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3. Stable isotopes show Homo sapiens dispersed into cold steppes ~45,000 years ago at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany

Author

Pederzani, Sarah, Britton, Kate, Trost, Manuel, Fewlass, Helen, Bourgon, Nicolas, McCormack, Jeremy, Jaouen, Klervia, Dietl, Holger, Döhle, Hans-Jürgen, Kirchner, André, Lauer, Tobias, Le Corre, Mael, McPherron, Shannon P., Meller, Harald, Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Orschiedt, Jörg, Rougier, Hélène, Ruebens, Karen, Schüler, Tim, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie, Smith, Geoff M., Talamo, Sahra, Tütken, Thomas, Welker, Frido, Zavala, Elena I., Weiss, Marcel, and Hublin, Jean-Jacques

Published
2024
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4. The ecology, subsistence and diet of ~45,000-year-old Homo sapiens at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany

Author

Smith, Geoff M., Ruebens, Karen, Zavala, Elena Irene, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie, Fewlass, Helen, Pederzani, Sarah, Jaouen, Klervia, Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Britton, Kate, Rougier, Hélène, Stahlschmidt, Mareike, Meyer, Matthias, Meller, Harald, Dietl, Holger, Orschiedt, Jörg, Krause, Johannes, Schüler, Tim, McPherron, Shannon P., Weiss, Marcel, Hublin, Jean-Jacques, and Welker, Frido

Published
2024
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5. Homo sapiens reached the higher latitudes of Europe by 45,000 years ago

Author

Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Weiss, Marcel, Fewlass, Helen, Zavala, Elena Irene, Rougier, Hélène, Sümer, Arev Pelin, Hajdinjak, Mateja, Smith, Geoff M., Ruebens, Karen, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie, Pederzani, Sarah, Essel, Elena, Harking, Florian S., Xia, Huan, Hansen, Jakob, Kirchner, André, Lauer, Tobias, Stahlschmidt, Mareike, Hein, Michael, Talamo, Sahra, Wacker, Lukas, Meller, Harald, Dietl, Holger, Orschiedt, Jörg, Olsen, Jesper V., Zeberg, Hugo, Prüfer, Kay, Krause, Johannes, Meyer, Matthias, Welker, Frido, McPherron, Shannon P., Schüler, Tim, and Hublin, Jean-Jacques

Published
2024
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7. A Healthier Smile in the Past? Dental Caries and Diet in Early Neolithic Farming Communities from Central Germany

Author

Nicklisch, Nicole, Oelze, Vicky M, Schierz, Oliver, Meller, Harald, and Alt, Kurt W

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Dentistry, Infectious Diseases, Dental/Oral and Craniofacial Disease, Oral and gastrointestinal, Agriculture, Animals, Dental Caries, Diet, Edible Grain, Isotopes, caries, nutrition, oral health, stable isotope analysis, bioarcheology, Food Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Clinical sciences, Nutrition and dietetics, Public health
Abstract

Dental health is closely linked to an individual's health and diet. This bioarcheological study presents dental caries and stable isotope data obtained from prehistoric individuals (n = 101) from three Early Neolithic sites (c. 5500-4800 BCE) in central Germany. Dental caries and ante-mortem tooth loss (AMTL) were recorded and related to life history traits such as biological sex and age at death. Further, we correlate evidence on caries to carbon and nitrogen isotope data obtained from 83 individuals to assess the relationship between diet and caries. In 68.3% of the adults, carious lesions were present, with 10.3% of teeth affected. If AMTL is considered, the values increase by about 3%. The prevalence of subadults (18.4%) was significantly lower, with 1.8% carious teeth. The number of carious teeth correlated significantly with age but not sex. The isotopic data indicated an omnivorous terrestrial diet composed of domestic plants and animal derived protein but did not correlate with the prevalence of carious lesions. The combined evidence from caries and isotope analysis suggests a prevalence of starchy foods such as cereals in the diet of these early farmers, which aligns well with observations from other Early Neolithic sites but contrasts to Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age populations in Germany.

Published
2022

15. 4000 years of human dietary evolution in central Germany, from the first farmers to the first elites.

Author

Münster, Angelina, Knipper, Corina, Oelze, Vicky M, Nicklisch, Nicole, Stecher, Marcus, Schlenker, Björn, Ganslmeier, Robert, Fragata, Matthias, Friederich, Susanne, Dresely, Veit, Hubensack, Vera, Brandt, Guido, Döhle, Hans-Jürgen, Vach, Werner, Schwarz, Ralf, Metzner-Nebelsick, Carola, Meller, Harald, and Alt, Kurt W

Subjects
Humans, Carbon Isotopes, Nitrogen Isotopes, Collagen, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Archaeology, History, Ancient, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Middle Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Germany, Female, Male, Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Farmers, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Investigation of human diet during the Neolithic has often been limited to a few archaeological cultures or single sites. In order to provide insight into the development of human food consumption and husbandry strategies, our study explores bone collagen carbon and nitrogen isotope data from 466 human and 105 faunal individuals from 26 sites in central Germany. It is the most extensive data set to date from an enclosed geographic microregion, covering 4,000 years of agricultural history from the Early Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age. The animal data show that a variety of pastures and dietary resources were explored, but that these changed remarkably little over time. In the human δ15N however we found a significant increase with time across the different archaeological cultures. This trend could be observed in all time periods and archaeological cultures (Bell Beaker phenomenon excluded), even on continuously populated sites. Since there was no such trend in faunal isotope values, we were able largely to exclude manuring as the cause of this effect. Based on the rich interdisciplinary data from this region and archaeological period we can argue that meat consumption increased with the increasing duration of farming subsistence. In δ13C, we could not observe any clear increasing or decreasing trends during the archaeological time periods, either for humans or for animals, which would have suggested significant changes in the environment and landscape use. We discovered sex-related dietary differences, with males of all archaeological periods having higher δ15N values than females, and an age-related increasing consumption of animal protein. An initial decrease of δ15N-values at the age of 1-2 years reveals partial weaning, while complete weaning took place at the age of 3-4 years.

Published
2018

17. Palaeogenomes of Eurasian straight-tusked elephants challenge the current view of elephant evolution.

Author

Meyer, Matthias, Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Baleka, Sina, Stiller, Mathias, Penkman, Kirsty EH, Alt, Kurt W, Ishida, Yasuko, Mania, Dietrich, Mallick, Swapan, Meijer, Tom, Meller, Harald, Nagel, Sarah, Nickel, Birgit, Ostritz, Sven, Rohland, Nadin, Schauer, Karol, Schüler, Tim, Roca, Alfred L, Reich, David, Shapiro, Beth, and Hofreiter, Michael

Subjects
Animals, Elephants, DNA, Mitochondrial, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Genomics, Evolution, Molecular, Phylogeny, Fossils, Genome, Mitochondrial, Elephas antiquus, Palaeoloxodon antiquus, ancient DNA, evolutionary biology, genomics, paleogenomes, DNA, Mitochondrial, Sequence Analysis, Evolution, Molecular, Genome, Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Abstract

The straight-tusked elephants Palaeoloxodon spp. were widespread across Eurasia during the Pleistocene. Phylogenetic reconstructions using morphological traits have grouped them with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), and many paleontologists place Palaeoloxodon within Elephas. Here, we report the recovery of full mitochondrial genomes from four and partial nuclear genomes from two P. antiquus fossils. These fossils were collected at two sites in Germany, Neumark-Nord and Weimar-Ehringsdorf, and likely date to interglacial periods ~120 and ~244 thousand years ago, respectively. Unexpectedly, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analyses suggest that P. antiquus was a close relative of extant African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis). Species previously referred to Palaeoloxodon are thus most parsimoniously explained as having diverged from the lineage of Loxodonta, indicating that Loxodonta has not been constrained to Africa. Our results demonstrate that the current picture of elephant evolution is in need of substantial revision.

Published
2017

18. Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

Author

Haak, Wolfgang, Lazaridis, Iosif, Patterson, Nick, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Llamas, Bastien, Brandt, Guido, Nordenfelt, Susanne, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fu, Qiaomei, Mittnik, Alissa, Bánffy, Eszter, Economou, Christos, Francken, Michael, Friederich, Susanne, Pena, Rafael Garrido, Hallgren, Fredrik, Khartanovich, Valery, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kunst, Michael, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vayacheslav, Nicklisch, Nicole, Pichler, Sandra L., Risch, Roberto, Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo, Roth, Christina, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Wahl, Joachim, Meyer, Matthias, Krause, Johannes, Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt Werner, and Reich, David

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution
Abstract

We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost four hundred thousand polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of western and far eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ~8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary, and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ~24,000 year old Siberian6 . By ~6,000-5,000 years ago, a resurgence of hunter-gatherer ancestry had occurred throughout much of Europe, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ~4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ~3/4 of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ~3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for the theory of a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.

Published
2015
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23. Pottery spilled the beans: Patterns in the processing and consumption of dietary lipids in Central Germany from the Early Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

Author

Breu, Adrià, Risch, Roberto, Molina, Elena, Friederich, Susanne, Meller, Harald, and Knoll, Franziska

Subjects
BRONZE Age, POTTERY, NEOLITHIC Period, CONSUMPTION (Economics), ARCHAEOLOGICAL cultures, FAT
Abstract

The need to better understand economic change and the social uses of long-ago established pottery types to prepare and consume food has led to the study of 124 distinct ceramic vessels from 17 settlement and funerary sites in Central Germany (present day Saxony-Anhalt). These, dated from the Early Neolithic (from 5450 cal. BCE onwards) to the Late Bronze Age (1300–750 cal. BCE; youngest sample ca. 1000 BCE), include vessels from the Linear Pottery (LBK), Schiepzig/Schöningen groups (SCHIP), Baalberge (BAC), Corded Ware (CWC), Bell Beaker (BBC), and Únětice (UC) archaeological cultures. Organic residue analyses performed on this assemblage determined the presence of vessel contents surviving as lipid residues in 109 cases. These were studied in relation to the changing use of settlement and funerary pottery types and, in the case of burials, to the funerary contexts in which the vessels had been placed. The obtained results confirmed a marked increase in the consumption of dairy products linked to innovations in pottery types (e.g., small cups) during the Funnel Beaker related Baalberge Culture of the 4th millennium BCE. Although the intensive use of dairy products may have continued into the 3rd millennium BCE, especially amongst Bell Beaker populations, Corded Ware vessels found in funerary contexts suggest an increase in the importance of non-ruminant products, which may be linked to the production of specific vessel shapes and decoration. In the Early Bronze Age circum-Harz Únětice group (ca. 2200–1550 BCE), which saw the emergence of a highly hierarchical society, a greater variety of animal and plant derived products was detected in a much more standardised but, surprisingly, more multifunctional pottery assemblage. This long-term study of lipid residues from a concise region in Central Europe thus reveals the complex relationships that prehistoric populations established between food resources and the main means to prepare, store, and consume them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants

Author

Palkopoulou, Eleftheria, Lipson, Mark, Mallick, Swapan, Nielsen, Svend, Rohland, Nadin, Baleka, Sina, Karpinski, Emil, Ivancevic, Atma M., To, Thu-Hien, Kortschak, R. Daniel, Raison, Joy M., Qu, Zhipeng, Chin, Tat-Jun, Alt, Kurt W., Claesson, Stefan, Dalén, Love, MacPhee, Ross D. E., Meller, Harald, Roca, Alfred L., Ryder, Oliver A., Heiman, David, Young, Sarah, Breen, Matthew, Williams, Christina, Aken, Bronwen L., Ruffier, Magali, Karlsson, Elinor, Johnson, Jeremy, Di Palma, Federica, Alfoldi, Jessica, Adelson, David L., Mailund, Thomas, Munch, Kasper, Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin, Hofreiter, Michael, Poinar, Hendrik, and Reich, David

Published
2018

26. Editorial

Author

Meller, Harald

Published
2017

28. Editorial

Author

Meller, Harald

Published
2016

29. Vorwort

Author

Meller, Harald

Abstract

Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Bd. 85 (2002): Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte

Published
2023
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31. Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions

Author

Wang, Chuan-Chao, Reinhold, Sabine, Kalmykov, Alexey, Wissgott, Antje, Brandt, Guido, Jeong, Choongwon, Cheronet, Olivia, Ferry, Matthew, Harney, Eadaoin, Keating, Denise, Mallick, Swapan, Rohland, Nadin, Stewardson, Kristin, Kantorovich, Anatoly R., Maslov, Vladimir E., Petrenko, Vladimira G., Erlikh, Vladimir R., Atabiev, Biaslan Ch., Magomedov, Rabadan G., Kohl, Philipp L., Alt, Kurt W., Pichler, Sandra L., Gerling, Claudia, Meller, Harald, Vardanyan, Benik, Yeganyan, Larisa, Rezepkin, Alexey D., Mariaschk, Dirk, Berezina, Natalia, Gresky, Julia, Fuchs, Katharina, Knipper, Corina, Schiffels, Stephan, Balanovska, Elena, Balanovsky, Oleg, Mathieson, Iain, Higham, Thomas, Berezin, Yakov B., Buzhilova, Alexandra, Trifonov, Viktor, Pinhasi, Ron, Belinskij, Andrej B., Reich, David, Hansen, Svend, Krause, Johannes, and Haak, Wolfgang

Published
2019
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34. Armies in the Early Bronze Age? An alternative interpretation of Unetice Culture axe hoards

Author

Meller, Harald

Subjects
Anthropological research, Bronze age -- Research, Mounds -- Discovery and exploration, Armies -- Research, Anthropology/archeology/folklore
Abstract

The Early Bronze Age Unetice Culture in central Germany was a highly stratified society with a ruling class of 'princes', as evidenced by the famous burials at Leubingen and Helmsdorf, and the newly excavated burial mound Bornhock near Dieskau. To investigate the notion of Unetice military organisation, this article presents a new interpretation of the numerous weapons hoards recovered from the region. Hoard deposition and composition from central Germany strongly suggests a shift from a Late Neolithic culture of 'warrior heroes' to the creation of organised standing armies of professional soldiers under the control of ruling elites. Keywords: Germany, Dieskau, Early Bronze Age, Unetice, hoards, military organisation, Introduction Archaeological research on violence and war rarely addresses questions of army size and military organisation, in part due to the nature of the evidence available to archaeologists. It is [...]

Published
2017
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37. Homo sapiensreached the higher latitudes of Europe by 45,000 years ago

Author

Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea, Weiss, Marcel, Fewlass, Helen, Zavala, Elena Irene, Rougier, Hélène, Sümer, Arev Pelin, Hajdinjak, Mateja, Smith, Geoff M., Ruebens, Karen, Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie, Pederzani, Sarah, Essel, Elena, Harking, Florian S., Xia, Huan, Hansen, Jakob, Kirchner, André, Lauer, Tobias, Stahlschmidt, Mareike, Hein, Michael, Talamo, Sahra, Wacker, Lukas, Meller, Harald, Dietl, Holger, Orschiedt, Jörg, Olsen, Jesper V., Zeberg, Hugo, Prüfer, Kay, Krause, Johannes, Meyer, Matthias, Welker, Frido, McPherron, Shannon P., Schüler, Tim, and Hublin, Jean-Jacques

Abstract

The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in Europe is associated with the regional disappearance of Neanderthals and the spread of Homo sapiens. Late Neanderthals persisted in western Europe several millennia after the occurrence of H.sapiensin eastern Europe1. Local hybridization between the two groups occurred2, but not on all occasions3. Archaeological evidence also indicates the presence of several technocomplexes during this transition, complicating our understanding and the association of behavioural adaptations with specific hominin groups4. One such technocomplex for which the makers are unknown is the Lincombian–Ranisian–Jerzmanowician (LRJ), which has been described in northwestern and central Europe5–8. Here we present the morphological and proteomic taxonomic identification, mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of human remains directly associated with an LRJ assemblage at the site Ilsenhöhle in Ranis (Germany). These human remains are among the earliest directly dated Upper Palaeolithic H.sapiensremains in Eurasia. We show that early H.sapiensassociated with the LRJ were present in central and northwestern Europe long before the extinction of late Neanderthals in southwestern Europe. Our results strengthen the notion of a patchwork of distinct human populations and technocomplexes present in Europe during this transitional period.

Published
2024
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38. Editorial

Author

Meller, Harald

Published
2013

40. Eine Neunfachbestattung gibt Rätsel auf

Author

Meyer, Christian, Ramsthaler, Frank, Brandt, Guido, Knipper, Corina, Schlenker, Björn, Meller, Harald, Friederich, Susanne, and Alt, Kurt W.

Published
2013

44. Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers

Author

Lipson, Mark, Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna, Mallick, Swapan, Pósa, Annamária, Stégmár, Balázs, Keerl, Victoria, Rohland, Nadin, Stewardson, Kristin, Ferry, Matthew, Michel, Megan, Oppenheimer, Jonas, Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen, Harney, Eadaoin, Nordenfelt, Susanne, Llamas, Bastien, Mende, Balázs Gusztáv, Köhler, Kitti, Oross, Krisztián, Bondár, Mária, Marton, Tibor, Osztás, Anett, Jakucs, János, Paluch, Tibor, Horváth, Ferenc, Csengeri, Piroska, Koós, Judit, Sebők, Katalin, Anders, Alexandra, Raczky, Pál, Regenye, Judit, Barna, Judit P., Fábián, Szilvia, Serlegi, Gábor, Toldi, Zoltán, Nagy, Emese Gyöngyvér, Dani, János, Molnár, Erika, Pálfi, György, Márk, László, Melegh, Béla, Bánfai, Zsolt, Domboróczki, László, Fernández-Eraso, Javier, Mujika-Alustiza, José Antonio, Fernández, Carmen Alonso, Echevarría, Javier Jiménez, Bollongino, Ruth, Orschiedt, Jörg, Schierhold, Kerstin, Meller, Harald, Cooper, Alan, Burger, Joachim, Bánffy, Eszter, Alt, Kurt W., Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Haak, Wolfgang, and Reich, David

Published
2017
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45. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians

Author

Mathieson, Iain, Lazaridis, Iosif, Rohland, Nadin, Mallick, Swapan, Patterson, Nick, Roodenberg, Songul Alpaslan, Harney, Eadaoin, Stewardson, Kristin, Fernandes, Daniel, Novak, Mario, Sirak, Kendra, Gamba, Cristina, Jones, Eppie R., Llamas, Bastien, Dryomov, Stanislav, Pickrell, Joseph, Arsuaga, Juan Luis, de Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez, Carbonell, Eudald, Gerritsen, Fokke, Khokhlov, Aleksandr, Kuznetsov, Pavel, Lozano, Marina, Meller, Harald, Mochalov, Oleg, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Guerra, Manuel A. Rojo, Roodenberg, Jacob, Verges, Josep Maria, Krause, Johannes, Cooper, Alan, Alt, Kurt W., Brown, Dorcas, Anthony, David, Lalueza-Fox, Carles, Haak, Wolfgang, Pinhasi, Ron, and Reich, David

Subjects
Eurasians -- Health aspects, Genomes -- Research, Single nucleotide polymorphisms -- Research, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Ancient DNA makes it possible to observe natural selection directly by analysing samples from populations before, during and after adaptation events. Here we report a genome-wide scan for selection using ancient DNA, capitalizing on the largest ancient DNA data set yet assembled: 230 West Eurasians who lived between 6500 and 300 bc, including 163 with newly reported data. The new samples include, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide ancient DNA from Anatolian Neolithic farmers, whose genetic material we obtained by extracting from petrous bones, and who we show were members of the population that was the source of Europe's first farmers. We also report a transect of the steppe region in Samara between 5600 and 300 bc, which allows us to identify admixture into the steppe from at least two external sources. We detect selection at loci associated with diet, pigmentation and immunity, and two independent episodes of selection on height., The arrival of farming in Europe around 8,500 years ago necessitated adaptation to new environments, pathogens, diets and social organizations. While indirect evidence of this adaptation can be detected in [...]

Published
2015
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46. Editorial

Author

Meller, Harald

Published
2012

47. Population Genetics and Signatures of Selection in Early Neolithic European Farmers

Author

Childebayeva, Ainash, primary, Rohrlach, Adam Benjamin, additional, Barquera, Rodrigo, additional, Rivollat, Maïté, additional, Aron, Franziska, additional, Szolek, András, additional, Kohlbacher, Oliver, additional, Nicklisch, Nicole, additional, Alt, Kurt W., additional, Gronenborn, Detlef, additional, Meller, Harald, additional, Friederich, Susanne, additional, Prüfer, Kay, additional, Deguilloux, Marie-France, additional, Krause, Johannes, additional, and Haak, Wolfgang, additional

Published
2022
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49. Editorial

Author

Meller, Harald

Published
2008

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