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Since the first version saw the light of day in 1991 the Guidelines have occupied a central position in the Norwegian practice of anesthesia. This document comprises part of the quality management documents held in the departments of anesthesia in Norwegian hospitals. If departments of anesthesia are unable to adhere to certain specific points in the Guidelines, it is recommended that this should be documented in writing. It has been stated by central governmental bodies and patients' insurance organizations that the Guidelines will be an important factor in medico legal cases, although it is not an obligatory legal document for hospital owners. It is our objective that the document will form the foundation for quality assurance work in the departments of anesthesia in Norway. The purpose of this document is to ensure a satisfactory standard for the practice of anesthesia in Norway. 'The Guidelines for the Practice of Anesthesia in Norway' (the Guidelines) is a series of recommended guidelines. The practice of anesthesia in this context includes general anesthesia, regional anesthesia, controlled sedation, postoperative monitoring, and other observations where anesthesia personnel are required. The Guidelines apply to all doctors, nurses, and other personnel undertaking the delegated practice of anesthesia. Deviations from the Guidelines should be explained and documented in every case. The Guidelines should be adhered to in medical emergencies as far as possible. The Guidelines must not be allowed to prevent the execution of immediate and lifesaving measures. The Guidelines should be revised at regular intervals so that it is up-to-date with current legislation and medical and technological developments and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research focused on interrogating post-anoxic enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) at bench and pilot scales. Average bench-scale effluent ranged from 0.33 to 1.4 mgP/L, 0.35 to 3.7 mgNH 3 -N/L, and 1.1 to 3.9 mgNO x -N/L. Comparatively, the pilot achieved effluent (50th percentile/average) of 0.13/0.2 mgP/L, 9.7/8.2 mgNH 3 -N/L, and 0.38/3.3 mgNO x -N/L under dynamic influent and environmental conditions. For EBPR process monitoring, P:C ratio data indicated that 0.2-0.4 molP/molC will result in stable EBPR; relatedly, a target design influent volatile fatty acid (VFA):P ratio would exceed 15 mgCOD/mgP. Post-anoxic EBPR was enriched for Nitrobacter spp. at 1.70%-20.27%, with Parcubacteria also dominating; the former is putatively associated with nitritation and the latter is a putative fermenting heterotrophic organism. Post-anoxic specific denitrification rates (SDNRs) (20°C) ranged from 0.70 to 3.10 mgN/gVSS/h; there was a strong correlation (R 2  = 0.94) between the SDNR and %Parcubacteria for systems operated at a 20-day solids residence time (SRT). These results suggest that carbon substrate potentially generated by this putative fermenter may enhance post-anoxic EBPR. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Post-anoxic EBPR can achieve effluent of <0.2 mgP/L and <12 mgN/L. The P:C and VFA:P ratios can be predictive for EBPR process monitoring. Post-anoxic EBPR was enriched for Nitrobacter spp. over Nitrospira spp. and also for Parcubacteria, which is a putative fermenting heterotrophic organism. Post-anoxic specific denitrification rates (20°C) ranged from 0.70 to 3.10 mgN/gVSS/h. BLASTn analysis of 16S rDNA PAO primer set was shown to be improved to 93.8% for Ca. Accumulibacter phosphatis and 73.2%-94.0% for all potential PAOs., (© 2023 Water Environment Federation.)

Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) increasingly must maximize nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but concurrently face challenges to reduce their energy usage and environmental footprint. In particular, biological nutrient removal (BNR), which targets removal of phosphorus and nitrogen, exhibits a large energy demand. However, a BNR process achieving partial oxidation of NH 3 to NO 2 (nitritation) could reduce energy demands, with secondary environmental emission benefits. Research was conducted on bench-scale systems performing nitritation and nitrification to better understand how mixed microbial consortia, cultured on real wastewater, can sustain nitritation. BNR configurations achieved nitrite accumulation ratios of 64-82%, with excellent overall effluent quality. Applying phylogenetic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic methods, coupled with process monitoring, results indicate that partial nitritation may be induced through a combination of: (1) Employing ammonia-based aeration control, with an ammonia setpoint of 2, 3 mgN/L; (2) Maintaining an aerobic period DO of 1.0-2.0 mg/L; and (3) Operating BNR post-anoxically, integrated within enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Significant nitritation was achieved despite the presence Nitrobacter spp., but nitrite oxidoreductase must be functionally impaired or structurally incomplete. Overall, this research demonstrated the value of interrogating a mixed microbial consortia at a macro and molecular level to explore unique metabolic responses such as nitritation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Erik R. Coats reports financial support was provided by University of Idaho., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

To adapt to changing environments, bacteria have evolved numerous pathways that activate stress response genes. In Gram-positive bacteria, the stressosome, a cytoplasmic complex, relays external cues and activates the sigma B regulon. The stressosome is structurally well-characterized in Bacillus, but how it senses stress remains elusive. Here, we report a genome-wide N-terminomic approach in Listeria that strikingly led to the discovery of 19 internal translation initiation sites and 6 miniproteins, among which one, Prli42, is conserved in Firmicutes. Prli42 is membrane-anchored and interacts with orthologues of Bacillus stressosome components. We reconstituted the Listeria stressosome in vitro and visualized its supramolecular structure by electron microscopy. Analysis of a series of Prli42 mutants demonstrated that Prli42 is important for sigma B activation, bacterial growth following oxidative stress and for survival in macrophages. Taken together, our N-terminonic approach unveiled Prli42 as a long-sought link between stress and the stressosome.

This commentary describes young people's leadership from the perspective of a youth-led organization in the Link Up project in Burundi, Réseau National des Jeunes vivant avec le VIH. It describes processes that enable young people to guide, influence, deliver, and improve health service provision; the challenges faced by Réseau National des Jeunes vivant avec le VIH and how they are addressing these challenges., (Copyright © 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sexual and reproductive health and rights have gained prominence in the HIV response. The role of sexual and reproductive health in underpinning a successful approach to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and services has increasingly been recognized. However, the "second R," referring to sexual and reproductive rights, is often neglected. This leads to policies and programs which both fail to uphold and fulfill these rights and which fail to meet the needs of those most affected by HIV by neglecting to take account of the human right-based barriers and challenges they face. In this commentary, the authors draw on the approach and practical experiences of the Link Up program, and the findings of a global consultation led for and by young people living with and most affected by HIV, to present a five-point framework to improve programming and health outomces by better protecting, respecting, and fulfilling the sexual health and reproductive rights of young people living with and most vulnerable to HIV., (Copyright © 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Sexual health and access to services are a pressing need for young people. This article introduces Link Up, a 3-year project in three African and two Asian countries, to enable and scale up access to integrated HIV services and sexual and reproductive health and rights for marginalized young people. The young people we worked with in this project included young men who have sex with men, young sex workers, young people who use drugs, young transgender people, young homeless people, and other vulnerable young people. The research and programmatic activities of Link Up, as illustrated in this Supplement, have highlighted the importance of recognizing and engaging with diversity among young people to improve access to services and outcomes protecting their health and human rights., (Copyright © 2016 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Auditory hallucinations are resistant to pharmacotherapy in about 25% of adults with schizophrenia. Treatment with noninvasive brain stimulation would provide a welcomed additional tool for the clinical management of auditory hallucinations. A recent study found a significant reduction in auditory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia after five days of twice-daily transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that simultaneously targeted left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left temporo-parietal cortex., Hypothesis: We hypothesized that once-daily tDCS with stimulation electrodes over left frontal and temporo-parietal areas reduces auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia., Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study that evaluated five days of daily tDCS of the same cortical targets in 26 outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder with auditory hallucinations., Results: We found a significant reduction in auditory hallucinations measured by the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (F2,50=12.22, P<0.0001) that was not specific to the treatment group (F2,48=0.43, P=0.65). No significant change of overall schizophrenia symptom severity measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale was observed., Conclusions: The lack of efficacy of tDCS for treatment of auditory hallucinations and the pronounced response in the sham-treated group in this study contrasts with the previous finding and demonstrates the need for further optimization and evaluation of noninvasive brain stimulation strategies. In particular, higher cumulative doses and higher treatment frequencies of tDCS together with strategies to reduce placebo responses should be investigated. Additionally, consideration of more targeted stimulation to engage specific deficits in temporal organization of brain activity in patients with auditory hallucinations may be warranted., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Bacterial riboswitches are elements present in the 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA molecules that bind to ligands and regulate the expression of downstream genes. Riboswitches typically regulate the expression of protein-coding genes. However, mechanisms of riboswitch-mediated regulation have recently been shown to be more diverse than originally thought, with reports showing that riboswitches can regulate the expression of noncoding RNAs and control the access of proteins, such as transcription termination factor Rho and RNase E, to a nascent RNA. Riboswitches are also increasingly used in biotechnology, with advances in the engineering of synthetic riboswitches and the development of riboswitch-based sensors. In this review we address the emerging roles and mechanisms of riboswitch-mediated regulation in natura and recent progress in the development of riboswitch-based technology., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Schizotypy is a multidimensional construct that captures the expression of schizophrenic symptoms and impairment from subclinical levels to full-blown psychosis. The present study examined the comparability of the factor structure of 2 leading psychometric measures of schizotypy: the Wisconsin Schizotypy Scales (WSS) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Both the SPQ and WSS purportedly capture the multidimensional structure of schizotypy; however, whether they are measuring comparable factors has not been empirically demonstrated. This study provided support for a 2-factor model with positive and negative factors underlying the WSS; however, contrary to previous findings, the best fit for the SPQ was for a 4-factor model using confirmatory factor analysis, and a 2-factor model using exploratory factor analysis. The WSS factors were relatively distinct, whereas those underlying the SPQ showed high overlap. The WSS positive and SPQ cognitive-perceptual factors appeared to tap comparable constructs. However, the WSS negative and SPQ interpersonal factors appeared to tap somewhat different constructs based on their correlation and their patterns of associations with other schizotypy dimensions and the Five-Factor Model-suggesting that the SPQ interpersonal factor may not adequately tap negative or deficit schizotypy. Although the SPQ offers the advantage over the WSS of having a disorganization factor, it is not clear that this SPQ factor is actually distinct from positive schizotypy. Existing measures should be used with caution and new measures based on a priori theories are necessary to further understand the factor structure of schizotypy., ((PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).)

Upon invitation by the World Health Organization during the Gulf War, a task force "Scorpio" independent from the nations involved in the armed conflict was formed whose task was to determine whether, which and to what extent biological warfare agents had been used. risk assessment concluded that anthrax and Clostridium botulinum toxin were the major risks. The 21 civilian experts had rapidly to decide on the doctrine of operation, to assemble material which could be used and to be immunized or protected otherwise against the potential risks. Biological warfare agents may be used anywhere any time, be it by terrorists or during open or clandestine hostilities. The general population cannot rely on the military to take care of civilian relief, thus international and national organizations may wish to establish similar task forces basing on the "Scorpio" model on a national or regional basis.