims of abuse, prioritise this work over more routine reporting and collaborate with clinicians in a multidisciplinary approach to the detection and secondary prevention of violence and neglect of older people.

Absrtact: Postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity, formerly termed as fibular hemimelia, is characterized by lower limb length discrepancy and a broad spectrum of anomalies involving the ipsilateral limb. It is a rare skeletal abnormality with an incidence of 5.7-20 cases per 1 million births. Herein, we present a young man with postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity who admitted to the hospital for a reason other than musculoskeletal complaints. While his limb length discrepancy was rather mild, the accompanying tarsal coalition was of an extensive form involving talus, calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid. Such extensive fusions of the hindfoot are very rare, and they are commonly associated with congenital syndromes such as postaxial hypoplasia of the lower extremity and Alpert syndrome. Therefore, further investigation for accompanying abnormalities is needed in cases with extensive fusions of the hindfoot. Keywords: Anisomelia, Fibular hemimelia, Subtalar coalition

Aim: The aim of our study was to assess the diagnostic value of biplanar ultrasonography in detecting degenerative changes of femoral articular cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging as the reference method.Material and Methods: Femoral articular cartilage examination was performed with ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in 40 patients with knee pain. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knees were carried out on a 1.5 T scanner with proton density weighted, fat suppressed sequence in three orthogonal planes. Ultrasonographic evaluations of the knees were performed in both longitudinal and transverse planes. Taking the findings of magnetic resonance imaging as a reference, the diagnostic effectiveness of biplanar US in detecting medial condylar, lateral condylar and intercondylar notch cartilage lesions were calculated.Results: The sensitivity of biplanar ultrasonography in detecting medial condylar, lateral condylar, and intercondylar notch cartilage lesions were 93.55%, 61.11%, and 53.85%, respectively. The specificity of the technique in detecting the lesions in these locations were 88.89%, 90.91%, and 100.00%, respectively. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a relatively inexpensive, easily accessible and a non-invasive imaging tool. We found that biplanar ultrasonography is a reliable method in detecting medial condylar cartilage lesions in knee osteoarthritis, and we recommend using it for the purposes of screening and follow-up evaluation of medial type knee osteoarthritis where MRI is not accessible.

Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnosticvalue of three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (3DCE-MRA) in detecting renal artery stenosis (RAS), and in demonstrating segmentaland accessory renal arteries in patients with suspected renovascular hypertension,taking digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the reference method. Material and Method: Twenty five patients underwent 3D CE-MRAand DSA. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictivevalue of CE-MRA in depicting RAS, and sensitivity of the technique in demonstratingsegmental and accessory arteries were calculated.Results: For detecting RAS, the sensitivity, specificity,positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 3D CE-MRA were; 100%,97.8%, 87.5%, and 100%, respectively. The sencitivity of the technique in demonstratingsegmental and accessory arteries were 58% and 91.7%,respectively. Conclusion: We found that 3D CE-MRA is a reliable techniquein not only detecting RAS, but in demonstrating accessory arteries as well. However,according to our results, the value of the method in visualising segmental arteriesis limited., Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı, digital subtraction angiography(DSA) tekniğini referans metod alarak, üç boyutlu kontrastlı manyetik rezonans anjiyografi(3D CE-MRA) tekniğinin, renal arter stenozu (RAS) tanısındaki ve segmental ve aksesuarrenal arter görüntülemesindeki değerini saptamak idi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yirmi beş hastaya 3D CE-MRA ve DSA tetkikleriuygulandı. CE-MRA tekniğinin RAS tanısındaki sensitivite, spesifisite ve pozitifve negatif kestirim değerleri ile tekniğin segmental ve aksesuar renal arter görüntülemedekisensitivite değerleri hesaplandı.Bulgular: RAS tanısında CE-MRA tekniğinin sensitivite,spesifisite, pozitif ve negatif kestirim değerleri, aynı sıra ile; %100, %97,8,%87,5, ve %100 olarak hesaplandı. Tekniğin segmental ve aksesuar renal arter görüntülemedekisensitivite değerlerinin, aynı sıra ile; %58 ve %91,7 olduğu saptandı. Sonuç: 3D CE-MRA tekniğinin, sadece renal arter stenozutanısında değil, aksesuar arterlerin görüntülemesinde de güvenilir olduğu saptandı.Ancak çalışmamızın sonuçlarına göre, tekniğin segmental arter görüntülemesindekideğeri sınırlıdır.

Objectives The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between medial meniscal extrusion (MME) determined by dynamic ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging findings of medial-type knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Single knees of 102 patients with knee pain were assessed by radiography, dynamic US, and magnetic resonance imaging. All knee radiographs were interpreted and grouped according to the Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) scale. Medial meniscal extrusion in non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing positions and the difference of these values (ΔMME) were measured by dynamic US. The medial tibiofemoral compartments of all knees were evaluated and grouped according to the Whole-Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). Mean values of non-weight-bearing MME, weight-bearing MME, and ΔMME ± standard deviations for groups formed according to the KL scale and WORMS system were compared. Results We demonstrated that different from non-weight-bearing MME, weight-bearing MME was significantly correlated with not only high grades but also lower grades of cartilage damage and subchondral bone marrow lesions in medial-type knee OA. Although the difference in non-weight-bearing MME between cartilage status groups 1 and 2 was not significant (P = .071), there were significant differences in of weight-bearing MME between groups 1 and 2, between groups 2 and 3, and between groups 3 and group 4 (P = .003, .002, and .032, respectively). Conclusions We found statistically significant associations between MME values and the severity of the OA findings according to both the KL scale and WORMS system. We offer dynamic US as an initial tool for the diagnosis and a screening method to estimate the severity of knee OA.

Giriş: Çalışmanın amacı intraabdominal apselerin perkütan drenajının fayda ve etkinliğini ortaya koymak; başarı, tekrarlama ve başarısızlık oranlarını belirlemektir. Yöntemler: Perkütan tedavi ugulanan 50 hastadaki (26 erkek, 24 kadın; yaş aralığı: 23-88; yaş ortalaması: 53) 58 apseyle ilgili retrospektif analiz yapılmıştır. Apselerin drenajı ultrason ve floroskopi kılavuzluğunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. 12 apsede (

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important human rights problem faced by one in three women worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the demographic, trauma, and radiological characteristics of patients admitted to a tertiary emergency department due to IPV. METHODS: Sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, and marital status), trauma characteristics (severity, type, and location), radiological imaging findings (radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) of patients diagnosed with IPV were evaluated. RESULTS: In the study, 1225 patients were evaluated, and 98.7% of them were women (mean age 35 [IQR: 17] years). Of the patients, 63.1% were high school and university graduates. The rate of married women was 74.6%. No relationship was found between gender, age, educational status, and marital status (p>0.05). Most of the traumas were minor (85.4%) and blunt (81.9%) trauma, and the most common types of trauma were kicking (49.9%) and punching (47.3%). It was found that the most frequently affected areas of the patients were the head and neck (76.7%), and the frequency of pelvic trauma was high in male patients (p

Desbuquois dysplasia is an autosomal recessive chondrodysplasia characterized by severe micromelic dwarfism, joint laxity, progressive scoliosis, and advanced carpotarsal ossification. Two different types of Desbuquois dysplasia have been identified according to the presence (Type 1) or absence (Type 2) of characteristic hand abnormalities including bifid distal thumb phalanx, an extra ossification center distal to the second metacarpal, and interphalangeal joint dislocations. Further, Kim et al have described a milder variant of Desbuquois dysplasia characterized by short stature and hands with short metacarpals, elongated proximal and distal phalanges, and extremely advanced carpal ossification. Here, we present a 19-year-old male patient with Kim variant of Desbuquois dysplasia. He displays almost all of the characteristic skeletal findings of Desbuquois dysplasia along with the characteristic hand features described by Kim et al. This patient is unique in that he also presents sagittal femoral bowing, a radiographic finding that accompanies various skeletal dysplasias but has never been reported in a patient with Desbuquois dysplasia to date.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of chondromalacia patella (CMP) and to evaluate its relation with trochlear morphometric and patellofemoral alignment measurements as well as with edema in superolateral region of Hoffa's fat pad (SHFP) in military recruits with anterior knee pain (AKP). Materials and Methods: Knee magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 288 military recruits with AKP were retrospectively evaluated. Patellar cartilage lesions were graded using modified Noyes system. Quantitative measurements of trochlear morphology (sulcus angle, trochlear sulcus depth, and lateral trochlear inclination [LTI]) and patellofemoral alignment (patellar translation [PT], lateral patellofemoral angle (LPA), Insall-Salvati index, and tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance) were made. The SHFP region was assessed for the presence of edema. Mean values of measurements in knees with and without CMP and in knees with early and advanced stage CMP were compared. Results: We found CMP in 169 (58.7%) patients. Patients with CMP demonstrated a significantly greater sulcus angle (P = 0.012), smaller LTI (P = 0.004), greater PT (P = 0.01), smaller LPA (P = 0.036), greater Insall-Salvati ratio (P = 0.034), and higher incidence of SHFP edema (P = 0.001) compared to those without CMP. While none of the measurements were associated with the severity of cartilage damage, the incidence of SHFP edema was significantly correlated with the severity of CMP (P = 0.001). Conclusion: CMP is a common disorder among military recruits with AKP. Patellofemoral malalignment is an important contributory factor in the development of CMP, and the presence of edema in SHFP may be a strong indicator of underlying severe CMP in this population.

Human hydatid cyst is a zoonotic disease caused by the larvae of the Echinococcus species, most commonly the Echinococcus granulosus. Although hydatid cyst can cause disease almost anywhere in the human body, it most commonly affects the liver and lungs. Primary musculoskeletal hydatid involvement is a very rare occurrence even in endemic regions. Musculoskeletal hydatid disease shows no pathognomonic clinical signs and symptoms. And the contribution of serology to the diagnosis is negligible due to the high rate of false-negative results. Therefore, radiological imaging studies have a critical role in the diagnosis of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, there are only a few case reports of primary hydatid involvement of the adductor magnus muscle in the current literature. Here we present a 55-year-old female patient with primary hydatid cyst in the adductor magnus muscle and discuss the case in terms of imaging.

Preaxial polydactyly, which refers to the duplication of the first digital ray, sporadically occurs in 8 per 100,000 births among African and Caucasian populations. It develops as the result of the failure of the hand plate differentiation in the radial-ulnar axis, and is mostly unilateral. Preaxial polydactyly is only a cosmetic disturbance rather than being a functional deficiency in most cases, and in general, good outcomes which are maintained over time are obtained from surgical treatment. Wassel described seven types of preaxial polydactyly according to the level of the bifurcation. The most common type is reported to be Wassel type IV, followed by types II and VII. Here in, a rather rare case of Wassel type III polydactyly which was detected in an asymptomatic young man is presented. Keywords: Wassel classification, Thumb duplication, Preaxial polydactyly

Hypertrophic olivary degeneration is a rare occurrence in which different pathological processes including enlargement and vacuolation of the neurons, demyelination of the white matter, and fibrillary gliosis of the inferior olivary nucleus take place. It mostly develops secondary to a destructive lesion involving the Guillain–Mollaret pathway. The mostly reported destructive lesions causing hypertrophic olivary degeneration are stroke, trauma, tumors, neurosurgical interventions, and gamma knife treatment of brainstem cavernoma. It presents with symptomatic palatal tremor, and typically appears as an expansive nonenhancing nodular lesion that shows increased signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The identification of hypertrophic olivary degeneration on MRI is of great importance as its MRI appearance is very similar to those of more severe pathologies, including tumors, infarction, demyelinating lesions, and infections. We present a case of hypertrophic olivary degeneration in a patient with a history of ischemic stroke two years before the development of palatal tremor.

Hand oligodactyly refers to a developmental defect which results in the presence of less than 5 digits on a hand. It presents as a component of 4 main categories of congenital upper limb malformations. Herein, we present a 50-year-old man with an unusual form of hand oligodactyly which is characterized by atypical cleft hand accompanied by complex syndactyly between the thumb and the index finger. Accurate characterization of hand oligodacticity can sometimes be challenging due to unusual phenotypic appearances accompanying the abnormality. Radiological evaluation is of great importance for correct identification and classification of such complex hand anomalies, and the treatment should be highly individualized in these patients. Keywords: Congenital hand, Anomaly, Cleft hand, Symbrachydactyly, Polydactyly

Background Colour degradation is a major problem in maxillofacial silicone elastomers. Recent studies have focused on colour stability and the mechanical properties of the silicone elastomers. A colour match is also essential for the acceptance of the prosthesis by the patient. The aim of this study is to assess the colour degradation of the silicone elastomer after being moulded in different colours of dental stones at two different vulcanization temperatures. Methods Five different colours of dental stones were used to fabricate a total of 120 silicone blocks using a Cosmesil M511 maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Vulcanization was completed at two different temperatures (25 and 100° Celsius). Colour measurements were obtained with a Conica Minolta spectrophotometer. The CIEDE2000 formula was used to calculate the colour differences (∆E00). Two-way ANOVA, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni corrected post-hoc p values and independent samples t-test were used for the statistical analyses. Results High temperature vulcanization causes lightening of the maxillofacial silicone elastomers without regard to the dental stone colour (p = 0.001). Specimens moulded in green stone lightened least at room temperature (p = 0.999). Compared to the control group, at high temperature, all specimens moulded in coloured dental stones darkened significantly (p

A 20-month-old boy presented with a double right thumb. His parents reported no health complaints other than the skeletal disorder involving his right hand. He is the first child born to non-consanguineous healthy parents. His mother is 24 years old. There is no family history of any kind of

Proximal focal femoral deficiency (PFFD) is a rare congenital skeletal abnormality characterised by the partial absence of the proximal femoral segment with shortening of the entire lower extremity. It typically presents as a shortened thigh, which is flexed, externally rotated and abducted. Some other skeletal anomalies, especially fibular hemimelia, usually accompany the disorder. The diagnosis of PFFD is made in early childhood and based mainly on conventional radiography. However, the radiographic appearance of the disease evolves as the child grows. In addition, treatment procedures applied to the child affect the radiographic presentation of the disease in adulthood. Almost all cases of PFFD reported to date are in young children and in the current literature, there is a paucity of radiographic images of PFFD in mature skeleton. The aim of this case report is to present the radiographic appearance of PFFD in an adult patient and to increase awareness among radiologists about this disease.

BACKGROUND Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring is of profound importance concerning prognosis and treatment among children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) are one of the methods recommended for ICP monitoring. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation of ONSD change in brain computed tomography (CT) with pediatric Glasgow Coma Score (pGCS) in the follow-up of pediatric cases with TBI, and also to evaluate the usability of the ONSD, which is the indicator of ICP. METHODS The data of 921 pediatric patients who were admitted to the emergency department with head injury between January 2016 and January 2018 were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Age, gender, trauma type, brain CT finding, pGCS, type of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and isolated skull fracture (ISF) were investigated. The patients were evaluated in three groups based on CT findings: (i) patients with parenchymal brain injury, (ii) patients with ISF, and (iii) patients with normal brain CT results. The measurements of ONSD were performed using CT. Whether the ONSD measurement results of the patients were compatible with the clinical data was investigated. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 36 months (interquartile range [IQR] = 64) and 64.2% were male. The ONSD values and pGCSs of the patients with parenchymal injury were found to be significantly higher than patients with ISF and normal brain CT findings (p

Middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly is an uncommon subtype of holoprosencephaly which is characterized by a midline connection of the two cerebral hemispheres in the posterior frontal and parietal regions with the separation of the anterior frontal and occipital lobes. It usually presents in early childhood with facial dysmorphism, seizures, motor dysfunction and mental–motor retardation. We herein present an unusual case of middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly which was asymptomatic and incidentally found in adulthood.