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In their article “Sexual Orientation Change Efforts: Health Associations, Sexual Identity Labeling, and Reports of Change by Engagement Status”, Rosik and colleagues find that adults who continue to attempt to “reduce, change, and/or eliminate” their same-sex attractions through a variety of strategies report greater depression and less flourishing than adults who have never tried to change their same-sex attractions or who have done so in the past. These results add to the now robust research base demonstrating associations between attempts to change same-sex attraction and negative mental health outcomes. Puzzlingly, the authors minimize and distort their findings. We describe a major conceptual and methodological problem with Rosik et al.’s paper and call attention to political factors that may explain the paper’s conceptually and ethically fraught frame.

The Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site is managed by the Joggins Fossil Institute (JFI), a charitable organization consisting of a volunteer board of directors and a small staff team. This article illustrates how the governance of this small institution evolved since its inception nearly 20 years ago. Originally, the institute had a traditional hierarchical management structure. But 10 years later, when it had matured and positions and responsibilities no longer needed to be invented, it adopted a flat management structure, which continues to function in a manner that does justice to the demands of running this small centre. We document our unique case study here because we believe it may help other (potential) geoheritage sites, UNESCO sites or others, in crafting a governance structure.

Quantitative morphometric analyses of form are widely used in palaeontology, especially for taxonomic and evolutionary research. These analyses can involve several measurements performed on hundreds or even thousands of samples. Performing measurements of size and shape on large assemblages of macro- or microfossil samples is generally infeasible or impossible with traditional instruments such as vernier calipers. Instead, digital image processing software is required to perform measurements via suitable digital images of samples. Many software packages exist for morphometric analyses but there is not much available for the integral stage of data collection, particularly for the measurement of the outlines of samples. Some software exists to automatically detect the outline of a fossil sample from a digital image. However, automatic outline detection methods may perform inadequately when samples have incomplete outlines or images contain poor contrast between the sample and staging background. Hence, a manual digitization approach may be the only option. We are not aware of any software packages that are designed specifically for efficient digital measurement of fossil assemblages with numerous samples, especially for the purposes of manual outline analysis. Throughout several previous studies, we have developed a new software tool, JMorph, that is custom-built for that task. JMorph provides the means to perform many different types of measurements, which we describe in this manuscript. We focus on JMorph's ability to rapidly and accurately digitize the outlines of fossils. JMorph is freely available from the authors.

The discovery of a new megasecopteron, Brodia jogginsensis sp. nov., is reported from the Joggins Formation, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nova Scotia, Canada. The new species diagnosis is based on the unique pattern of hind wing venation bearing three anterior branches of MP and pectinate CuP with four posterior branches. Its occurrence in Langsettian deposits of the Maritimes Basin correspond well with other Pennsylvanian Brodiidae known from the Coal Measures of the UK and Mazon Creek in Illinois, USA. Based on our re-examination, we propose to transfer the genus Pyebrodia, with P. martinsnetoi Brauckmann & Herd, 2003, described as a putative member of Brodiidae, into Palaeodictyoptera family incertae sedis as it lacks most of the diagnostic features of Brodiidae. The holotype of Eubrodia dabasinskasi Carpenter, 1967, housed in a private collection, was supplemented by the description of an additional specimen housed in The Field Museum, Chicago. The fossil record of Brodiidae is reviewed and additio...

One hundred Selenichnites rossendalensis (excavations), sometimes with associated trackways, have been found at Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Nova Scotia, Canada; Pennsylvanian). The majority of the Selenichnites found in this study contain only one lunate cast and some are distinguished by linear ridges that project behind a single lunate cast. A detailed investigation of the morphology and orientation of these Selenichnites—attributable to xiphosurans, relatives of modern horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus)—yields an understanding of xiphosuran digging behavior. Statistical analysis of 96 lunate casts from two populations of Selenichnites separated by several hundred thousand years shows, with 99% confidence, that the prosomas (heads) of the younger population are smaller. Further study of the wealth of Selenichnites at Joggins will be useful to determine which factors control xiphosuran body-size changes and the timescale on which those changes can be seen manifest in a population. The smallest known...

A review of all available specimens of fossil fishes from the classic Pennsylvanian Joggins locality of Nova Scotia, Canada, reveals the existence of a diverse community of chondrichthyans (xenacanthids, ctenacanthids and the enigmatic Ageleodus), acanthodians (gyracanthids), sarcopterygians (rhizodontids, megalichthyids, rhizodopsids and dipnoans) and actinopterygians (haplolepids). Reassessment of supposed endemic species (Ctenoptychius cristatus, Sagenodus plicatus, Gyracanthus duplicatus) indicates they are invalid, and overall, the assemblage comprises cosmopolitan taxa that were widespread around the coasts of tropical Pangaea. Strontium isotope analysis of fish remains and a critical study of their facies context suggest that these fish communities occupied bodies of water with salinities across the marine–freshwater spectrum. This preponderance of euryhaline forms implies a community structure quite distinct from that of today and might represent a transitory phase prior to the establishment of fully freshwater fish communities. Interpretation of fish ecology provides further evidence that the Joggins Formation was deposited in a paralic setting, and the recognition of one previously undetected brackish incursion strengthens the link between sedimentary cycles at Joggins and Milankovitch-induced glacio-eustatic change. Furthermore, interregional correlation of these marine transgressions supports palynostratigraphical arguments for an early Langsettian age for the Joggins Formation. This places tighter constraints on the age of the earliest known crown amniote, Hylonomus lyelli, an important calibration point used in phylogenomic studies.

The Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site contains a wealth of terrestrial and aquatic fossils from the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) Period. Fossils from the aquatic realm have historically been under-studied at Joggins, and the brackish ecosystem they represent is poorly understood globally. We used coprolites, which are abundant in the limestones of the Joggins Formation, to broaden our knowledge of the aquatic ecosystem and help reconstruct the food web. Coprolites were studied in hand sample and with standard transmitted-light microscopy to determine morphology and contents. Cathodoluminescence was used to examine coprolite microfabrics to interpret the degree of post-depositional alteration. Specimens range in size from 1 to 10 cm in length and were divided into six broad groups based on size and shape (in order of most to least abundant): small/equant; cylindrical; heteropolar macrospiral; large; irregular; and amphipolar spiral. Where possible, specimens were identified to ichnospecies. The host rock (limestone) and large quantities indicate that at least most, perhaps all, coprolites originated from fish, with some potentially originating from amphibious tetrapods. Bone fragments and/or coated grains were found in the majority of samples, however their relative abundance differs between morphotypes: small/equant coprolites contained the most coated grains and fewest bones and heteropolar macrospiral coprolites contained the most bones and almost no coated grains. Specific species identification of bones was not possible. The mineralogy of the coprolites is phosphatic, specifically carbonate fluorapatite, suggesting that the fish producing these coprolites were carnivorous and that there was a lack of coprolites generated by herbivores. Based on our findings of coprolite morphology and contents and what is currently known about the biotic environment, we introduce a hypothetical trophic pyramid, with rhizodonts at the apex producing the largest coprolites, and smaller fish species responsible for the small/equant-shaped coprolites at the secondary consumer level. This research provides a foundation for further studies on coprolites and other bromalites for a deeper understanding of brackish ecosystems where fish diversified further into fresh water during the Palaeozoic.

The Triassic–Jurassic extinction resulted in the near demise of the ammonoids. Based on a survey of ammonoid expansion rates, coiling geometry and whorl shape, we use the Raup accretionary growth model to outline a universal morphospace for planispiral shell geometry. We explore the occupation of that planispiral morphospace in terms of both breadth and density of occupation in addition to separately reviewing the occurrence of heteromorphs. Four intervals are recognized: pre-extinction (Carnian to Rhaetian); aftermath (Hettangian); post-extinction (Sinemurian to Aalenian) and recovery (Bajocian to Callovian). The pre-extinction and recovery intervals show maximum disparity. The aftermath is marked by the disappearance of heteromorphs and a dramatic reduction in the range of planispiral morphologies to a core area of the morphospace. It is also characterized by an expansion into an evolute, slowly expanding part of the morphospace that was not occupied prior to the extinction and is soon abandoned during the post-extinction interval. Aftermath and post-extinction ammonoid data show a persistent negative correlation whereby rapid expansion rates are associated with narrow umbilical widths and often compressed whorls. The permanently occupied core area of planispiral morphospace represents generalist demersals whose shells were probably optimizing both hydrodynamic efficiency and shell stability. All other parts of the planispiral morphospace, and the pelagic modes of life the shells probably exploited, were gradually reoccupied during the post-extinction interval. Planispiral adaptation was by diffusion away from the morphospace core rather than by radical jumps. Recovery of disparity was not achieved until some 30 Myr after the extinction event.

Microconchids have been described from the classic Pennsylvanian locality at Joggins, Nova Scotia. These encrusting tentaculitoid tubeworms have previously been mentioned and described from Joggins under the polychaete genus Spirorbis. Detailed morphological and microstructural investigation revealed that they belong to the species Microconchus carbonarius Murchison, confirming the previous tentative assignment (as Spirorbis carbonarius) made by Sir J. William Dawson in the nineteenth century. The occurrence of the same species in Upper Carboniferous deposits of England provides evidence supporting a connection between England and Nova Scotia in the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian). Migration of the species could have been possible via brackish seas connecting both areas during maximum sea level during the Pennsylvanian. The species inhabited retrograding poorly drained coastal plain and open-water brackish environments, encrusting bivalve shells and plant remains in both sandstone and limestone deposits. Their high density (up to 19 individuals/cm2) may have resulted from their aggregative behaviour, high fecundity, and a lack of any competition with other skeleton-bearing encrusters. The large number (34%) of regenerated tubes indicates that microconchids were often preyed upon by associated animals, most probably fishes, which could graze on their dense encrusting aggregations.

Grey, M., Finkel, Z.V., Pufahl, P.K. & Reid, L.M. 2012: Evolutionary mode of the ostra-cod, Velatomorpha altilis, at the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site.Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 615–623.The estuarine ostracod Velatomorpha altilis was analysed for size and shape changes overa 2–3 million-year interval within a portion of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs World HeritageSite. This represents one of a very few number of studies focused on evolutionary trendswithin marginal environments and contributes to a growing body of research thatattempts to link evolutionary patterns with processes. We measured nearly 400 ostracodspecimens and used a quantitative model-based test to assess mode of evolution. Samplesof ostracods were also analysed for their stable oxygen and carbon isotopic compositionsin an attempt to supplement paleoenvironmental interpretations. Stasis was the stronglysupported model for mode of evolution in both size and shape metrics, lending supportto previous hypotheses that organisms from fluctuating, and therefore stressed, environ-ments, should exhibit stasis because they are genetically well adapted to environmentalchange over geological time-scales. Stable isotopic compositions indicate samples werediagenetically altered and thus do not preserve a primary signature of paleoenvironmen-tal conditions. Future work should look to other marginal organisms to test whether sta-sis is indeed a trend in these types of environments. h Carboniferous, estuarine ostracod,environment, evolutionarymode.Melissa Grey [curator@jogginsfossilcliffs.net], Joggins Fossil Institute, 100 Main St. Joggins,NS B0l 1A0 Canada; Zoe V. Finkel [zfinkel@mta.ca], Environmental Science Program,Mount Allison University,Sackville, NB E4L 1G7 Canada; Peir K. Pufahl [peir.pufahl@aca-diau.ca], Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Acadia University, Wolfville, NSB4P 2R6 Canada; Lacey M. Reid [lacey.reid@chem.queensu.ca], Department of Chemistry,Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6 Canada; manuscript received on 24⁄1⁄⁄2012;manuscript accepted on17⁄5⁄2012.

The Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site is a Carboniferous coastal section along the shores of the Cumberland Basin, an extension of Chignecto Bay, itself an arm of the Bay of Fundy, with excellent preservation of biota preserved in their environmental context. The Cliffs provide insight into the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) world, the most important interval in Earth’s past for the formation of coal. The site has had a long history of scientific research and, while there have been well over 100 publications in over 150 years of research at the Cliffs, discoveries continue and critical questions remain. Recent research (post-1950) falls under one of three categories: general geology; paleobiology; paleoecology. It provides a context for future work at the site. While recent research has made large strides in our understanding of the Late Carboniferous, many questions remain to be studied and resolved, and interest in addressing these issues is clearly not waning. Within the World Heritage Site, we suggest that the uppermost formations (Springhill Mines and Ragged Reef), paleosols, floral and trace fossil taxonomy, and microevolutionary patterns are among the most promising areas for future study. RÉSUMÉ Le site du patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO des falaises fossilifères de Joggins est situé sur une partie du littoral qui date du Carbonifère, sur les rives du bassin de Cumberland, qui est une prolongation de la baie de Chignecto, elle-même un bras de la baie de Fundy. L’endroit offre un excellent milieu de préservation de la faune et de la flore dans leur environnement. Les falaises donnent un aperçu du monde du Carbonifère tardif (Pennsylvanien), soit la période de l’histoire de la terre la plus importante pour la formation du charbon. Ces falaises ont fait depuis longtemps l’objet de travaux de recherche scientifique et plus de 100 publications y ont été consacrées au cours de 150 années de recherche. L’endroit suscite encore des découvertes et il soulève toujours des questions essentielles. Les travaux de recherche récents (depuis les années 1950) se répartissent en trois catégories: géologie générale; paléobiologie; et reconstitution des paléomilieux, en plus d’offrir des avenues pour les futurs travaux qui devraient s’y dérouler. Même si la recherche récente a largement contribué à une meilleure compréhension du Carbonifère tardif, de nombreuses questions demeurent sans réponse et commandent qu’on les étudie et les résolve et il est manifeste que l’intérêt pour ces questions est bien loin de s’amenuiser. Sur ce site du patrimoine mondial, nous soutenons que les futurs sujets d’étude les plus prometteurs seraient les formations supérieures (Springhill Mines et Ragged Reef), les paléosols, la taxonomie florale et des ichnofossiles, ainsi que les paramètres de microévolution. [Traduit par la redaction]

The Joggins Fossil Cliffs site was selected as a UNESCO World Heritage site because of its unparalleled preservation of Pennsylvanian terrestrial organisms in their environmental context. Despite an abundance of research over the past 150 years, significant questions remain regarding the Joggins paleoenvironment, including the degree of marine influence and whether the gymnospermous Cordaites trees may represent the earliest mangroves. Sedimentologic and paleontologic data from interbedded limestone beds indicate open marine conditions in the oldest part of the section, with a waning marine influence up section. Limestone beds, which occur primarily at the base of cycles interbedded with coal and floodplain deposits, are 15–100 cm thick and contain ostracodes, bivalves, and echinoderm fragments. Independent lines of evidence to support a diminishing marine influence in fluvial and coastal deposits with time include: (1) the presence of punctate brachiopods, echinoderm fragments, and ostracodes in...

We studied morphological variation of the bivalve Buchia over its geographical and temporal range. Buchia was widely distributed during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and, while previous quantitative studies have shown that species are characterized by large amounts of variation, there have been no prior attempts to measure how morphology varies geographically. We employed traditional morphometric techniques using nine linear/angular measurements on 1855 buchiid shells from eight localities taken from widely separated, but mostly coeval, sections across its range. Principal component and canonical variate analyses indicate that geographical morphospace of buchiids varied significantly, but we did not find evidence of a latitudinal gradient in shell shape. The amount of variation between localities was similar to the amount of variation between species, indicating the importance of geographical effects on morphology. Disparity (morphological diversity within a taxon, calculated by the sum of variances) and diversity (number of species) were calculated for each location and time period (age). Disparity and diversity reached ultimate lows just before the genus’ extinction in the Hauterivian, and is suggestive that extinction was morphologically selective. We did not find significant trends for either metric, but there were discordances throughout its temporal range. Latitudinal trends of disparity and diversity within Buchia are not apparent. This research adds to the growing body of work on geographical variation and is a preliminary step to understanding the nature and variation of buchiid species and of biodiversity in general.

Joggins is a famous fossil locality in Nova Scotia, Canada. Hewn by some of the world's highest tides on the Bay of Fundy, these crumbling cliffs shed light on the life and environments of the Carboniferous Coal Age, 315 million years ago. The site has been a magnet for geologists since the early nineteenth century. Charles Lyell described it as the world's best coal-bearing section and together with his colleague, William Dawson, reported amazing fossil forests and a rich terrestrial fauna. Since that golden age, the rate of new fossil discoveries has hardly diminished and in recognition of its importance, the Joggins Fossil Cliffs was awarded UNESCO World Heritage Status in 2008. Even after many years of study, it remains a tremendous thrill for us to explore this ‘classic locality’ in far-flung Nova Scotia. Each winter storm, rock fall, and tide brings with it the tantalizing possibility of new fossils and new scientific insights. In this article we share something of our excitement for Joggins and provide an up to date field guide for those wishing to unlock its secrets.

Purpose This study examines adolescent nonmedical use of prescription medications (NUPM) and its relationship to other problem behaviors. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted with data gathered from 912 adolescents in 2007. Four mutually exclusive groups were created from the data. Adolescents who: 1) did not use controlled prescription medications (nonusers); 2) used their own controlled medications as prescribed (medical-users); 3) engaged in nonmedical use for self-treatment motivations (self-treaters), and 4) engaged in nonmedical use for sensation-seeking motivations (sensation-seekers). These four groups were compared on problem behaviors as well as depression and impulsivity. Results Approximately 10.9% of the sample engaged in NUPM and 36.8% had a legal prescription for a controlled medication. Sensation-seekers were more likely to engage in most problem behaviors when compared with all other groups; impulsivity and depression was variable among groups. Conclusions The findings suggest there are different subtypes of nonmedical users of prescription medications.

Buchiid bivalves are geographically widespread in Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous strata of the Northern Hemisphere. They are often abundant and their short stratigraphic ranges make them ideal biostratigraphic index fossils; these characteristics also render them useful for study of evolutionary patterns. We used multivariate methods to determine if we could discriminate between species of Buchia and examine how morphological characters change through time within the genus. Using ten morphological characters to describe shell shape and size, we tested for taxonomic differences and morphologic change in populations of buchiids collected from a single stratigraphic section on Grassy Island, located along the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Morphometric analysis utilized traditional morphological metrics and techniques, including linear and angular measurements as well as Fourier (outline shape) analyses. Phenetic discrimination revealed considerable overlap among the recognized species in the morphospace, as well as a fairly low discriminatory power between species when compared as a group using a step-wise canonical variate analysis. Step-wise discriminant analyses between species pairs gave rise to much higher classification rates, suggesting that different characters are important for distinguishing between different species pairs. Our results also indicate that single individuals and small sample sizes of Buchia specimens are insufficient for biostratigraphic discrimination (unless other rarely preserved features such as the hinge and bysuss ear are available) and that a number of previously described species variants may not be taxonomically valid. A biolog using the multivariate axis that best discriminates between species (CV1) and a random walk-based test using a Hurst estimate analysis indicate a gradualistic evolutionary mode for the Buchia species of Grassy Island. Shell shape and size of buchiids do not appear to be closely tied to lithofacies changes over the c. 10 myr time interval, suggesting that ecophenotypic variation (as it relates to substrate changes) probably had minimal influence on morphology.

Critical reinvestigation of the bivalve Buchia cf. blanfordiana Jeletzky, 1965 from the Upper Jurassic of western British Columbia indicates that it is morphologically distinct from B. blanfordiana Stoliczka, 1866 of the Indo-Pacific region. We analyzed collections from relatively coeval sections containing multiple buchiid species from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and used ten morphological characters to describe Buchia shell shape and size. We tested for taxonomic differences on left and right valves using a traditional morphometric approach with both linear and angular measurements and Fourier (outline) analyses. Phenetic discrimination revealed considerable overlap in the morphospace, but high classification rates between the two groups when compared with a step-wise discriminant analysis. This study supports the retention of the Indo-Pacific genera Australobuchia Zakharov, 1981 and Malayomaorica Jeletzky, 1963 and confirms that Buchia (=Australobuchia) blanfordiana is restricted to the Southern Hemisphere. Consequently, we propose the new name Buchia columbiana n. sp. for material assigned to Buchia cf. blanfordiana Jeletzky, 1965. Our results have implications for bipolarity and migration of the genus Buchia, supporting previous suggestions that buchiids formerly identified as Buchia from the Southern Hemisphere should be grouped as a separate genus.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence and describe the characteristics of alcohol-related sexual assault among middle and high school students. Method: A Web-based, self-administered survey was used to collect data on 7th- through 12th-grade students (n = 1,037) in a large metropolitan area in the Midwest. A modified version of the Sexual Experiences Survey was used to ask students about their sexual victimization experiences so as to examine the involvement of alcohol within specific assault events. The sample was equally distributed by biological gender and ethnicity (white vs black) and was, on average (SD), 14 (2) years of age. Results: Findings from the study indicate that alcohol was involved in approximately 12%-20% of the assault cases, depending on age and gender of the respondent. For females, the presence of alcohol during assault differed significantly based on the location at which the assault occurred, ranging from 6% (at the survivor's home) to 29% (at parties or someone else's home). Furthermore, alcohol-related assault among females was more likely to involve physical force than non-alcohol-related assault. Conclusions: Results are discussed in light of the risk factors of alcohol-related assault among adolescents as well as the nature of social contexts that fosters alcohol-related sexual assault among both adolescents and college students.

This paper provides the first analysis of imports and exports of fish leather by the USA. Estimates of minimum levels of trade were obtained from the records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for 1997–2001, and possible conservation consequences were considered. Data show that imported leather items used the skins of at least 51 types of fish. Of the 41 identified to species level, six were freshwater fish, eight diadromous and 27 were fully marine. Eels and hagfishes (marketed as ‘eelskin’; eight named species), stingrays (10 named species) and sharks (15 named species) dominated the trade. An average of 725 000 fish-leather products, worth over US$ 6 million, was imported each year to the USA. A significant decline in fish leather imports over the five-year period studied derived largely from changes in ‘eelskin’ imports. Fish leather in the USA was reportedly sourced primarily from the Republic of Korea, mainland China and Thailand, although the records were flawed. About 93% of leather products were obtained from wild fish. Exports from the USA totalled approximately 5% of imports by volume. Many of the fish species comprising the largest imports for leather were characterized by low resilience to exploitation, with one-third of known species considered threatened or near threatened by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). This pilot assessment indicates the need for better record keeping if sustainability of fish exploitation for leather is to be evaluated.

1. Fish species are used globally for fundamental research, product and environmental testing, and education, but this use has not hitherto been documented. The number of fish used for research and education in North America currently represents approximately one-quarter of all animal use for these purposes; only mice are used in higher numbers. Data from the Canadian Council on Animal Care, various animal care committees from Canadian universities, and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service are collated and summarized. 2. In Canada nearly a half a million fish were used for research and education each year from 1996 to 2001. We estimated that the United States used over four times that amount for the same purposes, totalling approximately 2.8 million fish each year. 3. At least 100 fish species, representing 27 taxonomic orders, were used for research and education in North America from 1996 to 2001. Close to one-third of the species had life-history characteristics that might make them particularly susceptible to over-exploitation. This potential vulnerability, coupled with data from animal care facilities in Canada suggesting that nearly half of all fish used for research and education were wild-caught, should prompt further documentation of such fish uses in order to assess their sustainability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Naticid gastropods leave a record of predation in the form of characteristic countersunk circular boreholes. We fed bivalve prey to naticids to test whether the ratio between the inner and outer borehole diameter differed among three Recent naticid species: Euspira heros, E. lewisii and Neverita duplicata. Fossil shells from a Miocene-aged assemblage, containing naticids previously identified as E. heros and N. duplicata, were also included in our analyses. Ratios of the inner to outer diameters of naticid boreholes in bivalve shells showed that there were significant differences in borehole shape between E. heros and the two other Recent species. We found no significant differences between the ratios of E. lewisii and N. duplicata; however, a principal component analysis showed that boreholes distinctly cluster according to species. The Miocene boreholes were also distinct from the Recent, indicating that the Miocene naticids may be a separate species from E. heros and N. duplicata. We have shown that there is a species-specific component to borehole geometry. This may have important implications for palaeobiological studies, because the index of borehole functionality, previously described as an inner to outer borehole ratio of 0.5 for all naticids, may differ between species.

Previous research has documented an association between sexual victimization and prescription medication use among adults. The purpose of this study was to determine whether such a relationship was present for adolescent girls when considering sexual victimization by a peer and the use of four drug classes for medical and nonmedical reasons. The study was based on a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional Web-based, self-administered survey of female students from a middle and high school (n = 490). As predicted, sexual victimization increased the likelihood of non-medical prescription medication use of opioid analgesics and sedative medication, although these relationships varied based on the severity of sexual assault. Findings are discussed in light the importance of increasing awareness among health professionals, researchers, and the wider community of the increased risk for prescription medication abuse among adolescent girls who have a history of sexual violence.

Multicultural (MC) competence is considered a necessary skill for clinical and counseling psychologists; however, there is little to no research on the assessment of demonstrated multicultural counseling competence (DMCCC) of clinical psychology graduate students. In this study, we developed a MC assessment instrument to assess DMCCC of clinical psychology graduate students compared with MC-experienced psychologists. In addition, we assessed for differences between the endorsement of MC-appropriate strategies and actual use of these strategies in clinical practice, both by MC-experienced psychologists and clinical psychology students. Results revealed significant differences between the DMCCC of clinical psychology graduate students and MC-experienced psychologists. Significant differences also emerged between endorsement of strategies as multiculturally appropriate and likelihood of actual use of these strategies. Findings suggest that future training and competence models should incorporate participants' ability to not only identify multiculturally appropriate strategies but also use these strategies in therapy.

The fossil record is the only direct source of data for studying modes (patterns) and rates of morphological change over long periods of time. Determining modes and rates is important for understanding macroevolutionary processes, but just how modes and rates vary within a taxon, and why, remain largely unaddressed. We examined patterns of morphological change in the shell of the Mesozoic marine bivalve genus Buchia over its geographic and temporal range. Most modes conformed to either random walks or stasis, and both modes and rates showed variability between locations. For example, stasis was more common in deeper marine environments, whereas random walks occurred more often at the highest paleolatitudes studied. These results indicate that the environment can play an important role in shaping patterns of evolution.