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This article investigates how linguistic landscapes (LLs) can foster critical thinking about linguistic power relations and tensions in multilingual areas by acting as stimuli to reflect on the ethnolinguistic vitality of languages in a given region. We examine the pedagogical use of LLs as resources for the implementation of plurilingual pedagogies in mainstream secondary school classrooms in two distinct sites: Germany and the Netherlands. Data was collected through classroom observations, interviews with teachers, and students' assignments and questionnaires. Analysis included an examination of how students validate their linguistic and semiotic practices and those of the Other through different approaches to LL in the classroom. Results show that in the Netherlands, students and teachers co-constructed the research on LL by critically reflecting on visibility issues in their LL research; in Germany, students and teachers engaged in collaborative sequences of meaning-making based on preselected examples of the LL of their surroundings. In both sites, teachers' attitudes were central in fostering classroom interaction to enhance students' reflexivity and criticality. This study is significant as it confirms the added value of using LLs as resources for developing critical language awareness through challenging "banal monolingualism" in highly linguistic diverse classrooms and as a path towards empowerment.

This paper reflects on the problems faced by refugee students during the COVID-19 pandemic (summer semester 2020) as "calouros," i.e. freshmen during their first year, in a public university in Brazil. Through a content analysis of their personal accounts, collected electronically by their teacher of Portuguese for academic purposes (the first author), we describe how five students (a Syrian, two Haitians, a Venezuelan and a Togolese refugees) (re)visit their experiences, in which several dynamics intersect: being 'calouro', being refugee students, learning the shelter language "in loco," and experiencing social distancing due to the closing of universities. Because learning the language of the host country is not the only factor affected by the pandemic, we also observe how language learning (settings) intersect with other aspects characterising the refugee status: housing conditions, availability of learning materials, and the uncertainty attached to the present and future of their own lives and of other family members.

After a theoretical overview of the concept of heritage language (HL) from a plurilingual perspective, we will describe the project "Images on the (teaching of) Portuguese Language abroad". For this project, several drawings were collected, produced by lusodescendant children living in Germany and attending supplementary Portuguese lessons. We will analyze four tendencies of students' representations towards Portuguese and German, as well as towards the skills they have developed in those languages. These representations illustrate four profiles of Portuguese Heritage Language (PHL) learners present in the classroom (in terms of motivations, skills, linguistic repertoires, etc.). As conclusions, we will point at: (a) the validity of a study on representations by means of a drawing collection method, in order to understand the heterogeneity of PHL learners and the need to diversify the teaching-learning strategies; and (b) the advantages of understanding the relationships subjects establish with their languages and with the multilingual and plurilingual "milieu" they live in, in order the enhance the efficiency of HL education.

Linguistic biographies have been increasingly used in language and teacher education, even if mainly in a written form. In this study we analyse 33 visual linguistic biographies, using drawings to examine the (re)constructions of the multilingual self. The visual linguistic biographies were produced by prospective Spanish language teachers at the University of Hamburg (Winter Semester 2017). We looked at the visual composition of the linguistic biographies and the elements which student teachers combine to trace the representation and the evolution of the multilingual self. We conclude that temporal and geographic metaphors are the most commonly represented, displaying beliefs about language learning and becoming multilingual in a succession of different languages, generally in a schooling pathway. Additionally, student teachers perceive living and studying abroad as important experiences leading to linguistic proficiency. The study suggests that students developed a multilingual imagery made up of languages acquired chronologically, these being associated with specific nation-states and kept separate from each other in individuals' repertoires. We propose that these beliefs should become a starting point for discussing complexity in trajectories of multilingual becoming and heterogeneity of multilingual repertoires.

In the context of German linguistic policies, Heritage Language (HL) education ranges from formal and informal to non-formal offers. Families with migratory backgrounds seeking acquisition and maintenance of the HL frequently resort to educational or maintenance opportunities that are not institutionalized. In the region of Bavaria (Germany), the geographical context of this study, the teaching of Portuguese as an HL (PHL) mainly occurs in non-formal and informal educational spaces. The present empirical study follows an ethnographic perspective and examines how learners' parents in such non-formal environments perceive their children's bilingualism. As a secondary focus, the linguistic educational tool 'Mala de Herança' (MH) ("Heritage Suitcase" -- "free translation") shall be examined in order to assess its possible input in shaping the bilingual individual, following Van Lier's [2004. "The Ecology and Semiotics of Language Learning. A Sociocultural Perspective." Dordrecht: Springer.] ecological approach to language teaching. The data described in the study, obtained from parents' interviews, were collected through semi-structured interviews and interpreted through content analysis. Results point towards a very heterogeneous perception of the 'bilingual child' by the parents, compatible with the reviewed literature.

This article takes the plurilingual repertoires of foreign language teachers -- and thus the teachers' linguistic diversity -- as a starting point for exploratory research into the potential of visual methods in teacher education for changing mind-sets. Describing and reflecting on the ubiquitous manifestation of a monolingual habitus in foreign language (teacher) education, we consider ways to offer linguistically responsive foreign language teacher education aiming at challenging that ethos. Reporting on a project based on the production of drawings, we present and compare the linguistic biographies of future French and Spanish teachers, using multimodal analysis. The analysis seeks to uncover whether target language (French and Spanish) and migrant background influence the visual representation of the plurilingual repertoire and of the process of becoming plurilingual. As no significant differences are observed, demonstrating the pervasiveness of the monolingual mind-set in foreign language learning and teacher education, I propose some ways forward in response to the identified language learning ideologies.

In this article, we juxtapose two international contexts of higher education to critically examine both the situated complexity of (restrictive) ideologies of multilingualism and the ways such ideologies inform multilingual students’ choices of language use that contribute to their own epistemic exclusion in Canada and Germany. A content analysis of data from interviews and written reflections on language choice illustrates that the ideologies of (1) devaluation of partial repertoires, (2) maximalist view of language competences, (3) neoliberal multilingualism, and (4) native‐speakerism‐in‐multilingualism are enacted and reproduced by students themselves in both contexts, leading to auto‐inflicted epistemic exclusion. The findings reveal not only the pervasiveness of monolingualism within multilingualism and higher education, but also the hierarchization of languages and their (imagined) speakers, from which we conclude that not all forms of individual multilingualism are valued, despite increasing celebration of diversity in global higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article analyses parents' and children's attitudes toward the different literacy practices across three different contexts (at home, in a community project, and, indirectly, at school) and how they perceive the interaction between these practices and the development of competences in the Heritage Language (HL). We investigate the relevance of family and community, and how mainstream school influences the co-construction of literacy practices that affect the development of HL, while at the same time supporting the development of the majority language, and especially in broadening the understanding of the notion of language exposure. Methods: Semi structured interviews with parents and focus groups with children (aged 4-14) were carried out in Munich, Germany, between May 2018 and February 2020. Data from the verbal interactions, in a total of 12 h of recorded audio with the parents and 8h with the children, was transcribed and the excerpts were coded in Nvivo. In a first moment, a data and theory driven thematic analysis with open data coding was undertaken; subsequently, discourse analysis was used to analyze selected excerpts individually and reconstruct the meaning the participants were attaching to their literacy practices. Three thematic strands were identified. Results: We make the case that exposure to literacy practices in the majority language is interpreted and (re)appropriated by families and communities to support the development of complex and integrated literacy practices involving the different languages of children's repertoires. We shed light on how families construct bilingual input safe spaces at home, i.e., spaces where continuities between formal, informal and non-formal literacy practices in both German and Portuguese are assured. Discussion: The results bring a critical perspective on the ecology of literacy practices and highlight the added value of seeing those practices interconnected holistically from a co-developmental viewpoint. Such interconnectedness has a potential positive impact not only in children's HL but also in the majority language, and possibly in the languages learnt at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, the self-reported linguistic practices of researchers engaged in an international research project are analysed and discussed. These researchers constitute a community of practice of intercomprehension, using mostly romance languages to communicate and, at the same time, also researching the phenomena. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire intended to perceive the linguistic profile of the team, as well as their choices in terms of publication, communication in scientific contexts and daily academic life. The data points towards complex multilingual practices, dependent on the context and the intentions of researchers, making a case for characterising them as agentive, and displaying investment in practices in different languages, according to perceived advantages, in terms of target audiences, disseminating results, and dialogue with other colleagues. Not only do researchers have "complex social history and multiple desires" (Norton, 2000), but these desires can be, or become contradictory and clash. Some signs of tensions in the management of the linguistic resources, and of "linguistic resentment" were observed related to English, but researchers balance this aspect with the acknowledgment that the language is useful to attain certain academic goals. This contribution thus displays the complexity of researchers' linguistic practices and aspirations.

The acquisition of a language is a complex process. Applied Linguistics research tends to view this process as classroom-based. It is only more recently that learners, in particular young learners, are being placed in the centre of investigation in research exploring language learning from their subjective perspectives. To understand these learner-centred perspectives, there is a growing body of work using visual methodologies, despite the fact that such methodologies have yet to be clearly defined in Applied Linguistics. The contribution in the present article aims at providing some clarity on how visual methods are being used in this specific research field by reporting on a meta-analysis of 44 papers using relevant methodologies published in English between 2000 and 2018. Our analysis indicates that, in addition to methodological eclecticism, there is an imbalance in participant numbers (although data are usually collected among small groups) and a preference for researching the English Foreign Language classroom and English learners. Furthermore, studies tend to focus on language teaching and learning and on the affective dimension of language awareness.

This paper addresses the issue of students' perceptions of non-native teacher authenticity, combining the literature accounts of authenticity in the fields of foreign language learning, and teacher authenticity (both teachers' skills and teachers' linguistic resources). The data Analysis from an exploratory and comparative angle, involving two European Higher Education Institutions, reveals that: (i) assessing plurilingual teachers whose mother tongue is not the language of instruction is contextually, institutionally and disciplinarily bound; (ii) students are aware of the constraints and opportunities related to the teaching situation and are willing to sacrifice some 'correctness' in order to gain in multilingual and intercultural 'depth'.

Service learning, an educational methodology that intertwines community service with academic instruction, is garnering growing recognition within higher education due to its potential to enrich both research and outreach efforts. By integrating service learning into the curriculum, higher education institutions (HEIs) can bridge the gap between research and praxis, effectively bringing research findings to local communities and influencing on-the-ground practices. While the benefits of service learning have been widely acknowledged in the literature, there remains a lack of understanding on how service learning can be integrated into teacher education programmes to support linguistic and cultural diversity at schools. Additionally, there is limited insight into how institutions engaged in social action perceive their collaboration with HEIs, particularly in the context of teacher education. In this contribution, we address these gaps, by presenting the results of a multimethod and multisite research study that aimed to explore the perspectives of social action initiatives on the potential collaboration with HEIs to promote (language) teacher education focused on linguistically and culturally responsive practices. The results point to a great heterogeneity of social action projects and expectations on the part of the institutions regarding collaboration with HEIs. Despite this diversity, common principles of collaboration emerge from the data. These principles lay the foundations for a framework that may shape collaborative efforts between HEIs and social action initiatives in the field of pre-service (language) teacher education with the goal of promoting pedagogies that respect and leverage linguistic and cultural diversity in multilingual settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this chapter, we analyse the co-construction of meaning by university students in romance language (RL) chat rooms, in an online platform focused on multilingual language practice and learning. This communicative situation can best be described through the concept of 'intercomprehension', i.e. a multilingual and multisemiotic communicative practice between speakers of different languages (in this case, typologically related languages), and will be analysed using a translanguaging lens, which is embedded in a heteroglossic perspective. Such an analysis invites us to perceive fluidity in the borders between languages and inside individuals' repertoires. In this particular multilingual learning situation, where participants communicate to learn and learn to communicate in RL chat rooms, we will observe speakers' double orientation towards translanguaging, i.e. the interconnection between 'translanguaging to learn' and 'learning to translanguage'. The results demonstrate a strategic use of translanguaging skills (with specific affective, cognitive and social goals), together with the subjects' explicit agency when engaged in intercomprehensive communicative practices.

In this contribution, I reflect on how multilingual pedagogies can be added to STEM and S.T.E.M. practices, in what could be called a 'double-crossing': on the one hand, crossing linguistic boundaries and, on the other, crossing specific subject knowledge. Based on a content analysis of teachers' interviews referring to their pedagogical experiences with a multilingual platform providing subject content in several languages, I reflect on the extent to which and how multilingual STEM and S.T.E.M. pedagogies are implemented and accounted for. More specifically, I analyse the arguments put forward by teachers for using or not using multilingual practices in STEM and S.T.E.M. and I delve into the apparent contradictions underlying the fact that, despite using a multilingual platform, its multilingual affordances are sometimes overlooked, underestimated or even used in monolingualised practices in multilingual settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]