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The article describes the fiscal stimulus, which used in the world to overcome the negative effects of the recession in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors used historical and static methods, a combination of methods of analysis and synthesis, etc. Based on the statist analysis of the dynamics of macroeconomic indicators, the authors confirmed that the main development trend of most countries and Ukraine in 2020 is a significant economic decline (falling production, rising public debt, growing fiscal deficit, etc.) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article summarizes that in the recession in 2020, countries use measures to fiscally stimulate households and business units through additional government expenditures and lost budget revenues. The size and structure of fiscal stimulus measures vary among different groups of countries. The main fiscal stimulus during this period are: deferrals and reductions in taxes, a moratorium on the payment of certain types of obligations, various forms of cash surcharges and subsidies, partial unemployment, capital injections into enterprises, loans and guarantees. The debt burden is a significant threat to low-income countries, as debt restructuring and public spending cuts will be relevant in the long run to stabilize debt in such countries. This means limited use of fiscal stimulus to exit the recession and stimulate economic development in the country. The results can have practical application within the framework of the formation of the state fiscal policy to overcome the recession and stimulate economic development in the country. In Ukrainian practice, during the pandemic, the main measures of fiscal stimulus were the use of reduced working day schemes and the expansion of unemployment benefits; changes in taxation; financial support for retirees; subsidies; social and economic support of households and enterprises. JEL classіfіcatіon: H2, H5, H6, Статтю присвячено характеристиці фіскальних стимулів, що використовуються у світі для подолання негативних наслідків рецесії в умовах пандемії COVID-19. Автори підтвердили, що основним трендом розвитку більшості країн світу і України у 2020 р. є суттєве падіння економіки (падіння виробництва, зростання державного боргу, фіскального дефіциту та ін.), спричинене пандемією COVID-19. А вплив пандемії на економіки, що розвиваються, є більш негативним, ніж на розвинені, через слабші системи охорони здоров’я, значні втрати в торгівлі та туризмі, зменшення грошових переказів та жорсткі фінансові умови на тлі зростаючого боргу. У статті узагальнено, що в умовах рецесії, що розпочалася у 2020 р., країни використовують заходи фіскального стимулювання домогосподарств та бізнес-одиниць через додаткові державні витрати та недоотримані бюджетні доходи. Основними заходами фіскальної підтримки в цей період є: відстрочки та послаблення у сплаті податків, мораторій на сплату окремих видів зобов’язань, різні форми грошових доплат та субсидій, часткове безробіття, вливання капіталу в підприємства, позики та гарантії. Розмір та структура стимулювальних фіскальних заходів різняться серед різних груп країн. В українській практиці під час пандемії основними заходами фіскального стимулювання стали такі: використання схем скороченого робочого дня та розширення виплат з безробіття; зміни в оподаткуванні; фінансова підтримка пенсіонерів; субсидії; соціальна та економічна підтримка домогосподарств і підприємств. JEL classіfіcatіon: H2, H5, H6

The objective of this work was to examine the influence of brown adipose tissue (BAT) on energy expenditure and body composition. Insights were gained from rodent models with BAT disruption, which is expected to contribute to obesity due to a deficit in energy expenditure for thermogenesis (Himms-Hagen 1989b). The capsaicin-desensitized (Cap-Des) rat has atrophied BAT with impaired thermogenesis, contradictorily leading to a decrease in body fat. Indeed, aging-associated obesity and hyperplasia of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue was prevented in 13.5 month old Cap-Des rats. The loss of function of Cap-sensitive afferent autonomic nerves (destroyed in Cap-Des rats) results in an alteration in energy balance conducive to leanness. It was suggested that the attenuated aging-associated increase in circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide (derived mainly from Cap-sensitive nerves) in the Cap-Des rat results in a lower degree of aging-associated insulin-resistance, hence in a lesser degree of obesity. Rats with a lesion in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) are known to have an impaired capacity to increase their oxygen uptake and the temperature of their interscapular (I) BAT after administration of catecholamines. A similar impairment was seen in the Cap-Des rat, known also to sustain a lesion in the NTS, and associated with marked atrophy of IBAT. The disruption of the NTS did not cause BAT atrophy by the parameters measured; atrophy of BAT in Cap-Des rats is not due to the NTS-lesion that they sustain. UCP-DTA transgenic mice have a partial ablation of BAT, accomplished by linking DTA (diphtheria toxin A chain) to the uncoupling protein1 (UCP1) promoter. UCP1-expressing brown adipocytes are destroyed in the UCP-DTA transgenic mouse when the tissue is stimulated. As expected, these mice develop massive obesity; also present are hyperphagia, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia characteristic of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Lowell et al. 1993). UCP-DTA and control mice were raised at thermoneutrality (35$\sp\circ$C) in order to suppress BAT thermogenesis. As predicted, eliminating the deficit in BAT thermogenesis present in the UCP-DTA mice corrected their obesity and hyperphagia. UCP is not totally eliminated in the UCP-DTA mice, as measured by an antibody that detects UCP1, UCP2 (and probably UCP3), and these mice are not sensitive to cold (Lowell et al. 1993). Mice were acclimated to mild cold (14$\sp\circ$C) to determine the nature of compensation for the lack of UCP1-expressing brown adipocytes in UCP-DTA mice. BAT does grow in cold-adapted UCP-DTA mice, perhaps by substitution of brown adipocytes expressing a different UCP isoform for brown adipocytes that would normally express UCP1. Adjustment of food intake in accordance with environmental temperature was shown to occur independent of changes in serum leptin concentration. Intact BAT was shown to be necessary for the control of food intake at temperatures below thermoneutrality. Because the lack of UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in BAT of knockout mice is known not to induce hyperphagia, we propose the deficiency of UCP1-expressing brown adipocytes, specifically the absence of a postulated satiety factor normally secreted from them, is responsible for the hyperphagia of the UCP-DTA mice at 24$\sp\circ$C.