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This work evaluates the stability with variations of surfactant concentration (Tween 80 and Span 80) in nanoemulsions and preparation of peel-off mask with the active ingredient from Gotukola (Centella asiatica L.) (CaL) extract. The value of zeta potential and the size of nanoemulsion for variations of surfactant concentration were obtained using electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) at Horiba Scientific Nano Particle Analyzer SZ-100. Formulate the peel-off mask containing CaL extract nanoemulsion were prepare hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) of 1 wt% and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at a concentration of 10 wt%. The characterization of the peel-off mask was carried out with Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), organoleptic test, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time during 4 weeks of storage at room temperature. The result showed that formula F3 with the ratio of surfactant concentration between Tween 80 and Span 80 was 5:5 had stable and physical properties with the aspect of the organoleptic test, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time remained unchanged after 4 weeks of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husks and sugarcane bagasse are waste of agriculture industry which contain of fibers. The utilization of rice husk and sugarcane bagasse will produce raw material as cellulose fiber. Those fibers could be used as matrix for magnetic biocomposite formation. The magnetic biocomposite is potential as adsorbent for water treatment. The performance of Fe(III) ion adsorption and reusability of adsorbent were studied. The synthesis of magnetic biocomposite was conducted by solvothermal method. The size of rice husks and sugarcane bagasse were sieved pass of 60 mesh. In order to get cellulose fiber, the rice husk and sugarcane bagasse pass through delignification process. Rice husk fiber and sugarcane bagasse with ratio 1:1 were added into ethylene glycol containing of FeCl3.6H2O, anhydrous sodium acetate, and 1,6-hexanediaminse. Next, the mixture was poured into Teflon Stainless Steel Autoclave Reactor and heated at 200°C for 6 h. The black precipitate was produced as magnetic bio-composite. The magnetic nanoparticles were found along fiber which identified by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red measurement. The optimum condition of Fe (III) ion adsorption was achieved at pH 5 for 60 mins with adsorption capacity about 54.77 mg/g. The magnetic biocomposite is reusable, it showed a good performance with a decreasing number only 6.9% for 4th repetitions at same condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial growth is one of the important factors in food safety. Fresh food such as fruits, vegetables, and meat are vulnerable to pathogen microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. To keep the good quality of food, the preservative is commonly used as a food additive. One of the natural antibacterial substances comes from citronella oil and its fraction. However, direct usage of citronella oil only lasts for a short time because of diffusion or interaction with the food product. To overcome this limitation, citronella oil can be incorporated into polymer packaging such as Polylactic Acid (PLA). This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of citronella oil and its fractions namely rhodinol, citronellal, and limonene on PLA as food packaging and understand its ability to inhibit bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat, as well as analyze its biodegradability. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through the zone inhibition method against S. aureus, B. subtillis, and E. coli. PLA/Citronella oil film was made through solvent casting using chloroform, and the biodegradability test was conducted qualitatively using Aspergillus niger according to ASTM G21-96. The bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat was tested using the total plate count (TPC) method. The rhodinol and limonene fractions in chloroform showed the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 5-10%. PLA films with 10% rhodinol and limonene respectively inhibited bacterial growth in both fresh and processed meat, with TPC<10000 CFU/cm2 for fresh meat and TPC<2500 CFU/cm2 for processed meat. The films also showed biodegradability in a 30-day test period, with the limonene film showing higher biodegradability than rhodinol. The PLA film with the addition of citronella oil especially rhodinol and limonene showed favorable antibacterial activity and was able to preserve the meat sample against microbial growth in ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mytilus edulis is a kind of small shellfish, one of the foodstuffs that are widely consumed in Surabaya, Indonesia. This type of mussel lives in the sea or beach and groups on the bottom of muddy waters or sandy mud. The large population of mussels in East Java is found along the coast in Surabaya. This study aims to identify microplastics in Mytilus edulis. Identification of microplastic content in mussels was carried out in several steps, including the search for suspected microplastic particles, dissection, and extraction method. The particles found in each method were then identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to ensure that the found specimens were microplastic. The search results for microplastic particles using the dissection method found 8 particles, and the extraction method found 16 particles. The identification of microplastic forms in mussel samples using a microscope obtained three types of microplastic: fragments, fibers, and filaments. The identification of each particle by FTIR showed polypropylene, polyamide, wool, rayon fiber, and polyvinyl alcohol. This study highlights the method that can be used to identify the microplastic particles in aquatic biota. The data obtained in this study could be useful for environmental monitoring and remediation action in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofouling phenomenon defined as the accumulation of micro and macroorganisms on surfaces immersed in the sea. This research aimed to synthesize and characterize antifouling based on copolymer of styrene and methyl methacrylate with varying the Cu2O content as biocide via nano emulsion polymerization. Identification using FTIR showed that the polymerization has been successfully done in the absence of the C=C absorption peak at wave number 1600 cm−1 – 1680 cm−1. The particle size of resulting polymer particles with the incorporation of 5%, 10%, and 15% of Cu2O were around 100-200 nm. Morphology of styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer/Cu2O nanoparticles exhibited core-shell particles and Cu2O were encapsulated in the core of the particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artemisinin is an oral antimalarial agent which effectively reduces malaria parasites in blood by radical damage to parasite lipids and proteins. However, poor water solubility, which also results in low oral bioavailability of the drug, creates obstacles in drug delivery formulations. The purpose of this study was to develop solid dispersions of artemisinin by lyophilization method and evaluate the effect of a solid dispersion on solubility and in vitro dissolution of artemisinin. The solid dispersion was prepared using natural gum and maltodextrin biopolymers as a carrier. The morphology of artemisinin crystal and artemisinin solid dispersions was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images of freeze-dried and solid dispersion artemisinin confirmed the embedding, size reduction, and glassy form. The entrapment efficiency, saturation solubility, and dissolution were investigated. The results confirmed that the entrapment efficiencies of solid dispersions were 79.8% - 96.3%. Solid dispersion of artemisinin improved the saturation solubility of artemisinin in water up to 60.04 µg/mL in the ratio of maltodextrin and natural gum 1:2. A solid dispersion system additionally improved the dissolution rate of artemisinin in comparison to the artemisinin crystal. After 180 minutes, the solid dispersion system released 89.6% of artemisinin. The study suggests that high-energy solid forms of artemisinin could enable the delivery of artemisinin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surfactant is a palm oil-based product that was developed quickly. One kind of surfactant that which has several advantages is non-ionic surfactants, it has good emulsion and thermal stability. The purpose of this research is to produce a non-ionic surfactant, Propoxylated Stearic Acid Surfactant (PSAS) from the propoxylation reaction between stearic acid and propylene. PSAS synthesis is carried out by involving stearic acid with propylene oxide 1: 2; 1: 4; 1: 6; 1: 8; and 1:10. Identification of the composition is done by determining the acid value and ester value and using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Surfactant characterization was performed by testing the stability of the emulsion with Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and Zeta Potential, the interface tension with Spinning Drop Tensiometer, and Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Balance (HLB) with Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). Based on the results of the reaction, the propoxylation reaction has occurred and the optimal polymerization result is at PSAS 1: 4 (BM: 517 g / mol). Characterization results showed that all PSASs except PSAS 1: 2 met the surfactant particle size standard for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) (147.13-168.9 nm). PSAS 1:10 showed the formation of a stable emulsion at (-27 mV) and is the most hydrophilic active surfactant (HLB 7.57). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study to investigate the properties of edible films derived from amylose fraction of sago starch. Amylose plays an important role in many fields, one of them is in the food application. Amylose that fractionated from sago starch was prepared as the main material for the edible film. The obtained amylose was produced using butanol solvent in the fractionation process. Then each of the edible films was characterized by its thickness, morphology and contact angle. The resulted edible film from amylose has a thickness of 0.23 mm. The obtained thickness was in accordance with one of the requirements for the materials to be an edible film. The morphology characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) resulted in a smooth surface without pores or cracks. Then the measurement of hydrophobicity displayed a contact angle of 48.2°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented soybean is rich in isoflavone content that can prevent aging and reduce oxidative damage in the skin. This study aimed to extract fermented soybean as antioxidant cosmetic raw material and formulate it in nanoemulgel preparation using palm oil derivative surfactant. Nanoemulgel preparation was made in three formulations with surfactant ratio of polyethylene glycol monooleate (PMO) and polyethylene glycol dioleate (PDO) are 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2. The extract was characterized for its antioxidant activity, total phenol content and total flavonoid content. The nanoemulgel formulation was characterized for its stability by accelerated stability test and evaluated with parameters physical appearance, droplet size, pH, viscosity and spreadability. The ethanolic fermented soybean extract yield 9.475% of crude extract with IC50 162.75 ppm. In addition, results showed that, total phenol content was 8.0725 mgGAE/g sample and total flavonoid content was 57.5213 mgQE/g sample. Based on the stability study, all formulations showed relatively stable performance. However, the formulation with surfactant ratio PMO:PDO 2:1 showed the smallest and narrow droplet size distribution with an average size of 140 nm, and polydispersity index (PI) 0.2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modification of starch using lactic acid oligomer has been carried out. Modification has been manufactured via a three-step reaction. Step one is to synthesize lactic acid oligomer by reflux and heating lactic acid at 160⁰C for 4 hours, equipped with the dean-stark trap. The second step is the esterification of lactic acid oligomer with acetic acid to eliminate hydroxyl group of lactic acid oligomer at 100⁰C for 4 hours using sulphuric acid as catalyst and equipped with the dean-stark trap. The last step reacted starch with lactic acid oligomer acetate to produce modified starch using catalyst triethylamine. The characterization of the product obtained was conducted by analysis FTIR, NMR, and GPC. The new absorption peak at FTIR spectra from –C=O and –(C=O)-O-C-bond and new chemical shift at NMR spectra of modified starch indicated the esterification between starch and lactic acid oligomer acetate had been conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is one of the potential biopolymers derived from the pretreatment process of lignocellulosic materials. In this study, lignin was obtained from the alkaline pretreatment black liquor of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by precipitation with acid solutions. The acidification treatments were conducted using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution at concentrations of 1 M until reaching the pH of 2, 3 and 4. The obtained lignins were characterized for their physicochemical properties such as yield, content, morphology and particle size, then functional group. The addition of acid solution and targeted pH influenced the yield and content of precipitated lignin and affected the properties of precipitated lignin. All the isolated lignin resulted in similar yields, 0.99%, with the lignin content varied from 38-90%. While the lower pH in the hydrochloric acid resulted in higher content of the obtained lignin. The morphology of the isolated lignins showed the various size of particle sizes with their distribution. Then, the results of functional group testing via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed no changes in the structure of functional groups at both acid solutions employed and towards the commercial lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]